Biodegradation of Toxic and Refractory COD containing Effluents Using Levapor...Amit Christian
Biodegradation of Toxic and Inhibitory substance containing industrial effluents using Levapor Carrier which offer added advantage of Powdered Activated Carbon Activated Sludge, MBBR/IFAS , Attached growth system in a single compact , reliable, robust, efficient and sustainable solution
LEVAPOR IFAS Process : A truly Hybrid Process combining benefits of Activated...Amit Christian
Levapor IFAS is truly hybrid Process bringing advantages of Activated Sludge, PACT, Attached Growth to single treatment unit making the treatment of wastewater more economical, sustainable, efficient and robust.
Levapor carriers: First Synthetically modified MBBR/IFAS Media for Wastewater...Amit Christian
Levapor Carriers are First Synthetically modified MBBR/IFAS Media which brings advantage of both Powdered Activated Carbon Activated Sludge (PACT) System and MBBR Together in one single solution.
Anaerobic Treatment of Toxic Bleaching Effluent Using Fluidized Bed Reactor for Sulfite based Pulp and Paper mill effluent. One of the first Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactors in the world for Pulp and Paper Mill Industry
LEVAPOR IFAS/MBBR process for Biological Nutrient Removal(BNR) and Industrial...Amit Christian
IFAS process based on Levapor carriers which allows simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Existing Activated Sludge can be upgraded to BNR without addition of additional basins and also clarifier.
Biodegradation of Toxic and Refractory COD containing Effluents Using Levapor...Amit Christian
Biodegradation of Toxic and Inhibitory substance containing industrial effluents using Levapor Carrier which offer added advantage of Powdered Activated Carbon Activated Sludge, MBBR/IFAS , Attached growth system in a single compact , reliable, robust, efficient and sustainable solution
LEVAPOR IFAS Process : A truly Hybrid Process combining benefits of Activated...Amit Christian
Levapor IFAS is truly hybrid Process bringing advantages of Activated Sludge, PACT, Attached Growth to single treatment unit making the treatment of wastewater more economical, sustainable, efficient and robust.
Levapor carriers: First Synthetically modified MBBR/IFAS Media for Wastewater...Amit Christian
Levapor Carriers are First Synthetically modified MBBR/IFAS Media which brings advantage of both Powdered Activated Carbon Activated Sludge (PACT) System and MBBR Together in one single solution.
Anaerobic Treatment of Toxic Bleaching Effluent Using Fluidized Bed Reactor for Sulfite based Pulp and Paper mill effluent. One of the first Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactors in the world for Pulp and Paper Mill Industry
LEVAPOR IFAS/MBBR process for Biological Nutrient Removal(BNR) and Industrial...Amit Christian
IFAS process based on Levapor carriers which allows simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Existing Activated Sludge can be upgraded to BNR without addition of additional basins and also clarifier.
Low temperature nitrification_ningan_20MLDAmit Christian
Low Temperature Biological nitrification of Municipal Wastewater Using Highly porous Activated carbon impregnated Levapor Carriers. A Single step process which allows for lower Total Nitrogen Removal due to Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification (SNDN) at very low Winter temperature
Application of Levapor Carriers for the treatment of Contract Agro Chemicals manufacturer producing a wide Range of Pesticides and Herbicides. The effluent contained very high amount of active pesticides and herbicides with high salinity and TKN. A combination of Advanced Oxidation Process -- Anaerobic Treatment --- Levapor carriers based MBBR/IFAS Reactor provided stable nitrification of toxic effluent generating from Agro Chemicals Industry
Nitrification of Complex Effluent containing Toxic Substances generating from Agro Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Organic Chemicals , Petro Refinery industries. MBBR/IFAS System based on Levapor Carriers provided stable nitrification over a wide range of toxicity, salinity and complex COD structure
Anaerobic treatment of Pulp and Paper mill Bleaching Effluent Amit Christian
Anaerobic treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Bleaching effluent using fluidized bed reactor using LEVAPOR carriers . It offered huge space and energy savings for the treatment of toxic effluent
Hospitals generate wastewater containing pathogens, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and other pollutants. This wastewater requires specialized treatment to remove contaminants before discharge. A biological MBBR/IFAS process using Levapor carriers is an effective treatment method. The porous carriers adsorb inhibitory substances and pollutants, allowing specialized biofilm to develop and remove contaminants through biological and chemical processes. This results in consistently high quality effluent meeting discharge standards.
The document contains proprietary information about Levapor's StepFeed-IFAS wastewater treatment process. It describes how the process combines step feed activated sludge with integrated fixed film activated sludge using Levapor's porous carriers to achieve higher nutrient removal with a smaller footprint. The carriers' properties allow for stable biological treatment, faster start-up, and better ability to handle toxic loads compared to other carrier materials.
Chlorinate to-control-filamentous-bacteriaAmit Christian
This document discusses controlling filamentous bacteria growth in activated sludge systems through chlorination. It describes how excessive filamentous bacteria can cause settling issues and poor effluent quality. Chlorinating the return activated sludge is recommended, adding bleach to maximize contact with filaments. Effective chlorination requires contact 3 times per day for a few days to a week. Stopping chlorination depends on microscopic analysis showing sufficiently reduced filaments or decreased sludge volume index. Directly adding bleach to the aeration tank is less controlled but can still work quickly if no other option.
Development of sediment reference sample for toxicity testing using Microtox ...Amit Christian
My MSc Project Thesis at Middlesex university:
Development of sediment reference sample for toxicity
testing using Microtox Solid Phase test and Metal
Fractionation using single extractions
Levapor MBBR/IFAS Process for Wastewater Treatment Amit Christian
The LEVAPOR MBBR/IFAS process uses proprietary porous carriers made of polyurethane foam impregnated with activated carbon and pigments. This carrier material has high surface area and porosity for optimal microbial growth. The process can be used to improve various wastewater treatment applications like BOD/COD removal, nitrification, and nutrient removal. It works by combining fixed film and suspended growth technologies by adding carriers to conventional activated sludge tanks, allowing biomass to grow on the carriers. This hybrid configuration provides advantages like higher biomass retention, smaller footprint, lower sludge production, and improved settling compared to suspended-only systems.
Ningan wwtp using levapor biofilm technologyAmit Christian
Application of Levapor Carriers for municipal wastewater treatment at NINGAN, China Wastewater treatment plant. Despite very hard winter, nitrification was established within three weeks times which remained stable over a wide range of load fluctuations.
The document discusses using adsorbing, porous carriers to immobilize biomass for upgrading municipal sewage treatment plants. Field tests showed that adding 12-15% carrier volumes enabled stable and efficient nitrification even at low temperatures of 10-15°C. A second test simulated increased daily loads up to 5 kg COD/m3xd and the plant maintained 90% COD removal and some level of nitrification. A third test established nitrification and removed PAHs more effectively compared to suspended biomass alone under elevated loading rates.
Sappi case history : Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Sulfite Pulp and Paper ...Amit Christian
Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Sulfite Pulp and Paper mill effluent using high Performance Levapor Carriers for the immobilization of micro-organism. A significant AOX reduction was observed and discharge limits for AOX emission were met successfully providing 80-85% COD reduction with useful bio gas generation for fuel.
Modified pu carriers_for_wastewater_treatmentAmit Christian
Technical article describing importance of carriers in the application of MBBR/IFAS technologies and advantages of modified PU carriers and its application in wastewater treatment
The document proposes an anaerobic-aerobic process for treating domestic sewage using LEVAPOR biofilm technology. The process involves pre-treating sewage under anaerobic conditions in a biofilm reactor to reduce energy use and excess sludge production compared to conventional aerobic treatment. Sewage would then undergo post-treatment under aerobic conditions to further reduce pollutants before discharge. This process could achieve up to 75% lower energy use and 67% less sludge than aerobic treatment alone, while also producing biogas as an energy source.
Treatment of High Strength Industrial Effluents Using Levapor Bio Carriers fo...Amit Christian
This document discusses the biotreatment of industrial effluents using LEVAPOR biofilm technologies. It outlines that industrial effluents contain a variety of pollutants that are difficult to treat with conventional methods. The document then describes how LEVAPOR utilizes biomass immobilization to create biofilms that are highly resistant to toxic pollutants. This allows for effective degradation of even slowly degradable and toxic compounds. Several case studies are presented showing high removal rates of pollutants like bisphenol-A from industrial wastewaters using LEVAPOR biofilm reactors and biofilters.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Low temperature nitrification_ningan_20MLDAmit Christian
Low Temperature Biological nitrification of Municipal Wastewater Using Highly porous Activated carbon impregnated Levapor Carriers. A Single step process which allows for lower Total Nitrogen Removal due to Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification (SNDN) at very low Winter temperature
Application of Levapor Carriers for the treatment of Contract Agro Chemicals manufacturer producing a wide Range of Pesticides and Herbicides. The effluent contained very high amount of active pesticides and herbicides with high salinity and TKN. A combination of Advanced Oxidation Process -- Anaerobic Treatment --- Levapor carriers based MBBR/IFAS Reactor provided stable nitrification of toxic effluent generating from Agro Chemicals Industry
Nitrification of Complex Effluent containing Toxic Substances generating from Agro Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Organic Chemicals , Petro Refinery industries. MBBR/IFAS System based on Levapor Carriers provided stable nitrification over a wide range of toxicity, salinity and complex COD structure
Anaerobic treatment of Pulp and Paper mill Bleaching Effluent Amit Christian
Anaerobic treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Bleaching effluent using fluidized bed reactor using LEVAPOR carriers . It offered huge space and energy savings for the treatment of toxic effluent
Hospitals generate wastewater containing pathogens, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and other pollutants. This wastewater requires specialized treatment to remove contaminants before discharge. A biological MBBR/IFAS process using Levapor carriers is an effective treatment method. The porous carriers adsorb inhibitory substances and pollutants, allowing specialized biofilm to develop and remove contaminants through biological and chemical processes. This results in consistently high quality effluent meeting discharge standards.
The document contains proprietary information about Levapor's StepFeed-IFAS wastewater treatment process. It describes how the process combines step feed activated sludge with integrated fixed film activated sludge using Levapor's porous carriers to achieve higher nutrient removal with a smaller footprint. The carriers' properties allow for stable biological treatment, faster start-up, and better ability to handle toxic loads compared to other carrier materials.
Chlorinate to-control-filamentous-bacteriaAmit Christian
This document discusses controlling filamentous bacteria growth in activated sludge systems through chlorination. It describes how excessive filamentous bacteria can cause settling issues and poor effluent quality. Chlorinating the return activated sludge is recommended, adding bleach to maximize contact with filaments. Effective chlorination requires contact 3 times per day for a few days to a week. Stopping chlorination depends on microscopic analysis showing sufficiently reduced filaments or decreased sludge volume index. Directly adding bleach to the aeration tank is less controlled but can still work quickly if no other option.
Development of sediment reference sample for toxicity testing using Microtox ...Amit Christian
My MSc Project Thesis at Middlesex university:
Development of sediment reference sample for toxicity
testing using Microtox Solid Phase test and Metal
Fractionation using single extractions
Levapor MBBR/IFAS Process for Wastewater Treatment Amit Christian
The LEVAPOR MBBR/IFAS process uses proprietary porous carriers made of polyurethane foam impregnated with activated carbon and pigments. This carrier material has high surface area and porosity for optimal microbial growth. The process can be used to improve various wastewater treatment applications like BOD/COD removal, nitrification, and nutrient removal. It works by combining fixed film and suspended growth technologies by adding carriers to conventional activated sludge tanks, allowing biomass to grow on the carriers. This hybrid configuration provides advantages like higher biomass retention, smaller footprint, lower sludge production, and improved settling compared to suspended-only systems.
Ningan wwtp using levapor biofilm technologyAmit Christian
Application of Levapor Carriers for municipal wastewater treatment at NINGAN, China Wastewater treatment plant. Despite very hard winter, nitrification was established within three weeks times which remained stable over a wide range of load fluctuations.
The document discusses using adsorbing, porous carriers to immobilize biomass for upgrading municipal sewage treatment plants. Field tests showed that adding 12-15% carrier volumes enabled stable and efficient nitrification even at low temperatures of 10-15°C. A second test simulated increased daily loads up to 5 kg COD/m3xd and the plant maintained 90% COD removal and some level of nitrification. A third test established nitrification and removed PAHs more effectively compared to suspended biomass alone under elevated loading rates.
Sappi case history : Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Sulfite Pulp and Paper ...Amit Christian
Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Sulfite Pulp and Paper mill effluent using high Performance Levapor Carriers for the immobilization of micro-organism. A significant AOX reduction was observed and discharge limits for AOX emission were met successfully providing 80-85% COD reduction with useful bio gas generation for fuel.
Modified pu carriers_for_wastewater_treatmentAmit Christian
Technical article describing importance of carriers in the application of MBBR/IFAS technologies and advantages of modified PU carriers and its application in wastewater treatment
The document proposes an anaerobic-aerobic process for treating domestic sewage using LEVAPOR biofilm technology. The process involves pre-treating sewage under anaerobic conditions in a biofilm reactor to reduce energy use and excess sludge production compared to conventional aerobic treatment. Sewage would then undergo post-treatment under aerobic conditions to further reduce pollutants before discharge. This process could achieve up to 75% lower energy use and 67% less sludge than aerobic treatment alone, while also producing biogas as an energy source.
Treatment of High Strength Industrial Effluents Using Levapor Bio Carriers fo...Amit Christian
This document discusses the biotreatment of industrial effluents using LEVAPOR biofilm technologies. It outlines that industrial effluents contain a variety of pollutants that are difficult to treat with conventional methods. The document then describes how LEVAPOR utilizes biomass immobilization to create biofilms that are highly resistant to toxic pollutants. This allows for effective degradation of even slowly degradable and toxic compounds. Several case studies are presented showing high removal rates of pollutants like bisphenol-A from industrial wastewaters using LEVAPOR biofilm reactors and biofilters.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity