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New Hollywood and Blockbusters
New Hollywood
• Hollywood 1960s – saw
fundamental change in filmmaking
• It was becoming more expensive
to produce
– Due to monetary inflation.
– Diffusion and influence of
television.
– Because of Hollywood's
blockbuster strategy.
• New niche markets for young
audiences (no longer all the films
for all the people) sexploitation,
blaxploitation, cult films
– B-Flicks
– American International Pictures
– Roger Corman
New Hollywood
• Influence of European Art films
– innovative and experimental storytelling
• Italian Neo-realists
– Location shooting, non-professional actors
– Fellini, De Sica, Antonioni
• New Cinemas
– French, Czech, German, British
– Godard, Truffaut, Resnais
• Japanese Cinema
– Kurosawa, Ozu
• Impact of U.S. Underground and experimental traditions
• From dominant to counter-cinema (Peter Wollen)
– Narrative transitivity to Narrative intransitivity
• Ambiguous storylines
– Identification to Estrangement
• Lack of character to “cheer for”
– Transparency to Foregrounding
• Exposing film as artificial
– Single diegesis to Multiple diegesis
• Multiple storylines
– Closure to Aperture
• Open endings instead of happy endings
– Pleasure to Un-pleasure
• Confrontation instead of escapism
– Fiction to Reality
• More documentary look and message
New Hollywood
• Heralded by Bonnie and Clyde
• and Easy Rider
– youth culture film produced for
$375,000
– $50 million at the box office
– caused Hollywood to embrace the
youth market
– Hire young directors
• Explicit treatment of sexual conflicts
and psychological problems
– a sense of permissiveness that led
to the end of American film
censorship
– Graphic sex and violence was
cynical toward classical Hollywood
genres (optimism and
wholesomeness of nation under
the Production Code)
New Hollywood
• Style
– Anti-establishment - tackled social issues: racism,
classism, sexism, homophobia, war, political and
legal system.
• Mixing of the comic and the serious
• Open or unhappy ending
– Character
• Offbeat antihero protagonists - charming, exciting,
funny, social misfits, deviates, outlaws.
• Antagonists are often the legal officials
– Perspective
• character over plot; feeling over action
– Location shooting
• self-conscious use of cinematic effects (slow
motion, rapid montage, stylized flashbacks, freeze
frame, split screen)
• reminded audience it is watching a movie;
intensified filmic mood
• Sound: less canned nondiegetic scoring; more
motivated diegetic audio (radio, ambience); popular
rock music
• Auteurs
– Independent production boom
– John Cassavetes, Woody Allen, Robert Altman,
Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Terrence
Malick, DePalma, Stanley Kubrick
Blockbuster Hollywood
• Late 1970s - Studios change
– Financial
• Bankruptcy and Conglomeration of Studios
• Disasters of kid directors running up HUGE
budgets and losses - Heaven's Gate.
• Studio heads became lawyers &
accountants with no industry
backgrounds.
– lack of creativity
– focus on playability
– Ideological
• Feel-good movie: Vietnam syndrome, rise
of the moral majority, nostalgia
– Mid 1970s - Rocky and Star Wars were
catalysts
– Citizens were asked to fulfill more roles,
spend more (even if on credit); poverty
and suffering went unacknowledged
– Return of myth: muscular heroes, friendly
robots, tough cops
» If not Pro-establishment, definitely
not anti; looking for something to
believe in rather than to be angry
at
» Spielberg’s optimism and
resourceful teens
Blockbuster Hollywood
• Film School Generation in 1970s
– Beginnings of college courses in film studies.
• Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, George
Lucas, Steven Spielberg
• Blockbuster mentality (films that take in over
$100 million in box office)
– Finance
• Distribute a few big films for enormous profit. That
ONE MONSTER HIT to carry through the lean films
– International Marketing
• And not only theaters, but other tiers
– Home video distribution.
– Conservative audience calculation
• prescreening scores, focus groups
• Sequalization, remakes and franchise
• Marketing - franchising synergy with TV and
publishing interests, tie-ins, cross-promotion and
ancillary
– ENTERTAINMENT is ALL
• Intensely manipulative of audience response
– construct films so meticulously that they lose
spontaneity to become almost machine-like in
their effect
• Films become a RIDE - wide-screen; color;
stereophonic; special effects; action over
reflection; happy ending
– Technically advanced; politically retreated (well
really, reactionary);

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New+hwood

  • 1. New Hollywood and Blockbusters
  • 2. New Hollywood • Hollywood 1960s – saw fundamental change in filmmaking • It was becoming more expensive to produce – Due to monetary inflation. – Diffusion and influence of television. – Because of Hollywood's blockbuster strategy. • New niche markets for young audiences (no longer all the films for all the people) sexploitation, blaxploitation, cult films – B-Flicks – American International Pictures – Roger Corman
  • 3. New Hollywood • Influence of European Art films – innovative and experimental storytelling • Italian Neo-realists – Location shooting, non-professional actors – Fellini, De Sica, Antonioni • New Cinemas – French, Czech, German, British – Godard, Truffaut, Resnais • Japanese Cinema – Kurosawa, Ozu • Impact of U.S. Underground and experimental traditions • From dominant to counter-cinema (Peter Wollen) – Narrative transitivity to Narrative intransitivity • Ambiguous storylines – Identification to Estrangement • Lack of character to “cheer for” – Transparency to Foregrounding • Exposing film as artificial – Single diegesis to Multiple diegesis • Multiple storylines – Closure to Aperture • Open endings instead of happy endings – Pleasure to Un-pleasure • Confrontation instead of escapism – Fiction to Reality • More documentary look and message
  • 4. New Hollywood • Heralded by Bonnie and Clyde • and Easy Rider – youth culture film produced for $375,000 – $50 million at the box office – caused Hollywood to embrace the youth market – Hire young directors • Explicit treatment of sexual conflicts and psychological problems – a sense of permissiveness that led to the end of American film censorship – Graphic sex and violence was cynical toward classical Hollywood genres (optimism and wholesomeness of nation under the Production Code)
  • 5. New Hollywood • Style – Anti-establishment - tackled social issues: racism, classism, sexism, homophobia, war, political and legal system. • Mixing of the comic and the serious • Open or unhappy ending – Character • Offbeat antihero protagonists - charming, exciting, funny, social misfits, deviates, outlaws. • Antagonists are often the legal officials – Perspective • character over plot; feeling over action – Location shooting • self-conscious use of cinematic effects (slow motion, rapid montage, stylized flashbacks, freeze frame, split screen) • reminded audience it is watching a movie; intensified filmic mood • Sound: less canned nondiegetic scoring; more motivated diegetic audio (radio, ambience); popular rock music • Auteurs – Independent production boom – John Cassavetes, Woody Allen, Robert Altman, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Terrence Malick, DePalma, Stanley Kubrick
  • 6. Blockbuster Hollywood • Late 1970s - Studios change – Financial • Bankruptcy and Conglomeration of Studios • Disasters of kid directors running up HUGE budgets and losses - Heaven's Gate. • Studio heads became lawyers & accountants with no industry backgrounds. – lack of creativity – focus on playability – Ideological • Feel-good movie: Vietnam syndrome, rise of the moral majority, nostalgia – Mid 1970s - Rocky and Star Wars were catalysts – Citizens were asked to fulfill more roles, spend more (even if on credit); poverty and suffering went unacknowledged – Return of myth: muscular heroes, friendly robots, tough cops » If not Pro-establishment, definitely not anti; looking for something to believe in rather than to be angry at » Spielberg’s optimism and resourceful teens
  • 7. Blockbuster Hollywood • Film School Generation in 1970s – Beginnings of college courses in film studies. • Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, George Lucas, Steven Spielberg • Blockbuster mentality (films that take in over $100 million in box office) – Finance • Distribute a few big films for enormous profit. That ONE MONSTER HIT to carry through the lean films – International Marketing • And not only theaters, but other tiers – Home video distribution. – Conservative audience calculation • prescreening scores, focus groups • Sequalization, remakes and franchise • Marketing - franchising synergy with TV and publishing interests, tie-ins, cross-promotion and ancillary – ENTERTAINMENT is ALL • Intensely manipulative of audience response – construct films so meticulously that they lose spontaneity to become almost machine-like in their effect • Films become a RIDE - wide-screen; color; stereophonic; special effects; action over reflection; happy ending – Technically advanced; politically retreated (well really, reactionary);