New Technology Lecture L15 The Broadcast Century
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The document discusses the history and evolution of broadcasting from its early beginnings to modern digital technologies. It traces the development of radio and television broadcasting from the 1920s through the 1950s and the establishment of business models around these new media. It then outlines the transition to digital formats for television and content distribution in the 1980s-2000s, as well as new technologies like DVRs, video on demand, and internet streaming that have disrupted traditional broadcasting models and allowed for place and time shifting of content. Finally, it notes how user-generated content and many-to-many communication through social media have replaced the old one-to-many broadcasting model of read-only cultures with new read-write cultures.
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New Technology Lecture L15 The Broadcast Century
- 1. Lecture L15 THE BROADCAST CENTURY
- 3. Why?
- 6. 100 million hours / year
- 7. 200 million minutes / day
- 8. Where do people find the time?
- 9. "The wireless music box has no imaginable commercial value. Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular?" -- David Sarnoff's associates in response to his urgings for investment in the radio in the 1920s. EARLY ENTERTAINMENT
- 10. Early music was performed live Story telling People got together to sing the songs of the day Participation: everyone was an entertainer Culture
- 12. Edison’s Phonograph 1877 “The Talking Machine”
- 14. First radio broadcasts are in 1906 Commercial radio broadcasting starts in 1920s Amateur operators Equipment manufactures Public’s need for information Westinghouse Model WR-30 Gothic Style Tombstone Radio (1933) http://www.tuberadioland.com/westinghouseWR-30_main.html
- 15. For God’s sake go down to the reception and get rid of a lunatic who’s down there. He says he’s got a machine for seeing by wireless! — Editor of the Daily Express in response to a prospective visit by John Logie Baird ENTER THE TV
- 16. John Logie Baird ! Scottish inventor ! Experimented with wireless transmission of images ! First public television broadcast was 27. January 1926 in London
- 17. TV broadcast start in the 1930s ! BBC starts broadcasts in 1936 ! Slow increase in consoles ! Lack of standard !
- 18. Color in the 50s ! RCA begins production of its first color-TV set for consumers ! Low performance and high price
- 19. In 1950 a market has emerged ! US data: ! 1946 there are 20.000 TVs, 18 stations ! 1953 there are over 20 million TVs – 44% of households, 300 stations ! TV in Iceland in 1966
- 20. The global broadcasting & cable tv market grew by 4.6% in 2011 to reach a value of $400.6 billion ! The market is expected to reach almost $475,000 million by 2015 Source: DataMnitor
- 23. Why is TV so powerful?
- 25. TV Watching On average, individuals in the industrialised world devote three hours a day to watching TV
- 26. TV Watching On average, individuals in the industrialised world devote three hours a day to watching TV
- 27. TV Watching Gallup poll on TV Watching ! Two out of five adult respondents and seven out of 10 teenagers said they spent too much time watching TV ! Usually people are embarrassed to admit to watching much TV
- 28. A Formula for Addiction TV is passive and relaxing ! Reduces alertness ! Effect is fast ! Problem: TV addiction
- 29. A Formula for Addiction
- 30. TREND 23% of UK teenagers claim to watch less TV and 15% admit they read fewer books now that they have smartphones
- 31. THE BROADCASTING CENTURY ONE 2 MANY READ ONLY CULTURE Emile Berliner’s Gramophone 1889 Edison’s Phonograph 1877 1900 BUSINESS MODELS GET ESTABLISHED DIGITAL FORMAT Radio Broadcasts 1920s TV The Record Broadcasts Industry - LPs 1940s 1950s CDs 1980s DVDs 1990s 2000
- 33. TV GOES DIGITAL
- 35. Analog Standards NTSC, PAL, SECAM Broadcast: VHF (54-88 MHz, 174-216 MHz) UHF (470 to 890 MHz) Cable
- 36. Digital TV DVB, ATSC, ISDB, DTMB, DBM H.262/MPEG ! Transmitted Radio (VHF, UHF, SHF), satellites, cables, fiber or ADSL Benefits Better picture and better sound – more resolution Better use of bandwidth using compression Most countries switched off analogue transmission 2007-2009 Source: HowStuffWorks.com
- 37. Digital TV Normal TV has the ratio 4:3 (1,34:1) ! HDTV has the aspect ratio 16:9 (1,78:1) ! Source: HowStuffWorks.com
- 38. End of an Era Digital Content is causing disruptions in the conventional value chain ! DVD sales are slowing ! Distribution of content is going to digital mediums Source: Economist -‐ Coming soon
- 39. NEW SOLUTIONS
- 42. Time shift Digital video recorders (DVRs) Recording television transmissions for later viewing ! Examples TiVo, ReplayTV, DirectTV
- 43. Place Shift Watch your TV everywhere in the world ! Technology that allows you to watch your TV over the Internet ! Slingbox
- 45. Video On Demand VoD - Video-on-demand Goodbye to of the Video Store Change in distribution of content Delivered over the Internet, ADSL or cable, including fibre Pictures from www.oscar.com
- 47. THE BROADCASTING CENTURY ONE 2 MANY READ ONLY CULTURE Emile Berliner’s Gramophone 1889 Edison’s Phonograph 1877 BUSINESS MODELS GET ESTABLISHED DIGITAL FORMAT Radio Broadcasts 1920s TV The Record Broadcasts Industry - LPs 1940s 1950s THE DIGITAL DECADE ! CDs 1980s DVDs 1990s THE CONTENT ESCAPES THE FORM ! INTERNET DISRUPTION BEGINS 1900 2000
- 49. Where do people find the time?
- 51. TV
- 52. 200 billion hours / year Watching TV
- 53. Watching TV
- 55. 100 million hours / year
- 56. 2000 wikipedias / year
- 57. Clay Shirky On Cognitive Surplus
- 62. MOVIE STARS
- 63. Chris Anderson On the Long Tail
- 65. Bottlenecks in the Distribution channels Hit culture
- 66. The Power Law
- 67. Pareto principle For many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes
- 73. LONG TAIL
- 76. What percentage of the top 10,000 titles in any online media store (Netflix, iTunes, Amazon, or any other) will rent or sell at least once a month?
- 88. BEFORE NOW ONE 2 MANY: BROADCASTING MANY 2 MANY: PEER INTERACTION READ ONLY CULTURE READ WRITE CULTURE BUSINESS MODELS GET ESTABLISHED ESTABLISHED BUSINESS MODELS GET DISRUPTED
- 89. END OF BROADCASTING MANY 2 MANY READ WRITE CULTURE Emile Berliner’s Gramophone 1889 Edison’s Phonograph 1877 1900 ESTABLISHED BUSINESS MODELS GET DISRUPTED Radio Broadcasts 1920s TV The Record Broadcasts Industry - LPs 1940s 1950s CDs 1980s THE INTERNET DISRUPTION DVDs 1990s 2000