2. Starting a computer
• To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start
the Windows operating system and display the Windows desktop on
the monitor.
• Basic functions performed when a computer starts
When we start the computer, it runs automatically a basic program
BIOS which self tests. If everything is ok then it runs OS and finally, the
computer starts
3. Login and logout
• Login and logout
When multiple users use the same computer and want to secure their
data separately then they can create login IDs. each one has a
different password to start the computer and after completing the
task logout is done.
4. BIOS (basic input/output system)
• BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor
uses to start the computer system after it is powered on. It also manages data
flow between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such
as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.
5. Shutting down a computer
• Shutting down a computer
It is a process to turn off the computer. To shut down the computer in
Ubuntu by clicking “Systems” at the top right and then click on Shut
Down. In windows, we can click Alt+F4 to shut down the computer
6. Files and folders
File: All information are kept in files. Files have names and extensions.
Different files have different extensions to identify the file types. Ex-
.txt for text document, .jpeg for image, .avi for video etc
Folder: It is a location where a group of files can be stored. We can
create a no. of folders inside the folder. A folder within folded is called a
subfolder.
7. Communication and Networking — Basics of Internet
Internet is a huge network of computers around the
world. World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of all
websites we visit on the internet.
8. Uses Of Internet
• Search information
• Shopping
• Online booking
• Entertainment
• E-mail and chatting
• Online learning
• Social networking
• Online banking
9. Connecting to the Internet
•
An Internet Service Provider (ISP)─i.e., the telephone company which
provides Internet connectivity using the phone lines or a wireless
network.
• Types of connections
(a) Wired connections: When the internet is connected through a
wired medium like ethernet cable.
(b) Wireless connection: When the internet is connected through a
wireless medium like Wifi.
10. • Bandwidth: The amount of data transferred in a certain amount of
time. In analogue devices, the bandwidth is expressed in cycles per
second, or Hertz (Hz). Data transferred digitally is measured by bits
per second (bps)
1 Kbps (kilobits per second) = 1000 bits per second
1 Mbps (megabits per second) = 1000 kilo bits per second
1 Gbps (gigabits per second) = 1,000 mega bits per second
11. World Wide Web (WWW)
• It is a vast network of files stored in computers all over the world.It is made
up of
1. Web Page: A web page is a document present on a computer that is
connected to the internet each webpage has a unique address like
https://www.crackmycbse.com.
2. Web browser: Application software to use the information available on
the Internet. Ex- Chrome, Opera, Firefox
3. Hyperlinks: Highlighted words on a webpage. If you click on that it will
redirect you to another page.
12. Important parts of a web browser
•
(i) Address bar: To type the address of the webpage
(ii) Tabbed browsing (Ctrl+T): It is used to view multiple web pages in
the same window
(iii) Back and forward buttons: Used to get back or next page
(iv) Refresh button (F5): To refresh the page
