Neuro pharmacology
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This document provides an overview of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and enteric nervous system (ENS). It discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Key topics covered include nerve conduction, neurotransmitters like ATP and catecholamines, receptor types for neurotransmitters, and effects of sympathomimetic, sympatholytic, parasympathomimetic, and parasympatholytic drugs. Side effects from parasympathetic stimulation are also summarized.
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons. They are produced in neuron cell bodies, stored in vesicles, and released into the synapse upon receiving an action potential. Neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory, binding to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron to open or close ion channels. Common neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, amino acids like glutamate and GABA, biogenic amines, ATP, nitric oxide, and neuropeptides. Neurotransmitters are inactivated through diffusion, astrocyte reuptake, neuronal reuptake, or enzymatic degradation to terminate their signaling effects.
Sleep action centres
RAS (reticular activating system) is a set of connected nuclei responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep wake transitions. RAS has both cholinergic and adrenergic components.
Anatomical components of RAS are
• Mid-brain reticular formation,
• Dorsal hypo-thalamus,
• Thalamic intra laminar nuclei,
• Tegmentum
ANS pharmacology ppt
This document discusses autonomic neurotransmission and cholinergic drugs. It begins by describing the anatomy and components of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions. It then focuses on cholinergic neurotransmission, outlining the steps of impulse conduction, transmitter release, transmitter action on post-junctional membranes, post-junctional activity, and termination of transmitter action. Finally, it discusses cholinergic drugs that act as direct parasympathomimetics like choline esters or alkaloids, as well as indirect anticholinesterases that inhibit the termination of cholinergic transmission.
anspharmacologyppt-190119044256.pdf
The document discusses autonomic neurotransmission and cholinergic drugs. It begins by describing the anatomy and components of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions. It then focuses on cholinergic transmission, describing the steps of neurotransmission including impulse conduction, transmitter release, receptor activation, post-junctional response, and termination. Specific details are provided on acetylcholine synthesis and receptors. The effects of cholinergic drugs like anticholinesterases and direct agonists are summarized. Anticholinesterases inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby prolonging neurotransmission, while direct agonists mimic acetylcholine action.
4 ANS Intro + Cholinergics -41 ff(1).ppt
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and uses norepinephrine as its main neurotransmitter. It works through activation of adrenergic receptors. The parasympathetic division elicits the "rest and digest" response and uses acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter, which acts through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Both divisions contain a two-neuron chain, with the first neuron being preganglionic and the second being postganglionic. The autonomic nervous system helps regulate the function of organ systems through its effects on tissues like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.
ANS introduction Dr sachin
introduction to Autonomic Nervous System consisting of Cholinergic, adrenergic and enteric Nervous system with focus on location of neurotransmitters and broad functions of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenergic
The document summarizes the adrenergic nervous system and drugs that affect it. It discusses the synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism of catecholamines. It describes the different types of adrenergic receptors (α1, α2, β1, β2, β3) and their functions. It also discusses various drugs that act on the adrenergic system, including direct-acting sympathomimetics like epinephrine, indirect-acting drugs like amphetamines, and mixed drugs like ephedrine. Selective α and β agonists and their clinical uses are outlined.
Cns ---introduction
The document summarizes several anatomical regions and cellular components of the brain and central nervous system. It describes the cerebral cortex, limbic system including the hippocampus and amygdala, diencephalon containing the thalamus and hypothalamus, midbrain, brainstem, and spinal cord. It also outlines the different types of neurons, glial cells, neurotransmitters, and synaptic transmission in the brain. Key neurotransmitters discussed include dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and acetylcholine.
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons. They are produced in neuron cell bodies, stored in vesicles, and released into the synapse upon receiving an action potential. Neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory, binding to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron to open or close ion channels. Common neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, amino acids like glutamate and GABA, biogenic amines, ATP, nitric oxide, and neuropeptides. Neurotransmitters are inactivated through diffusion, astrocyte reuptake, neuronal reuptake, or enzymatic degradation to terminate their signaling effects.
Sleep action centres
RAS (reticular activating system) is a set of connected nuclei responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep wake transitions. RAS has both cholinergic and adrenergic components.
Anatomical components of RAS are
• Mid-brain reticular formation,
• Dorsal hypo-thalamus,
• Thalamic intra laminar nuclei,
• Tegmentum
ANS pharmacology ppt
This document discusses autonomic neurotransmission and cholinergic drugs. It begins by describing the anatomy and components of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions. It then focuses on cholinergic neurotransmission, outlining the steps of impulse conduction, transmitter release, transmitter action on post-junctional membranes, post-junctional activity, and termination of transmitter action. Finally, it discusses cholinergic drugs that act as direct parasympathomimetics like choline esters or alkaloids, as well as indirect anticholinesterases that inhibit the termination of cholinergic transmission.
anspharmacologyppt-190119044256.pdf
The document discusses autonomic neurotransmission and cholinergic drugs. It begins by describing the anatomy and components of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions. It then focuses on cholinergic transmission, describing the steps of neurotransmission including impulse conduction, transmitter release, receptor activation, post-junctional response, and termination. Specific details are provided on acetylcholine synthesis and receptors. The effects of cholinergic drugs like anticholinesterases and direct agonists are summarized. Anticholinesterases inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby prolonging neurotransmission, while direct agonists mimic acetylcholine action.
4 ANS Intro + Cholinergics -41 ff(1).ppt
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and uses norepinephrine as its main neurotransmitter. It works through activation of adrenergic receptors. The parasympathetic division elicits the "rest and digest" response and uses acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter, which acts through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Both divisions contain a two-neuron chain, with the first neuron being preganglionic and the second being postganglionic. The autonomic nervous system helps regulate the function of organ systems through its effects on tissues like cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.
ANS introduction Dr sachin
introduction to Autonomic Nervous System consisting of Cholinergic, adrenergic and enteric Nervous system with focus on location of neurotransmitters and broad functions of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenergic
The document summarizes the adrenergic nervous system and drugs that affect it. It discusses the synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism of catecholamines. It describes the different types of adrenergic receptors (α1, α2, β1, β2, β3) and their functions. It also discusses various drugs that act on the adrenergic system, including direct-acting sympathomimetics like epinephrine, indirect-acting drugs like amphetamines, and mixed drugs like ephedrine. Selective α and β agonists and their clinical uses are outlined.
Cns ---introduction
The document summarizes several anatomical regions and cellular components of the brain and central nervous system. It describes the cerebral cortex, limbic system including the hippocampus and amygdala, diencephalon containing the thalamus and hypothalamus, midbrain, brainstem, and spinal cord. It also outlines the different types of neurons, glial cells, neurotransmitters, and synaptic transmission in the brain. Key neurotransmitters discussed include dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and acetylcholine.
Autonomic nervous system
The document discusses the transmitters and receptors of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It covers the main transmitters - acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE). It describes the synthesis, storage, and release of ACh at cholinergic synapses and its transmission via nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. It also discusses the synthesis and metabolism of NE, its transmission via alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, and the mechanisms of cholinergic and adrenergic receptor signal transduction. Additionally, it covers neuromodulation via pre-synaptic and post-synaptic mechanisms and examples such as autoinhibition of noradrenergic nerve terminals.
Ch 11c
The synapse is a junction that mediates information transfer between neurons. There are two main types of synapses - chemical synapses, which use neurotransmitters to transmit signals across the synaptic cleft, and electrical synapses, which allow direct electrical coupling between neurons. At chemical synapses, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitter release, which then binds to and activates receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, generating excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. These signals are then integrated to determine whether the postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential.
Ch 11c
The synapse is a junction that mediates information transfer between neurons. There are two main types of synapses - chemical synapses, which use neurotransmitters to transmit signals across the synaptic cleft, and electrical synapses, which allow direct electrical coupling between neurons. At chemical synapses, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitter release, which then binds to and activates receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The effects of neurotransmitters are then terminated through degradation or reuptake. Summation of synaptic potentials determines whether an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron.
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This document discusses drugs that affect the sympathetic nervous system, specifically neurotransmitters, biosynthesis, storage, release, and termination of action of catecholamines. It describes the three main neurotransmitters - norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. It provides details on the biosynthesis of catecholamines from phenylalanine and tyrosine through multiple enzymatic steps. Storage of catecholamines in vesicles and their release upon neuronal stimulation is explained. Termination of action occurs primarily via reuptake of catecholamines and secondarily through metabolic degradation. The document discusses adrenoceptor types (α1, α2, β1, β2, β3), their locations, signaling pathways and effects. Specific
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This document provides an overview of basic neurochemistry. It discusses the organization of the nervous system including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. It describes the basic neuron structure and function including dendrites, axons, myelin sheaths, and synapses. It explains action potentials and neurotransmission involving neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and acetylcholine. It also summarizes neurotransmitter receptors, pathways, and the fate of neurotransmitters after release. Finally, it briefly discusses basic pharmacology principles including drug receptors, agonists, antagonists, and pharmacokinetics concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and activates the fight or flight response. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine and activates rest and digest functions. Both systems target glands, muscles and organs through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholinesterase terminates the action of acetylcholine at synapses.
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This document discusses the autonomic nervous system, including its neurotransmitters and receptors. It notes that the sympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine at preganglionic endings and norepinephrine or acetylcholine at postganglionic endings. The parasympathetic system solely uses acetylcholine. Adrenergic receptors include alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 subtypes. Cholinergic receptors are nicotinic or muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are neuronal or muscular, while muscarinic receptors are labeled M1 through M7. Specific receptor locations and functions are outlined.
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The document discusses the transmitters and receptors of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It covers the main transmitters - acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE). It describes the synthesis, storage, and release of ACh at cholinergic synapses and its transmission via nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. It also discusses the synthesis and metabolism of NE, its transmission via alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, and the mechanisms of cholinergic and adrenergic receptor signal transduction. Additionally, it covers neuromodulation via pre-synaptic and post-synaptic mechanisms and examples such as autoinhibition of noradrenergic nerve terminals.
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This document discusses drugs that affect the sympathetic nervous system, specifically neurotransmitters, biosynthesis, storage, release, and termination of action of catecholamines. It describes the three main neurotransmitters - norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. It provides details on the biosynthesis of catecholamines from phenylalanine and tyrosine through multiple enzymatic steps. Storage of catecholamines in vesicles and their release upon neuronal stimulation is explained. Termination of action occurs primarily via reuptake of catecholamines and secondarily through metabolic degradation. The document discusses adrenoceptor types (α1, α2, β1, β2, β3), their locations, signaling pathways and effects. Specific
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls many involuntary organs and muscles within the body. It functions reflexively without conscious control. The ANS is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic system allows the body to "rest and digest." Both systems use two neurons connected by a ganglion to innervate targets. They differ in neurotransmitters, locations of cell bodies, and effects on target tissues.
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This document provides an overview of basic neurochemistry. It discusses the organization of the nervous system including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. It describes the basic neuron structure and function including dendrites, axons, myelin sheaths, and synapses. It explains action potentials and neurotransmission involving neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and acetylcholine. It also summarizes neurotransmitter receptors, pathways, and the fate of neurotransmitters after release. Finally, it briefly discusses basic pharmacology principles including drug receptors, agonists, antagonists, and pharmacokinetics concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter and activates the fight or flight response. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine and activates rest and digest functions. Both systems target glands, muscles and organs through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholinesterase terminates the action of acetylcholine at synapses.
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This presentation was delivered to 1st year pharmacy students. It is intended as a broad overview of neurochemistry.
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This document discusses the autonomic nervous system, including its neurotransmitters and receptors. It notes that the sympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine at preganglionic endings and norepinephrine or acetylcholine at postganglionic endings. The parasympathetic system solely uses acetylcholine. Adrenergic receptors include alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 subtypes. Cholinergic receptors are nicotinic or muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are neuronal or muscular, while muscarinic receptors are labeled M1 through M7. Specific receptor locations and functions are outlined.
Cholinergic Pharmacology and Cholinergic Drugs 2017
Muscarine is an alkaloid found in the Amanita muscaria mushroom that causes only muscarinic effects. It can cause profuse salivation, lacrimation, sweating, blood vessel dilation and hypotension, miosis, and spasm of accommodation in the eyes. Mushroom poisoning may occur due to ingestion of poisonous mushrooms containing toxins like muscarine, amatoxins, or gyromitrins. Early onset poisoning features muscarinic symptoms like excessive sweating and salivation within 1-2 hours.
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The document discusses the nervous system, specifically focusing on the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and its divisions - the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and somatic nervous system. It provides details on the ANS, including its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter which acts on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Cholinergic drugs that act as parasympathomimetics are used to treat various conditions like glaucoma. Pilocarpine is commonly used as a parasympathomimetic eye drop to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma by contracting the ciliary muscle and increasing drainage of aqueous humor through the trabecular
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Neuro pharmacology
- 2. • Introduction • Overview: Nervous System • 1-CNS • 2-PNS • 3-ENS
- 3. • 1-Autonomic Nervous System ANS • 2-Somatic Nervous System SNS
- 4. • 1-sympathetic and 2-parasympathetic
- 5. • 1-Nerve conduction • 2-Neurotransmitter Molecular reactions: ATP-------cAMP Ca Glucose sympathetic
- 6. • 1-It attaches to the next neuron receptor • 2-Some remains in the synaptic space(Catechol-O- methyltransferase COMT) • 3-Some return to the previous vesicle(MAO monoamine oxidase)
- 9. • α1 α2 β1 β2 • α:Ep>NP>>>ISP • β1:ISP> EP>NE • β 2: ISP>EP>>>NE • adrenal reversal phenomenon
- 12. • Salivation: stimulation of the salivary glands • •Lacrimation: stimulation of the lacrimal glands • •Urination: relaxation of the internal sphincter muscle of urethra, and contraction of the detrusor muscles • •Defecation: relaxation of the internal anal sphincter • •Gastrointestinal upset: Smooth muscle tone changes causing gastrointestinal problems, including diarrhea • •Emesis: Vomiting • •Miosis:stimulation of the pupillary constrictor muscles or • •Muscle spasm:stimulation of skeletal muscle
- 13. Thank you for your attention!