Neuro clinics 39 vertigo-2
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A 68-year-old female patient presented with vertigo for 3-4 years. Examination and tests did not reveal a cause except for obesity. Treatment with anti-vertigo and antidepressant medications provided poor results. Upon further history, the patient reported pain with eating, and examination found tenderness in the left temporomandibular joint. Injection of steroids into the joint significantly relieved the vertigo. The unusual presentation was diagnosed as reactive labyrinthitis caused by non-infectious inflammation of the temporomandibular joint. A 35-year-old male teacher presented with vertigo, imbalance, and absence from work. Examination found no abnormalities. Treatment for hypertension and anxiety
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Discussion Part One
Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, without a mid-cycle surge) and androgen elevation.
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Discussion Part One
Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, without a mid-cycle surge) and androgen elevation.
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Discussion Part One
Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated
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Discussion Part One
Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, without a mid-cycle surge) and androgen elevation.
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Discussion Part One
Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, without a mid-cycle surge) and androgen elevation.
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Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, without a mid-cycle surge) and androgen elevation.
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Chief Complaint: “I fell down in my house a week ago and my knee is still hurting”.
History of Present Illness: Mr. Brown is 45-year-old male teacher who presents to the clinic with symptoms of right knee pain related to a fall sustained at home one week ago while he was coming down the stairs. Patient states that he tripped and during the fall, the right knee twisted and was caught between two bars of the stair wells. Immediately after the fall, the pain was sharp and stabbing, and he was unable to walk straight and apply weight on the knee. He applied ice and took 800mg of Motrin and went to bed. Patient states he did not want to go to the emergency department because of the long wait. After 24 hours he applied warm compresses intermittently and took extra strength Tylenol as needed. Mitigating factors include ES Tylenol, heat application, and resting the knee. However, sometimes the pain is so severe that even Tylenol does not help. Aggravating factors are standing too long, bending the knee, and climbing stairs. He describes the pain as sharp, and annoying at the same time. At present time he feels like "something is not right inside the knee”. Level of pain is 8/10. He denies previous musculoskeletal injuries.
Patient also reports shortness of breath but denies chest pain.
PMH: Asthma, bipolar disorder. Left knee anterior crucial ligament (ACL) 10 years ago from basketball injury.
Past surgical history: Right hip replacement 15 years ago from kick boxing.
Medications/OTC: Theophylline, Prednisone, Singular, Geodon, Prozac, Benadryl.
Allergies: NKA.
Past family history: One brother with asthma, and another brother with bipolar. Maternal aunt with DM type II.
Health Maintenance: Immunization up to date.
Social history: Patient does not smoke, drink or use recreational drugs. He maintains a regular diet and exercises 3 times a week. He has been married for 10 years and lives with his wife and one adult son, and one teenage daughter. He is a mathematics teacher in the same high school where he attends clinic. He sleeps well.
With the information provided above, please continue the patient’s soap note to include:
Subjective: A thorough review of systems
Objective: A thorough physical examination
Primary diagnosis
3 differential diagnosis with one citation for each ddx (APA formatted).
Laboratory tests
Diagnostic testing
Management plan
Medications
Non-pharmacological approach
Follow up
Patient education and Health promotion
References: A minimum of 3 different references are required for this assignment. All references must be properly APA formatted.
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Chief ComplaintMy left foot feels weak and numb. I have a hard ti
Chief Complaint
“My left foot feels weak and numb. I have a hard time pointing my toes up.”
History of Present Illness
D.T. is 42-year-old Caucasian woman who has had an elevated blood sugar and cholesterol 2 years ago but did not follow up with a clinical diagnostic work-up. She had participated in the state’s annual health screening program and noticed her fasting blood sugar was 160 and her cholesterol was 250. However, she felt “perfectly fine at the time” and did not want to take any more medications. Except for a number of “female infections,” she has felt fine recently.Today, she presents to the clinic complaining that her left foot has been weak and numb for nearly 3 weeks and that the foot is difficult to flex. She denies any other weakness or numbness at this time. She does report that she has been very thirsty lately and gets up more often at night to urinate. She has attributed these symptoms to the extremely warm weather and drinking more water to keep hydrated. She has gained a total of 50 pounds since her last pregnancy 10 years ago, 20 pounds in the last 6 months alone.
Past Medical History
Seasonal allergic rhinitis (since her early 20s)Breast biopsy positive for fibroadenoma at age 30Gestational diabetes with second child 10 years agoMultiple yeast infections during the past 3 years that she has self-treated with OTC antifungal creams and salt bathHypertension for 10 years
Past Surgical History
C-section 14 years ago
OB-GYN History
Menarche at age 11Last pap smear 3 years ago
Family History
Type 2 DM present in older brother and maternal grandfather. Both were diagnosed in their late 40s. Brother takes both pills and shots.Mother alive and wellFather has COPDTwo other siblings alive and wellAll three children are alive and well
Social History
Married 29 years with 3 children; husband is a school teacherFamily lives in a four bedroom single family homePatient works as a seamstressSmokes 1 pack per day (since age 16) and drinks two alcoholic drinks 4 days per weekDenies illegal drug usesNever exercises and has tried multiple fad diets for weight loss with little success. She now eats a diet rich in fats and refined sugars.
Allergies
NKDA
Medications
Lisinopril 10 mg dailyLoratadine 10 mg daily
Review of SystemsGeneral
Admits to recent onset of fatigue
HEENT
Has awakened on several occasions with blurred vision and dizziness or lightheadedness upon standing: Denies vertigo, head trauma, ear pain, difficulty swallowing or speaking
Cardiac
Denies chest pain, palpitations, and difficulty breathing while lying down
Lungs
Denies cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing
GI
Denies nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating or pain, diarrhea, or food intolerance, but admits occasional episodes of constipation
GU
Has experienced increased frequency and volumes of urination, but denies pain during urination, blood in the urine, or urinary incontinence
EXT
Denies leg cramps or swelling in the ankles and feet; has never experienced weakness, tin ...
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Discussion Part One
Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, without a mid-cycle surge) and androgen elevation.
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Discussion Part One
Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, without a mid-cycle surge) and androgen elevation.
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Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, without a mid-cycle surge) and androgen elevation.
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Chief Complaint: “I fell down in my house a week ago and my knee is still hurting”.
History of Present Illness: Mr. Brown is 45-year-old male teacher who presents to the clinic with symptoms of right knee pain related to a fall sustained at home one week ago while he was coming down the stairs. Patient states that he tripped and during the fall, the right knee twisted and was caught between two bars of the stair wells. Immediately after the fall, the pain was sharp and stabbing, and he was unable to walk straight and apply weight on the knee. He applied ice and took 800mg of Motrin and went to bed. Patient states he did not want to go to the emergency department because of the long wait. After 24 hours he applied warm compresses intermittently and took extra strength Tylenol as needed. Mitigating factors include ES Tylenol, heat application, and resting the knee. However, sometimes the pain is so severe that even Tylenol does not help. Aggravating factors are standing too long, bending the knee, and climbing stairs. He describes the pain as sharp, and annoying at the same time. At present time he feels like "something is not right inside the knee”. Level of pain is 8/10. He denies previous musculoskeletal injuries.
Patient also reports shortness of breath but denies chest pain.
PMH: Asthma, bipolar disorder. Left knee anterior crucial ligament (ACL) 10 years ago from basketball injury.
Past surgical history: Right hip replacement 15 years ago from kick boxing.
Medications/OTC: Theophylline, Prednisone, Singular, Geodon, Prozac, Benadryl.
Allergies: NKA.
Past family history: One brother with asthma, and another brother with bipolar. Maternal aunt with DM type II.
Health Maintenance: Immunization up to date.
Social history: Patient does not smoke, drink or use recreational drugs. He maintains a regular diet and exercises 3 times a week. He has been married for 10 years and lives with his wife and one adult son, and one teenage daughter. He is a mathematics teacher in the same high school where he attends clinic. He sleeps well.
With the information provided above, please continue the patient’s soap note to include:
Subjective: A thorough review of systems
Objective: A thorough physical examination
Primary diagnosis
3 differential diagnosis with one citation for each ddx (APA formatted).
Laboratory tests
Diagnostic testing
Management plan
Medications
Non-pharmacological approach
Follow up
Patient education and Health promotion
References: A minimum of 3 different references are required for this assignment. All references must be properly APA formatted.
This assignment will be graded according to the rubric. Please have the Rubric handy when you are writing the soap note.
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Chief ComplaintMy left foot feels weak and numb. I have a hard ti
Chief Complaint
“My left foot feels weak and numb. I have a hard time pointing my toes up.”
History of Present Illness
D.T. is 42-year-old Caucasian woman who has had an elevated blood sugar and cholesterol 2 years ago but did not follow up with a clinical diagnostic work-up. She had participated in the state’s annual health screening program and noticed her fasting blood sugar was 160 and her cholesterol was 250. However, she felt “perfectly fine at the time” and did not want to take any more medications. Except for a number of “female infections,” she has felt fine recently.Today, she presents to the clinic complaining that her left foot has been weak and numb for nearly 3 weeks and that the foot is difficult to flex. She denies any other weakness or numbness at this time. She does report that she has been very thirsty lately and gets up more often at night to urinate. She has attributed these symptoms to the extremely warm weather and drinking more water to keep hydrated. She has gained a total of 50 pounds since her last pregnancy 10 years ago, 20 pounds in the last 6 months alone.
Past Medical History
Seasonal allergic rhinitis (since her early 20s)Breast biopsy positive for fibroadenoma at age 30Gestational diabetes with second child 10 years agoMultiple yeast infections during the past 3 years that she has self-treated with OTC antifungal creams and salt bathHypertension for 10 years
Past Surgical History
C-section 14 years ago
OB-GYN History
Menarche at age 11Last pap smear 3 years ago
Family History
Type 2 DM present in older brother and maternal grandfather. Both were diagnosed in their late 40s. Brother takes both pills and shots.Mother alive and wellFather has COPDTwo other siblings alive and wellAll three children are alive and well
Social History
Married 29 years with 3 children; husband is a school teacherFamily lives in a four bedroom single family homePatient works as a seamstressSmokes 1 pack per day (since age 16) and drinks two alcoholic drinks 4 days per weekDenies illegal drug usesNever exercises and has tried multiple fad diets for weight loss with little success. She now eats a diet rich in fats and refined sugars.
Allergies
NKDA
Medications
Lisinopril 10 mg dailyLoratadine 10 mg daily
Review of SystemsGeneral
Admits to recent onset of fatigue
HEENT
Has awakened on several occasions with blurred vision and dizziness or lightheadedness upon standing: Denies vertigo, head trauma, ear pain, difficulty swallowing or speaking
Cardiac
Denies chest pain, palpitations, and difficulty breathing while lying down
Lungs
Denies cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing
GI
Denies nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating or pain, diarrhea, or food intolerance, but admits occasional episodes of constipation
GU
Has experienced increased frequency and volumes of urination, but denies pain during urination, blood in the urine, or urinary incontinence
EXT
Denies leg cramps or swelling in the ankles and feet; has never experienced weakness, tin ...
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Discussion Part One
Emily, a relatively healthy 5’5”, 32-year-old young woman weighing 190 pounds, presents to your clinic with hirsutism, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, and at times amenorrhea. Biochemical blood tests reveal elevated luteinizing hormone (LH, without a mid-cycle surge) and androgen elevation.
Assignment DetailsDiabetes Case StudyChief ComplaintMy .docx
Assignment Details
Diabetes Case Study
Chief Complaint
“My left foot feels weak and numb. I have a hard time pointing my toes up.”
History of Present Illness
D.T. is 42-year-old Caucasian woman who has had an elevated blood sugar and cholesterol 2 years ago but did not follow up with a clinical diagnostic work-up. She had participated in the state’s annual health screening program and noticed her fasting blood sugar was 160 and her cholesterol was 250. However, she felt “perfectly fine at the time” and did not want to take any more medications. Except for a number of “female infections,” she has felt fine recently.
Today, she presents to the clinic complaining that her left foot has been weak and numb for nearly 3 weeks and that the foot is difficult to flex. She denies any other weakness or numbness at this time. She does report that she has been very thirsty lately and gets up more often at night to urinate. She has attributed these symptoms to the extremely warm weather and drinking more water to keep hydrated. She has gained a total of 50 pounds since her last pregnancy 10 years ago, 20 pounds in the last 6 months alone.
Past Medical History
Seasonal allergic rhinitis (since her early 20s)
Breast biopsy positive for fibroadenoma at age 30
Gestational diabetes with second child 10 years ago
Multiple yeast infections during the past 3 years that she has self-treated with OTC antifungal creams and salt bath
Hypertension for 10 years
Past Surgical History
C-section 14 years ago
OB-GYN History
Menarche at age 11
Last pap smear 3 years ago
Family History
Type 2 DM present in older brother and maternal grandfather. Both were diagnosed in their late 40s. Brother takes both pills and shots.
Mother alive and well
Father has COPD
Two other siblings alive and well
All three children are alive and well
Social History
Married 29 years with 3 children; husband is a school teacher
Family lives in a four bedroom single family home
Patient works as a seamstress
Smokes 1 pack per day (since age 16) and drinks two alcoholic drinks 4 days per week
Denies illegal drug uses
Never exercises and has tried multiple fad diets for weight loss with little success. She now eats a diet rich in fats and refined sugars.
Allergies
NKDA
Medications
Lisinopril 10 mg daily
Loratadine 10 mg daily
Review of Systems
General
Admits to recent onset of fatigue
HEENT
Has awakened on several occasions with blurred vision and dizziness or lightheadedness upon standing: Denies vertigo, head trauma, ear pain, difficulty swallowing or speaking
Cardiac
Denies chest pain, palpitations, and difficulty breathing while lying down
Lungs
Denies cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing
GI
Denies nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating or pain, diarrhea, or food intolerance, but admits occasional episodes of constipation
GU
Has experienced increased frequency and volumes of urination, but denies pain during urination, blood in the urine, or .
1) Naïve T cells have the potential to differentiate into several
1) Naïve T cells have the potential to differentiate into several types of effector cells. In the space below, describe the roles and activities of each of these cells:
TH1 cells
TH2 cells
TH17 cells
TFH cells
2) Use the following diagram to compare and contrast systemic immunity and mucosal immunity.
Systemic
Both Systemic and Mucosal
Mucosal
ordinary surface epithelia
Why is there a need for these differences in the first place?
CDC Sexually Transmitted Diseases Case Study.
Read the patient case study below
General:
The patient is a young seventeen-year-old female who came to the clinic with complaint of abdominal pain.
Chief Complaint:
Kim reports "I've been having pain in my stomach for several weeks." She describes the pain as being sharp and being constant. She stated the pain often occurs on both sides of her lower abdominal. She has been experiencing the pain for the past two weeks. The pain has gotten worse since then.
Reliability and Source of History:
The patient is alert and oriented and able to answer most of the questions.
Source & Reliability of History:
O – "I have been having pain in my stomach for several weeks now.” she stated that the pain has lasted for two weeks without any relief.
L – Both sides of her lower stomach
D – The patient reported that she has been having this bilateral lower stomach pain for the last two weeks, However, the symptoms got worse since the pain started ago.
C – She stated that since the onset of the pain, her pain has remained constant without any relieve and aggravating factor. The pain is firm regardless of the time or day or event. She further stated that her symptoms get worse. The patient states that she is unaware of what caused the pain or how the pain started; however, she stated that taking pills could relieve her stomach pain and stop her bleeding
A – She stated that the pain remains constant. She also stated that she is unaware of what caused the pain or how the pain started.
R – She stated that the pain remains steady and does not go away or radiate to other areas.
T- she reported feeling uncomfortable doing her regular shores due to the pain.
Past Medical history:
Patient is asthmatic; however, her asthma is under control. She knows known history of any other condition or never been hospitalized.
Family History:
She is the second in a family of four who are all alive and healthy. There is no history of any chronic condition in the family.
Social History:
Patient is a regularly active young woman; she is single and does moderately active exercise. However, she stated that her daily activity and chores has recently reduced due to her recent symptoms of pain. She also stated to have no appetite secondary to her recent pain. She also stated that her stress level may be related with her college. She has no history of alcohol, smoking, or had never smoked in her life. She has not used any ...
1) Naïve T cells have the potential to differentiate into several
1) Naïve T cells have the potential to differentiate into several types of effector cells. In the space below, describe the roles and activities of each of these cells:
TH1 cells
TH2 cells
TH17 cells
TFH cells
2) Use the following diagram to compare and contrast systemic immunity and mucosal immunity.
Systemic
Both Systemic and Mucosal
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ordinary surface epithelia
Why is there a need for these differences in the first place?
CDC Sexually Transmitted Diseases Case Study.
Read the patient case study below
General:
The patient is a young seventeen-year-old female who came to the clinic with complaint of abdominal pain.
Chief Complaint:
Kim reports "I've been having pain in my stomach for several weeks." She describes the pain as being sharp and being constant. She stated the pain often occurs on both sides of her lower abdominal. She has been experiencing the pain for the past two weeks. The pain has gotten worse since then.
Reliability and Source of History:
The patient is alert and oriented and able to answer most of the questions.
Source & Reliability of History:
O – "I have been having pain in my stomach for several weeks now.” she stated that the pain has lasted for two weeks without any relief.
L – Both sides of her lower stomach
D – The patient reported that she has been having this bilateral lower stomach pain for the last two weeks, However, the symptoms got worse since the pain started ago.
C – She stated that since the onset of the pain, her pain has remained constant without any relieve and aggravating factor. The pain is firm regardless of the time or day or event. She further stated that her symptoms get worse. The patient states that she is unaware of what caused the pain or how the pain started; however, she stated that taking pills could relieve her stomach pain and stop her bleeding
A – She stated that the pain remains constant. She also stated that she is unaware of what caused the pain or how the pain started.
R – She stated that the pain remains steady and does not go away or radiate to other areas.
T- she reported feeling uncomfortable doing her regular shores due to the pain.
Past Medical history:
Patient is asthmatic; however, her asthma is under control. She knows known history of any other condition or never been hospitalized.
Family History:
She is the second in a family of four who are all alive and healthy. There is no history of any chronic condition in the family.
Social History:
Patient is a regularly active young woman; she is single and does moderately active exercise. However, she stated that her daily activity and chores has recently reduced due to her recent symptoms of pain. She also stated to have no appetite secondary to her recent pain. She also stated that her stress level may be related with her college. She has no history of alcohol, smoking, or had never smoked in her life. She has not used any ...
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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