This document discusses networking and communication. It defines key concepts like data communication, the basic elements of a communication system including sender, receiver and medium. It describes different data transmission modes like simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex. It also discusses digital and analog transmission, transmission media including wire pairs, coaxial cable and fiber optics. It covers computer networks, network topologies like star, ring and bus, kinds of networks including LAN, WAN and MAN. It provides examples of network applications and discusses internet usage concepts like ISP, browser, domain name and search engines.

1. N E T W O R K I N G A N D &
C O M M U N I C A T I O N
S U B M I T T E D B Y S U B M I T T E D TO
A B H I S H E K YA D AV A N K I TA V E R M A
M B A ( H R )
S U B J E C T : I N F O R M AT I O N T E C H N O L O G Y S K I L L S
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I N S T I T U T E O F M A N A G E M E N T S C I E N C E S

2. DATA COMMUNICATION
• The transfer of data/messages from one point to another point.
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BASIC ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• Three basic elements of communication system are:-
1. A sender (source) which creates the message to transmitted.
2. A medium which carries the message.
3. A receiver (destination) which receives the message.

3. BASIC ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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Sender
(source)
Receiver
(destination)
Medium
DATA TRANSMISSION MODES
• There are three ways, modes for transmitting data from one point to
another. These are simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.

4. DATA TRANSMISSION
MODES
• Simplex:
• If transmission is simplex, communication can take place in
only one direction. For example, radio & T.V. etc.
• Half-Duplex:
• A half-duplex system can transmit data in both directions, but
only in one direction at a time. For example, wireless etc.
• Full-Duplex:
• A full-duplex system is used that allows information to flow
simultaneously in both directions on the transmission path.
For example, telephone etc.
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5. DATA TRANSMISSION
MODES
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Sender
Sender or
Receiver
Sender &
Receiver
Sender &
Receiver
Receiver or
Sender
Receiver
Simplex
Half-Duplex
or
Full-Duplex
and

6. DIGITAL & ANALOG
TRANSMISSION
• Digital transmission sends data as distinct pulses, either on or off, in much
the same way that data travels through the computer.
• Analog transmission, a continuous electrical signal in the form of a wave.
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7. DIGITAL & ANALOG
TRANSMISSION
• Frequency: It is the rate (cycles/sec or HZ) at which the signals
repeat.
• Bandwidth: It is the range of frequencies that is available for the
transmission of data.
• Channel: A channel is a portion of the communications medium
allocated to the sender and receiver for conveying information between
them.
• Modems: A modem is a device that converts a digital signal to an
analog signal and vice versa.
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8. 8

9. TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• There are several types of physical channels (communication media)
through which data can be transmitted from one point to another.
Some of the most common data transmission medium are as under:-
• Wire Pairs: It is also known as twisted pair. Wire pairs are wires twisted
together to form a cable, which is thin insulated. Wire pairs are
inexpensive.
• Application: Telephone networks, within buildings & LAN etc.
• Benefits & Drawbacks:
• Cheap
• Low data rate
• Short range
• Easy to work with 9

10. TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Coaxial Cable: are groups of specially wrapped and insulated wire lines
that are able to transmit data at very high rates. These cables can
transmit data much faster than wire pairs.
• Application: Long distance telephone transmission, Local Area
Networks etc.
• Fiber Optics: Instead of using electricity to send data, fiber optics uses
light.
• Application: Long haul trunks, Metropolitan trunks, LAN & WAN
etc.
• Benefits & Drawbacks:
• Greater capacity
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11. TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Fiber Optics: Instead of using electricity to send data, fiber optics uses
light.
• Application: Long haul trunks, Metropolitan trunks, LAN & WAN
etc.
• Benefits & Drawbacks:
• Greater capacity
• Smaller size & weight
• Lower attenuation
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PROTOCOL
• A protocol is a set of rules and procedures established to control
transmission between two points.
• Some common protocols are:-
– TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet protocol)
– IPX (Internet Packet Exchange) etc.

12. COMPUTER NETWORKS
• Network : A computer system that uses communications
equipment to connect two or more computers and their
resources.
• Network Interface Card (NIC): A circuit board that can be
inserted into a slot inside a personal computer to allow it to
send and receive messages on a LAN.
• Node: A device, usually a personal computer, that is
connected to a computer.
• Topology: The physical layout of a network is called a topology.
– Some common network topologies are as under:-
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13. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• Star Topology:
– A star network has a hub
computer that is responsible
for managing the network.
– All messages are routed
through the central
computer, which acts as a
traffic cop to prevent
collision.
– Any connection failure
between a node and the hub
will not affect the overall
system. 13

14. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• Ring Topology:
– A ring network links all nodes
together in a circular chain.
– Data messages travel in only one
direction around the ring.
– Any data passes by, is examined
by the node to see if it is
addressee;
– Data is passed on to the next
node in the ring.. Since data
travels in only one direction,
there is no danger of data
collision. 14

15. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• Bus Topology:
– A bus network has a single line
to which all the network nodes
are attached.
– Computers on the network
transmit data in the hope that it
will not collide with data
transmitted by other Nodes.
– If this happens, the sending
node simply tries again.
– Furthermore, if one node fails, it
does not affect the rest of the
network.
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16. COMPUTER NETWORKS
• There are two ways to organize the resources in networking,
which are :-
– Peer to Peer Networking
– Client/Server Networking
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• Peer to Peer Networking:In which, a group of computers
communicate directly with each other, rather than through a
central server.
• Client/Server Networking: A client/server arrangement
involves a server, the computer that controls the networks.

17. KINDS OF NETWORKS
• There are different kinds of networks, for example,
– LAN (Local Area Networks)
– WAN (Wide Area Networks)
– MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• Local Area Networks: A network which spreads over limited
geographical area is called as LAN.
• Wide Area Networks: A WAN is a network of geographically distant
computers. (e.g. Internet)
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18. LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
• LAN refers to a network with the following characteristics:-
– The network is confined to a small area, typically a single building.
– The network consists of a shared transmission medium.
– The data rate on the network is high, anywhere from 1 Mbps to 100 Mbps.
• LAN Protocols: The two most common network protocols for LANs are
Ethernet & Token Ring network.
– Ethernet – The network protocol which uses the high speed network cable.
– Ethernet uses a bus topology, inexpensive and relatively simple to set up.
– Since all the computers in a LAN use the same cable to transmit and
receive data, they must follow a set of rules about when to communicate;
otherwise two or more computers could transmit at the same time,
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19. LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
• LAN Protocols: The two most common network protocols for LANs are
Ethernet & Token Ring network.
– Ethernet – The network protocol which uses the high speed network
cable.
– Ethernet uses a bus topology, inexpensive and relatively simple to set
up.
– Since all the computers in a LAN use the same cable to transmit and
receive data, they must follow a set of rules about when to
communicate; otherwise two or more computers could transmit at the
same time,
– Ethernet – Causing lost messages. So, if the cable is in use, the
computer must wait.
• When the cable is free from other transmissions, the computer
can begin transmitting immediately. 19

20. LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
– Token Ring – which is closely associated with IBM, works on the
concept of a ring network topology, using a token, a kind of
electronic signal.
• Only one token is available on the network. When a computer
on a network wishes to transmit, it first captures the token;
only then can it transmit data.
• When the computer has sent its message, it releases the token
back to the network.
• Since only one token is circulating around the network, only
one device is able to access the network at a time.
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21. NETWORK APPLICATIONS
Electronic Mail
Voice Mail
Facsimile Technology (FAX)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
E–Commerce
Instant Banking
Video Conferencing etc.
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22. INTERNET – & ITS USE…
• ISP - An internet service provider provides the facility to connect the
internet.
• Browser – is a software on the user’s computer that allows the user to
access the internet, for example, Internet explorer & Netscape
communicator etc.
• Domain Name – Which is the address of the specific web page.
• Search Engine – is a software that lets a user specify search terms; the
search engine then finds sites that fit those terms.
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23. Geeks for geeks : https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-computer-
networking/
Wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
Tutorialspoint :
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/
index.htm
Book reference : “DATA COMMUNICA TIONS AND NETWORKING “ By
Behrouz A. Forouzan from DeAnza College
http://eti2506.elimu.net/Introduction/Books/Data%20Communications%
20and%20Networking%20By%20Behrouz%20A.Forouzan.pdf
Mumbai University achieves :
https://archive.mu.ac.in/myweb_test/syllFybscit/dcn.pdf
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REFERENCES

24. …. END
This is the end, beautiful friend
This is the end, my only friend
The end of our elaborate plans
The end of everything that stands
The end
Jim Morrison
Thanks !.
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