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This document describes an introductory textbook on computer networking principles, protocols, and practices. It discusses connecting two hosts by transmitting digital bits over a physical medium such as electrical cables or optical fibers. Specifically, it proposes a simple scheme for transmitting bits by assigning different voltages to represent 1s and 0s. While this scheme conveys the basic idea, it has limitations in reliably transmitting data due to electromagnetic interference that could corrupt the transmitted bits. The document emphasizes using time-sequence diagrams and layer abstractions to model and reason about network communication independent of physical implementation details.















































































































































































































































































