3. DIAPER DERMATITIS
A/K/A Napkin Dermatitis /Nappy rash
It’s a primary irritant contact dermatitis which includes all eruptions that occur in
the area covered by a diaper .
Clinical features – M.C between 6-12 months of age
Differential diagnosis of diaper dermatitis -
6. ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS ,
INTERTRIGO
• ACD-Emollients and baby wipes containing preservative methylisothiazolinone can
precipitate ACDin diaper area characterised by erythema ,scaling and vesicles on areas of
contact .
INTERTRIGO – Superficial inflammatory condition affecting the flexural surfaces 9anterior
neck folds, cubital fossa ,axilla , popliteal fossa)
Bright red erythema later develops into erosion ,maceration ,oozing ,crusting and fissuring.
Cool environment , loose cotton clothes , patting the flexure areas with cotton pads can
prevent intertrigo
Topical clotrimazole / miconazole is effective for fungal intertrigo .
8. STAPHYLOCOCCAL PYODERMA,
IMPETIGO NEONATORUM
Staphylococcal pyoderma –Folliculitis d/t Staph aureus ( M.C pustular eruption in neonates )
Can present in 2- 3rd of life as discrete dome shaped pustules on an erythematous base
More common in diaper area and intertriginous areas .
Can lead to formation of an abscess /furuncle
Rx- Mupirocin ointment
Systemic therapy (Ix in case of systemic involvement )
Impetigo neonatorum – aka Bullous impetigo
D/t staph aureus exfoliative toxin A and B
9. IMPETIGO NEONATORUM
• C/F – I. P 2-10 days
• Sites-neck ,periumbilical perineum ,intertriginous region .
• Systemic C/L – pneumonia , osteomyelitis , meningitis , septicemia
• Can progress to SSSS
• Dx – smear (gram +ve cocci in clusters,PMNL )
Rx – penicillinase resistant penicillin / cephalosporins .
Omphalitis neonatorum – infection of umbilical stump ( Staph , streptococci , E.coli,klebsiella
)
Presents on 3rd day of life ( periumbilical edema ,erythema ,tenderness with /without discharge )
Systemic C/L – peritonitis , septic umbilical arteries , thrombophlebitis , portal vein thrombosis , liver
abcess , septic embolization )
Rx – Broad spectrum antibiotics , surgical debridement .
10. STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME
• AKA RITTERS Disease
• Caused by phage group 2 staphylococcal strains(71 and 55 )
• Foci of infection – nasopharynx,conjunctiva ,urinary tract ,umbilicus,middle ear , cutaneouswound , blood )
• Toxins - exfoliative toxinA and B
• PRODROME( fever ,malaise ,irritability) f/by macular erythema with tendernessthat progressesto scarlatiniform
eruption
• First appearson face, groin ,axillae ,periorificial
• erythematousand edematous f/by wrinkled and flaky desquamation
• Intraoral mucousmembrane is
Spared .
Nikolsky sign (+ve )
EythrodermicC/Linclude – electrolyte
imbalance ,thermal dysregulation ,
Pneumonia ,endocarditis,septicaemia
Healing occurswithout scarring in 10-14 days
15. NEONATAL PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR
• Caused by malassezia species.
• Present within first two weeks of life
• Clinically ; multiple, well defined, hypopigmented to
hyperpigmented macules with branny scaling.
• Sites- face, forehead, nose, neck, trunk.
16. DERMATOPHYTE INFECTION OF NEWBORN
• Tinea capitis and tinea corporis have been reported
M.C org causing dermatophyte infection in neonates < 6 weeks is trichophyton
rubrumf/by microsporum canis , trichophyton mentagrophytes ,trichophyton
tonsurans
Griseofulvin is the treatment of choice in tinea capitis
But, terbinafine ,fluconazole and itraconazole effective in
dermatophyte infections of newborn
17.
18. PERIANAL CONDYLOMA ACCUMINATA
• Caused by HPV virus 6, 11, 1-4,16 & 18
• Transmitted through perinatal, postnatal & autoinoculation.
• May associated with laryngeal papilloma.
• Clinically verrucous growth on perianal region is seen.
• D/d- ectopic sebaceous glands , genital papillae (physiological), perianal skin
tags.
19. NEONATAL CHIKUNGUNYA INFECTION
• Can be transmitted during pregnancyor peripartum period
• I.P – 3-7 days
• Neonatal chikungunya infection aquired in last trimester can present as Fever ,
pain lethargy , sucking difficulties
• Cutaneous lesions can be generalized maculopapular rash, hyperpigmented
rashes, petechial rashes, purpuric ,hemorrhagic vasculitic lesions.
• Hyperpigmentation on nose (chik sign /brownie nose is present )
20. DIAGNOSIS ANDTREATMENT -
• Dx- Acute Stage( serology /RTPCR)
• IgMANTIBODIES have been detected 3-5 days after the infection and
remain positive for 3 months
• Rx – non specific and only symptomatic
21. •Scabies –
• Clinically , papules, vesicles, pustules, crusting & scaling.
• Excoriation and burrows uncommon .
• Sites- face ,scalp, extremitis.
• Neonates do not itch, so irritability, excessive crying and poor feeding seen.
23. Iatrogenic and traumatic injuries
• Caput succedaneum
• Cephalhematoma
• Burn injuries
• Heel prick injuries
• Complication of phototherapy
• Extravasation injuries
24. Caput succedaneum
• Extracranialinjury due to mechanical forces during parturition.
• Associated with prolong labour, vacuumdelivery.
• Boggy, localized swelling on scalp with varying degree of bruising and tissue
necrosis.
• Site most commonly occipital midline.
• It crossed the midline and resolve within 48 hours.
25. Cephalhematoma
• It is periosteal hematoma overlying the calvarium.
• Associated with prolong labour, instrumental delivery, abnormal
presentation, multiple gestation.
• Firm, well demarcated subcutaneous swelling on scalp
• Does not cross midline , as limited to one cranial bone.
• Resolves within few weeks to months
26. Burn injury
• Thermal; Chemical or due to UV rays
• Due to infrared heating lamps , oximetry transcutaneous oxygen monitoring
,water warmer.
• Chemical burns & neonatal alcohol intoxication is due to chlorhexidine , alcohol
used prior procedures.
27. Heel prick injuries
• Due to repeated pucturing the heel for blood sampling.
• Initial stages inflammation with tenderness; calcified nodules and dimpling
can also occur
• Complication – Epidermoid cyst , osteomyelitis.
28. COMPLICATION OF PHOTOTHERAPY
• Transient macular erythema & darkening of skin due to increase
melanogenesis
• Usually develops within 1- 7 days after starting phototherapy.
• Bronze baby syndrome, grayish – brown discoloration of skin, mucous
membrane,serum, urine.
• D/d- cyanosis, carbon baby syndrome (universalacquired melanosis)
30. CONGENITAL RUBELLA
• Time of transmission- first 16 weeks of pregnancy
• Age of onset- At birth or within 24 hours
• Cutaneous features- Blueberry muffin rash , generalized maculopapular rash ,
persistent reticulate facial rash, hyperpigmentation , generalized mottling,
acral cyanosis.
• Extracutaneousfeatures- congenital cataract,deafness, cardiac defects,
microcephaly,.
31. NEONATAL HERPES
• Time of maternofetal transmission- Ascending in utero infection or perinatal
transmission or postnatal period
• Age of onset – at birth or within 48 hrs
• Cutaneous features- generalized zosteriform vesicles, (single, grouped,
disseminated) erosions, scars seen.
• Extracutaneousfeatures- fever, respiratory distress, poor feeding,
hypotonia, CNS dysfunction.
32. NEONATAL VARICELLA
• Time of transmission – intrauterine last weeks, first few days postpartum
• Age of onset- 3-10 days of life.
• Cutaneous features- generalized varicelliform blisters, or scars. Dew drops
on rose petal appearance.
• Extracutaneousfeatures- pneumonia,hepatitis, meningoencephalitis,
coagulopathies
33. CONGENTIAL SYPHILIS
• Time of maternofetal transmission- intrauterine early third trimester
• Age of onset – within first 2 years
• Cutaneous features- papulosquamousrash , vesiculobullous lesions,
desquamation over palms and soles, targetoid lesions, mucosalpatches ,
condyloma lata.
• Extracutaneousfeatures- nasal snuffles, haemolytic anemia,
thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, osteochondritis, deafness.
34. CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
• Time of transmission- transplacental 3rd trimister,.
• Age of onset- at birth or first week of life.
• Cutaneous features- maculopapularrash ,petechiae, purpura,also called
blueberry muffin rash ,subcutaneous nodules, calcifications seen.
• Extracutaneousfeatures- fever, diarrhea, vomiting, cataract,
microopthalmia, pericarditis, seizures
35. CONGENITAL PARVOVIRUS B19 INFECTION
• Time of transmission – intrauterine, before 20 weeks of gestation
• Age of onset- at birth
• Cutaneous features - bright red rash on cheeks (slap cheeks) also on trunks
arms and legs
• Extracutaneousfeatures - anemia, hydrops fetalis, cardiac failure, edema,
pleural effusion