The document summarizes key aspects of negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881 in India. It defines negotiable instruments as signed documents that promise a sum for payment. The three main types of negotiable instruments are promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. Promissory notes contain an unconditional promise by the maker to pay a sum to the payee. Bills of exchange contain an order by the drawer directing the drawee to pay a sum to the payee. Cheques are a type of bill of exchange that is always drawn on a specified banker and payable on demand. The document outlines features and examples of each type of instrument. It also discusses parties to the instruments and distingu
The document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under Indian law, including promissory notes, bills of exchange, cheques, and hundis. It defines each type of instrument, outlines their key features and parties involved. Promissory notes contain an unconditional promise to pay, while bills of exchange contain an order to pay. Cheques are a type of bill of exchange drawn on a bank. Hundis are indigenous instruments governed by custom. The document educates on the regulatory framework for negotiable instruments in India.
This presentation covers all the topics defined in Negotiable Instruments Act. It focuses on all the instruments in detail and provide an in-depth understanding of the topic.
This document summarizes the key aspects of negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines negotiable instruments as documents transferable by delivery that create rights, including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It outlines the essential elements and parties involved in promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It also discusses negotiation, endorsement, liability of parties, and other important concepts regarding negotiable instruments.
Negotiable instruments act - Unitedworld School of BusinessArnab Roy Chowdhury
The document discusses negotiable instruments under Indian law, defining them as documents that allow the transfer of rights from one person to another. It explains that negotiable instruments include promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques, and outlines the key characteristics of these instruments such as being freely transferable and allowing the holder to take the instrument free from defects. The document also discusses important concepts related to negotiable instruments like parties to the instruments, negotiation, presentment, dishonour, and the privileges of a holder in due course.
This document provides an overview of the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881 in India. Some key points:
- The Act deals with promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques, which are negotiable instruments that allow rights to be transferred from one person to another.
- A negotiable instrument must be in writing, contain an unconditional order or promise to pay a certain sum of money, and allow the transfer of rights according to the Act's provisions.
- The Act establishes rules for different types of negotiable instruments. A promissory note contains a promise to pay, while a bill of exchange contains an order to pay. A cheque is a type of bill of exchange drawn on a
This document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines key terms like instrument, negotiable, negotiable instrument and discusses the three main types - promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It outlines the essential characteristics and parties involved in each type of instrument. The document also explains concepts like holder, holder in due course, negotiation, presentment, dishonour and privileges provided to a holder in due course under law.
The document discusses various types of negotiable instruments under Indian law, including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It provides definitions for each type from the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. Promissory notes contain an unconditional written promise to pay a certain sum of money. Bills of exchange contain an unconditional order to pay, directed from the drawer to the drawee. Cheques are a type of bill of exchange that are always drawn on a bank and payable on demand. The document outlines the essential elements and characteristics that make these instruments negotiable under law.
This document provides information about a team called TEAM-05 and its members AASHISH.J.N, AMOGH.R, ANIRUDDHA.C, DARSHAN.S, and DARSHAN KUMAR.G. It then discusses negotiable instruments under Indian law, including their definition, essential elements of promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. Key points covered include what makes an instrument negotiable, specimens and examples of different types of negotiable instruments, and parties involved like makers, drawers, drawees, payees, holders and holders in due course.
The document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under Indian law, including promissory notes, bills of exchange, cheques, and hundis. It defines each type of instrument, outlines their key features and parties involved. Promissory notes contain an unconditional promise to pay, while bills of exchange contain an order to pay. Cheques are a type of bill of exchange drawn on a bank. Hundis are indigenous instruments governed by custom. The document educates on the regulatory framework for negotiable instruments in India.
This presentation covers all the topics defined in Negotiable Instruments Act. It focuses on all the instruments in detail and provide an in-depth understanding of the topic.
This document summarizes the key aspects of negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines negotiable instruments as documents transferable by delivery that create rights, including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It outlines the essential elements and parties involved in promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It also discusses negotiation, endorsement, liability of parties, and other important concepts regarding negotiable instruments.
Negotiable instruments act - Unitedworld School of BusinessArnab Roy Chowdhury
The document discusses negotiable instruments under Indian law, defining them as documents that allow the transfer of rights from one person to another. It explains that negotiable instruments include promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques, and outlines the key characteristics of these instruments such as being freely transferable and allowing the holder to take the instrument free from defects. The document also discusses important concepts related to negotiable instruments like parties to the instruments, negotiation, presentment, dishonour, and the privileges of a holder in due course.
This document provides an overview of the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881 in India. Some key points:
- The Act deals with promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques, which are negotiable instruments that allow rights to be transferred from one person to another.
- A negotiable instrument must be in writing, contain an unconditional order or promise to pay a certain sum of money, and allow the transfer of rights according to the Act's provisions.
- The Act establishes rules for different types of negotiable instruments. A promissory note contains a promise to pay, while a bill of exchange contains an order to pay. A cheque is a type of bill of exchange drawn on a
This document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines key terms like instrument, negotiable, negotiable instrument and discusses the three main types - promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It outlines the essential characteristics and parties involved in each type of instrument. The document also explains concepts like holder, holder in due course, negotiation, presentment, dishonour and privileges provided to a holder in due course under law.
The document discusses various types of negotiable instruments under Indian law, including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It provides definitions for each type from the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. Promissory notes contain an unconditional written promise to pay a certain sum of money. Bills of exchange contain an unconditional order to pay, directed from the drawer to the drawee. Cheques are a type of bill of exchange that are always drawn on a bank and payable on demand. The document outlines the essential elements and characteristics that make these instruments negotiable under law.
This document provides information about a team called TEAM-05 and its members AASHISH.J.N, AMOGH.R, ANIRUDDHA.C, DARSHAN.S, and DARSHAN KUMAR.G. It then discusses negotiable instruments under Indian law, including their definition, essential elements of promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. Key points covered include what makes an instrument negotiable, specimens and examples of different types of negotiable instruments, and parties involved like makers, drawers, drawees, payees, holders and holders in due course.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 in India. It defines negotiable instruments as documents that allow the transfer of rights from one person to another. The Act covers three main instruments - promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It establishes characteristics of negotiable instruments like being freely transferable and the holder having title free of defects. The document also outlines parties, essentials, and types of the three instruments.
Negotiable instruments include promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. These are documents used in commercial transactions to transfer money from one party to another. A negotiable instrument must be in writing, signed by the maker, contain an unconditional promise to pay a certain sum to a specific person or entity, and be payable on demand or on a specific date. The key parties involved are the maker, drawer, drawee, acceptor, payee, and holder. For an instrument to be negotiated, it must be delivered to a new holder by endorsement and delivery.
This document discusses negotiable instruments under sections 4 and 5 of the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881. It defines a promissory note as a written promise by the maker to pay a certain sum of money to the payee. A bill of exchange requires three parties: a drawer who issues the bill, a drawee who is directed to pay, and a payee who is to be paid. Both promissory notes and bills of exchange must be in writing, contain an unconditional order to pay a certain sum of money, and be signed by the maker or drawer. However, promissory notes involve only two parties while bills of exchange involve three parties and an order for payment from the drawer to the drawe
1. The document discusses various types of negotiable instruments including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It defines each instrument and outlines their key characteristics.
2. A promissory note contains an unconditional promise to pay a certain sum of money to a specific payee. A bill of exchange contains an unconditional order to pay money, and involves a drawer, drawee, and payee.
3. A cheque is a type of bill of exchange that is drawn on a bank and payable on demand. It must be dated, signed by the drawer, and the bank is obligated to pay the amount if the drawer has sufficient funds.
The document summarizes key topics related to negotiable instruments including bills of exchange, promissory notes, and powers of attorney. It defines each topic and outlines their essential characteristics and differences. A bill of exchange is an unconditional order to pay a specified sum, while a promissory note contains an unconditional promise by the maker to pay a certain sum. A power of attorney authorizes an attorney to act on behalf of the principal and can be special for a specific task or general.
The document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881. It defines key terms like promissory note, bill of exchange, cheque, negotiation, endorsement and holder. It describes the essential elements and parties to different types of negotiable instruments. Specifically, it outlines the characteristics of a promissory note, discusses the mechanics of bill financing, and compares bills of exchange and cheques. The document aims to educate on the basic concepts and provisions related to negotiable instruments in India.
The document discusses negotiable instruments under Indian law, including the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881. It defines key types of negotiable instruments like promissory notes, bills of exchange, and checks. It outlines the essential features and parties involved in each type of instrument. These include an unconditional promise or order to pay a certain sum, certainty of parties and time of payment, and delivery and signature requirements. The document also briefly discusses other instruments recognized in India like Hundis.
This document discusses key concepts related to negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines negotiable instruments as written documents that create or transfer certain rights to payment. The three main types of negotiable instruments are promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It outlines essential elements, characteristics, parties involved, types of endorsement and more for each instrument. The document also discusses concepts like holder, holder in due course, crossing and more.
In this presentaion concept of negotiable instrument, types of negotiable instrument, holder and holder in due course, endorsement , how endorsement is done, kinds of endorsement insturment obtain by unlawful means and dishonor is included.
The document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under Indian law, including the Negotiable Instruments Act enacted in 1881. It defines key terms like negotiable, instrument, and discusses the essential features and types of negotiable instruments recognized in India. Specifically, it examines in detail the three main types of negotiable instruments - promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques - outlining their definitions, essential elements, parties involved, examples and classifications.
The document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines key negotiable instruments like promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It outlines their essential elements and parties. Promissory notes contain an unconditional promise to pay, while bills of exchange contain an order to pay. Cheques are drawn on a bank and payable on demand. Negotiation allows the transfer of rights by endorsement and delivery. The document discusses endorsement, negotiation, and specimens of different negotiable instruments.
Negotiable Instruments Act ,1881 - Legal Environment of Business Dona Sebastian
This document discusses negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines negotiable instruments as documents that are freely transferable from one person to another. The three main types of negotiable instruments recognized under the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881 are promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. The document outlines the key parties, characteristics, and essential elements of each type of instrument. It also distinguishes between promissory notes and bills of exchange as well as bills of exchange and cheques.
The document discusses various types of negotiable instruments including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques.
[1] A promissory note is a written promise by a maker to pay a specified sum of money to the payee. A bill of exchange contains an unconditional order by the drawer for the drawee to pay a specified sum to the payee. A cheque is a type of bill of exchange that is drawn on a bank and payable on demand.
[2] The key parties for each instrument are identified - maker and payee for promissory notes, drawer, drawee, and payee for bills of exchange. Cheques have a drawer, specified bank
This document defines negotiable instruments and provides details about promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques according to the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. It discusses the characteristics of negotiable instruments and defines key parties like the maker, holder, and holder in due course. The document outlines essential elements of promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques and provides examples. It also discusses types of negotiable instruments, endorsements, and discharge of obligations.
This document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. It defines key terms like promissory note, bill of exchange, cheque, inland and foreign instruments. It describes the essential elements and parties involved in promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques. It also discusses negotiation, crossing of cheques, presumptions related to negotiable instruments and endorsement.
The document discusses key concepts around negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881 in India. It defines negotiable instruments and outlines the main types recognized by law: bills of exchange, checks, and promissory notes. For each type, it describes the essential elements and parties involved, using examples. It also briefly discusses concepts like dishonor, notary public, noting, and protest related to negotiable instruments.
Negotiable instruments include promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. They are written documents that entitle the holder to payment of a sum of money. They are transferable by delivery or endorsement and delivery, which transfers ownership and the right to payment. The three main types are promissory notes, which contain an unconditional promise to pay; bills of exchange, which contain an order to pay; and cheques, which are drawn on a bank and payable on demand. For an instrument to be negotiable, it must be in writing, for a definite sum of money, and unconditionally promise or order payment on demand or at a future date.
The document defines different types of negotiable instruments including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It states that a negotiable instrument allows the holder to claim a sum of money and can be transferred from one person to another through delivery or endorsement. The document also defines inland and foreign instruments, trade bills, time bills, accommodation bills, bills in sets, documentary bills, and clean bills.
Introduction to organization, Purpose, Importancebobo-gogo
The document provides an introduction to organizations. It defines an organization as a group of people working together towards a common goal, ranging from multinational corporations to non-profits. Organizations are important as they help navigate uncertain environments, create value through economies of scale and specialization, and provide structure. Organizations create value by transforming inputs like resources, skills and ideas into outputs like products and services through production processes. They continuously adapt and manage their environments to sustain value creation over time.
Lec Conflict, Cooperation and Negotiation.pptbobo-gogo
This document discusses conflict, negotiation, and collaboration. It defines conflict as disagreements that cause feelings of adversity. The conflict process involves five stages: potential opposition, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior, and outcomes. Conflict can be functional and improve group performance or dysfunctional and hinder it. Negotiation is a process where parties try to reach agreement despite disagreement. It discusses distributive and integrative bargaining approaches. The document also outlines conflict resolution and stimulation techniques as well as the roles of third parties in negotiations.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 in India. It defines negotiable instruments as documents that allow the transfer of rights from one person to another. The Act covers three main instruments - promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It establishes characteristics of negotiable instruments like being freely transferable and the holder having title free of defects. The document also outlines parties, essentials, and types of the three instruments.
Negotiable instruments include promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. These are documents used in commercial transactions to transfer money from one party to another. A negotiable instrument must be in writing, signed by the maker, contain an unconditional promise to pay a certain sum to a specific person or entity, and be payable on demand or on a specific date. The key parties involved are the maker, drawer, drawee, acceptor, payee, and holder. For an instrument to be negotiated, it must be delivered to a new holder by endorsement and delivery.
This document discusses negotiable instruments under sections 4 and 5 of the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881. It defines a promissory note as a written promise by the maker to pay a certain sum of money to the payee. A bill of exchange requires three parties: a drawer who issues the bill, a drawee who is directed to pay, and a payee who is to be paid. Both promissory notes and bills of exchange must be in writing, contain an unconditional order to pay a certain sum of money, and be signed by the maker or drawer. However, promissory notes involve only two parties while bills of exchange involve three parties and an order for payment from the drawer to the drawe
1. The document discusses various types of negotiable instruments including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It defines each instrument and outlines their key characteristics.
2. A promissory note contains an unconditional promise to pay a certain sum of money to a specific payee. A bill of exchange contains an unconditional order to pay money, and involves a drawer, drawee, and payee.
3. A cheque is a type of bill of exchange that is drawn on a bank and payable on demand. It must be dated, signed by the drawer, and the bank is obligated to pay the amount if the drawer has sufficient funds.
The document summarizes key topics related to negotiable instruments including bills of exchange, promissory notes, and powers of attorney. It defines each topic and outlines their essential characteristics and differences. A bill of exchange is an unconditional order to pay a specified sum, while a promissory note contains an unconditional promise by the maker to pay a certain sum. A power of attorney authorizes an attorney to act on behalf of the principal and can be special for a specific task or general.
The document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881. It defines key terms like promissory note, bill of exchange, cheque, negotiation, endorsement and holder. It describes the essential elements and parties to different types of negotiable instruments. Specifically, it outlines the characteristics of a promissory note, discusses the mechanics of bill financing, and compares bills of exchange and cheques. The document aims to educate on the basic concepts and provisions related to negotiable instruments in India.
The document discusses negotiable instruments under Indian law, including the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881. It defines key types of negotiable instruments like promissory notes, bills of exchange, and checks. It outlines the essential features and parties involved in each type of instrument. These include an unconditional promise or order to pay a certain sum, certainty of parties and time of payment, and delivery and signature requirements. The document also briefly discusses other instruments recognized in India like Hundis.
This document discusses key concepts related to negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines negotiable instruments as written documents that create or transfer certain rights to payment. The three main types of negotiable instruments are promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It outlines essential elements, characteristics, parties involved, types of endorsement and more for each instrument. The document also discusses concepts like holder, holder in due course, crossing and more.
In this presentaion concept of negotiable instrument, types of negotiable instrument, holder and holder in due course, endorsement , how endorsement is done, kinds of endorsement insturment obtain by unlawful means and dishonor is included.
The document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under Indian law, including the Negotiable Instruments Act enacted in 1881. It defines key terms like negotiable, instrument, and discusses the essential features and types of negotiable instruments recognized in India. Specifically, it examines in detail the three main types of negotiable instruments - promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques - outlining their definitions, essential elements, parties involved, examples and classifications.
The document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines key negotiable instruments like promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It outlines their essential elements and parties. Promissory notes contain an unconditional promise to pay, while bills of exchange contain an order to pay. Cheques are drawn on a bank and payable on demand. Negotiation allows the transfer of rights by endorsement and delivery. The document discusses endorsement, negotiation, and specimens of different negotiable instruments.
Negotiable Instruments Act ,1881 - Legal Environment of Business Dona Sebastian
This document discusses negotiable instruments under Indian law. It defines negotiable instruments as documents that are freely transferable from one person to another. The three main types of negotiable instruments recognized under the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881 are promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. The document outlines the key parties, characteristics, and essential elements of each type of instrument. It also distinguishes between promissory notes and bills of exchange as well as bills of exchange and cheques.
The document discusses various types of negotiable instruments including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques.
[1] A promissory note is a written promise by a maker to pay a specified sum of money to the payee. A bill of exchange contains an unconditional order by the drawer for the drawee to pay a specified sum to the payee. A cheque is a type of bill of exchange that is drawn on a bank and payable on demand.
[2] The key parties for each instrument are identified - maker and payee for promissory notes, drawer, drawee, and payee for bills of exchange. Cheques have a drawer, specified bank
This document defines negotiable instruments and provides details about promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques according to the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. It discusses the characteristics of negotiable instruments and defines key parties like the maker, holder, and holder in due course. The document outlines essential elements of promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques and provides examples. It also discusses types of negotiable instruments, endorsements, and discharge of obligations.
This document provides an overview of negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. It defines key terms like promissory note, bill of exchange, cheque, inland and foreign instruments. It describes the essential elements and parties involved in promissory notes, bills of exchange and cheques. It also discusses negotiation, crossing of cheques, presumptions related to negotiable instruments and endorsement.
The document discusses key concepts around negotiable instruments under the Negotiable Instruments Act of 1881 in India. It defines negotiable instruments and outlines the main types recognized by law: bills of exchange, checks, and promissory notes. For each type, it describes the essential elements and parties involved, using examples. It also briefly discusses concepts like dishonor, notary public, noting, and protest related to negotiable instruments.
Negotiable instruments include promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. They are written documents that entitle the holder to payment of a sum of money. They are transferable by delivery or endorsement and delivery, which transfers ownership and the right to payment. The three main types are promissory notes, which contain an unconditional promise to pay; bills of exchange, which contain an order to pay; and cheques, which are drawn on a bank and payable on demand. For an instrument to be negotiable, it must be in writing, for a definite sum of money, and unconditionally promise or order payment on demand or at a future date.
The document defines different types of negotiable instruments including promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques. It states that a negotiable instrument allows the holder to claim a sum of money and can be transferred from one person to another through delivery or endorsement. The document also defines inland and foreign instruments, trade bills, time bills, accommodation bills, bills in sets, documentary bills, and clean bills.
Introduction to organization, Purpose, Importancebobo-gogo
The document provides an introduction to organizations. It defines an organization as a group of people working together towards a common goal, ranging from multinational corporations to non-profits. Organizations are important as they help navigate uncertain environments, create value through economies of scale and specialization, and provide structure. Organizations create value by transforming inputs like resources, skills and ideas into outputs like products and services through production processes. They continuously adapt and manage their environments to sustain value creation over time.
Lec Conflict, Cooperation and Negotiation.pptbobo-gogo
This document discusses conflict, negotiation, and collaboration. It defines conflict as disagreements that cause feelings of adversity. The conflict process involves five stages: potential opposition, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior, and outcomes. Conflict can be functional and improve group performance or dysfunctional and hinder it. Negotiation is a process where parties try to reach agreement despite disagreement. It discusses distributive and integrative bargaining approaches. The document also outlines conflict resolution and stimulation techniques as well as the roles of third parties in negotiations.
Conflict arises when the needs of individuals or groups are incompatible. It can occur between individuals, within groups, or between groups. Symptoms of unresolved conflict include tensions, decreased productivity, and low morale. While conflict is sometimes seen as negative, it is a natural and inevitable result of human interaction. If managed constructively through collaboration or compromise, conflict has the potential to stimulate creativity, clarify views, and enable positive social change. However, if left unaddressed it can damage relationships, polarize opinions, and reduce cooperation. The optimal level of conflict for group productivity is moderate rather than no conflict or too much conflict.
The document provides information on anger management and time management. It discusses what anger is, common signs and symptoms of anger, triggers of anger, thoughts that can lead to anger, and how to act when angry. It also discusses benefits of managing anger through relaxation techniques and using anger productively. The document also discusses the uniqueness of time, benefits of time management, common obstacles to effective time management, setting goals, and getting started with time management through to-do lists and not giving up.
The document outlines the hiring process at Boston University, including recruiting, interviewing, selection, and onboarding. It discusses establishing job competencies, reviewing resumes, preparing behavioral interview questions, evaluating candidates objectively, checking references, making contingent offers, conducting background checks, and preparing new hires for their first day and week on the job. The goal is to hire the best candidates and ensure their successful onboarding and integration into the university.
What changes in employment relationships are likely
to occur as the population ages?
2. Do you think increasing age diversity will create new
challenges for managers? What types of challenges do
you expect will be most profound?
3. How can organizations cope with differences related
to age discrimination in the workplace?
What changes in employment relationships are likely
to occur as the population ages?
2. Do you think increasing age diversity will create new
challenges for managers? What types of challenges do
you expect will be most profound?
3. How can organizations cope with differences related
to age discrimination in the workplace?
This document discusses organizational conflict and its causes. It defines conflict as occurring between two groups that perceive some incompatibility and interact in a way that one group feels negatively affected by the other. Common causes of conflict in organizations include misunderstandings, personality clashes, competition over resources, disagreements over authority or methods. The document also describes functional conflict as furthering organizational goals, while dysfunctional conflict blocks goals. It outlines different levels and types of conflict within and between individuals, groups, and organizations. Finally, it discusses five approaches to managing conflict: avoidance, competition, accommodation, compromise, and collaboration.
This document is an introductory chapter on organizational behavior. It discusses key topics like what organizational behavior is, how we learn about it, the nature of organizations and managerial work, and how ethics influences behavior. Specifically, it defines organizational behavior as the study of individuals and groups in organizations. It notes the importance of diversity, learning, and scientific foundations. It describes organizations as systems transforming inputs to outputs. It outlines managerial roles like planning, organizing, and leading, as well as important skills. Finally, it discusses ethical dilemmas, social responsibility, and work-life balance.
Human resource planning (HRP) involves systematically reviewing an organization's human resource needs to ensure the right number and skills of employees are available when needed. The HRP process includes forecasting future demand and supply of labor, identifying potential surpluses or shortages, and developing programs to address them. An effective HRP process links HR strategies to organizational objectives and business strategies. It helps organizations meet their goals through optimal staffing levels while controlling HR costs.
The document discusses emotions and emotional intelligence. It defines emotions as intense feelings directed at someone or something, while moods are less intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus. Emotions have three components - conscious experience, expressions, and physiological arousal. Both positive emotions like hope and confidence, and negative emotions like exhaustion and panic are described. Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to identify, assess and control one's own emotions and those of others and groups. It has four components - self awareness, self management, social awareness, and relationship management. The document outlines advantages of emotional intelligence like greater productivity, improved performance, and better employee retention.
Communication is the exchange of thoughts, messages or information through speech, visuals, signals, writing or behavior. It involves a sender transmitting a message to a receiver. Barriers like noise, language differences or selective perception can distort communication. Within organizations, communication can flow vertically between levels of management, horizontally between peers, or informally through the grapevine. Both verbal and nonverbal communication, as well as written, oral and electronic channels are used to exchange different types of messages and information formally and informally. Distortion of messages is common as communication passes through different people and levels in an organization. Strategies like encouraging feedback, using simple language and controlling communication flow can help improve effectiveness.
The document discusses the concept of strategy from multiple perspectives. It defines strategy as having four aspects: perspective, position, plan, and pattern. Strategy bridges high-level goals and tactics, and refers to thoughts and ideas that provide direction for actions. The document also discusses strategic management as keeping an organization aligned with its environment. It outlines the stages of strategic management as strategic analysis, strategy formulation, implementation, and control. Finally, it discusses the need for strategic human resource management and how HRM can contribute to competitive advantage and organizational performance.
This document provides an overview of talent acquisition. It defines talent acquisition as the process of attracting, finding, and selecting highly talented individuals to meet current and future employment needs. It explains that talent acquisition is important because having the right people in the right roles at the right time is critical for an organization's success and avoiding costs from bad hires. The document also outlines the key components of talent acquisition including employment branding, defining needs, sourcing candidates, selection, and pre-boarding new hires.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of contracts:
1. Valid contracts exist when all essential elements are present. Voidable contracts can be voided if consent was not free. Void contracts have no legal effect.
2. Contracts can be express (formed by words), implied (formed by actions), or quasi-contracts which the law recognizes under special circumstances like necessaries supplied.
3. Executed contracts are fully performed by both parties. Executory contracts still require performance of obligations by one or both parties.
The document summarizes recent amendments made to the Companies Act 2013 regarding various compliance requirements for companies. Key points include:
- Companies must file the ACTIVE form by April 26th 2019 or face penalties, with restrictions on certain filings if marked "ACTIVE-non-compliant".
- Introduction of rules for filing commencment of business declaration using Form INC-20A within 180 days of incorporation or face penalties.
- Increased penalties for non-compliance with provisions regarding annual returns, shareholder meetings, charge creation and other filings.
- Introduction of new forms like DPT-3 for deposit reporting and DIR-3 KYC for director updates.
This document provides an overview of companies and company law in India. It discusses the legislative backdrop of the Companies Act 1956 and key definitions. It describes the features of a company including registration, separate legal entity status, and limited liability. It also covers topics like types of companies, share capital, kinds of shares, debentures, meetings, and winding up of companies. Toward the end, it lists some of the largest public company bankruptcies that occurred in 2002 in the US.
The document discusses India's transition to the LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization) model of economic reforms in the early 1990s. It provides background on the economic challenges facing India at the time like high fiscal deficits and inflation. It then defines the three pillars of the LPG model - liberalization involved reducing restrictions on trade and business; privatization referred to selling state-owned enterprises to private owners; and globalization encouraged greater international integration and foreign investment. The document outlines some impacts and debates around India's adoption of the LPG model.
This document provides information about the Consumer Protection Act 1986. Some key points:
- The Act was enacted to better protect consumer interests and applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir.
- A consumer is defined as any person who buys goods or avails services for consideration. Consideration can be fully or partially paid or promised.
- Goods or services bought for resale or commercial purposes are excluded from the definition of a consumer.
- The hierarchy of consumer forums is District Forum, State Commission, National Commission, and Supreme Court.
- Jurisdiction is determined by where the opposite party resides or carries business, or where the cause of action arises.
- Timelines are
The document discusses the business environment and its components. It defines the business environment as consisting of internal and external factors that influence a company.
The internal environment includes factors within a company's control like its values, management structure, and human resources. The external environment comprises the macroenvironment of demographic, economic, technological and other societal forces, as well as the microenvironment of customers, competitors, suppliers, and other organizations in direct contact with the company.
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3. Negotiable Instruments
■ Anegotiable instrument (e.g., apersonal check) is asigned
document that promises asum of payment to aspecified
person or the assignee.
■ According to Section 13of the Negotiable Instruments
Act, 1881,anegotiable instrument means“promissory
note, bill of exchange, or cheque,payable eitherto
order or to bearer”.
4. Types of NegotiableInstruments
■ According to the Negotiable InstrumentsAct, 1881there arejust three types of
negotiable instruments i.e., promissory note, bill of exchangeand cheque.
■ However many other documents are also recognized asnegotiable instruments
on the basis of custom and usage, like hundis, treasury bills, share warrants,
etc., provided they possessthe features of negotiability.
■ In the following sections, we shall study about
1. Promissory Notes (popularlycalled pronotes)
2. Bills of Exchange(popularly called bills)
3. Cheques and Hundis (apopular indigenous document prevalent in India)
5. 1.Promissory Note
■ Supposeyou take aloan of RupeesFiveThousandfrom your friend Ramesh.
■ Youcan make adocument stating that you will pay the money to Ramesh or the
bearer on demand.Or you canmention in the document that you would like to pay
the amount after three months.
■ This document, oncesigned by you, duly stamped and handed over to Ramesh,
becomes anegotiableinstrument.
■ Now Rameshcanpersonally present it before you for payment or give this
document to someother person to collect money on his behalf.
■ Hecanendorse it in somebody else’s name who in turn canendorseit further till
the final payment is made by you to whosoever presents it before you.
■ This type of adocument is called aPromissory Note.
6. Promissory Note
■ Section 4 of the Negotiable InstrumentsAct, 1881defines apromissory
note as‘an instrument in writing (not being abank note or acurrency
note) containing anunconditional undertaking, signed by the maker, to
pay acertain sumof money only to or to the order of acertain person or
to the bearer of the instrument’
7. Specimen of a Promissory Note
Sd/ Sanjeev
Stamp
To , Ramesh
Address……..
On demand, I promise to payRamesh, s/o RamLal of Meerut or order a sum of
Rs 10,000/- (Rupees Ten Thousand only), for value received.
New Delhi
September 25,2002
Rs. 10,000/-
8. Parties to a Promissory Note
There areprimarily two parties involved in apromissory note.They are-
1.The Maker or Drawer – the person who makesthe note and promises to pay the
amount stated therein. In the above specimen,Sanjeevis the maker or drawer.
2.ThePayee – the person to whom the amount is payable. In the above specimen it
is Ramesh.
In courseof transfer of apromissory note by payeeand others, the parties involved
may be–
3.TheEndorser – the person who endorses the note in favour of another person.
4.TheEndorsee – the person in whose favour the note is negotiated by
endorsement.
9. Featuresof a promissory note
i.Apromissory note must be in writing, duly signed by its maker and
properly stamped asper Indian StampAct.
ii.It must contain an undertaking or promise to pay. Mere
acknowledgement of indebtedness is not enough. For example, if some
one writes ‘I owe Rs.5000/- to Satya Prakash’,it is not apromissory note.
iii.The promise to pay must not be conditional. For example, if it is written
‘I promise to pay Suresh Rs5,000/- after my sister’s marriage’, is not a
promissory note.
10. Features of a promissory note
iv.It must contain apromise to pay money only. For example, if someone writes ‘I
promise to give SureshaMaruti car’it is not apromissory note.
v.Theparties to apromissory note, i.e. the maker and the payee must be certain.
vi.Apromissory note may be payable on demand or after acertain date. For example, if
it is written ‘three months after date I promise to paySatinder or order asum of rupees
FiveThousandonly’it is apromissory note.
Vii. The sum payable mentioned must be certain or capable of being made certain. It
meansthat the sumpayable may be in figures or may be suchthat it canbe calculated
11. 2.Bill ofExchange
■ SupposeRajiv hasgiven aloan of RupeesTenThousand to Sameer,which
Sameer has to return.
■ Now, Rajiv also hasto give somemoney toTarun.In this case,Rajiv canmake a
document directing Sameer to make payment up to RupeesTenThousand to
Tarunon demand or after expiry of aspecified period.
■ This document is called aBill of Exchange,which canbe transferred to some
other person’s namebyTarun.
■ Section 5 oftheNegotiable InstrumentsAct, 1881 definesa billofexchangeas ‘an
instrument in writing containing an unconditional order
,signed by the maker
,
directinga certainperson topay a certainsum ofmoneyonly toortotheorderof
a certainperson,ortothebeareroftheinstrument’.
12. Rs. 10,000/- New Delhi
May 2, 2001
FivemonthsafterdatepayTarunor(tohis)orderthesumofRupeesTenThousand
only for value received.
Specimen of a Bill of Exchange
13. Parties to a Bill of Exchange
There arethree parties involved in abill of exchange.They are-
1. The Drawer –Theperson who makesthe order for making payment. In the above
specimen, Rajiv is thedrawer.
2.The Drawee –Theperson to whom the order to pay is made.He is generally adebtor
of the drawer. It isSameer in this case.
3.The Payee –Theperson to whom the payment is to be made. In this caseit isTarun.
■ Note: The drawer can also draw abill in his own name thereby he himself becomes
the payee. Here the words in the bill would be Pay tous ororder.In abill where atime
period is mentioned, just like the above specimen, is called a TimeBill. But abill may
be made payable on demand also.This is called aDemand Bill.
14. Features of a bill of exchange
i. A bill must be in
writing, dulysigned by
its drawer,accepted
by its drawee and
properly stamped as
per Indian StampAct.
ii. It must contain an
order to pay.Words
like ‘please pay Rs
5,000/- on demand
and oblige’ arenot
used.
iii.Theorder must be
unconditional.
iv.Theorder must be
topay money and
money alone.
v. The sum payable
mentioned must be
certain or capable of
being madecertain.
vi.The parties to abill
must becertain
15. 3.Cheques
■ Cheque is avery common form of negotiable instrument. If
you have asavings bank account or current account in abank,
you can issue acheque in your own name or in favor of others,
thereby directing the bank to pay the specified amount to
the person named in thecheque.
■ Therefore, acheque may be regarded asabill of exchange; the
only difference is that the bank is always the drawee in caseof a
cheque.
■ TheNegotiable InstrumentsAct, 1881defines acheque asabill
of exchange drawn on aspecified banker and not expressed to
be payable otherwise than on demand.
■ Actually, achequeis anorder by the account holder of the
bank directing his banker to pay on demand, the specified
amount, to or to the order of the person named therein or to
the bearer.
16. Rs. _________
Specimen of a Cheque
………......20.......
Pay……............................................................................................................
..
……....................................................................................................... or Bearer
Rupees………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
STATE BANK OF INDIA
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi – 110067
MSBL/97
6 5 3 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 5 6 1 0
Rs.
17. Features of acheque
i. Achequemust be in writing and duly signed by the drawer.
ii. Itcontains an unconditional order.
iii. It is issuedon aspecified banker only.
iv.Theamount specified is always certain and must be clearly mentioned both in
figures andwords.
v.The payee is alwayscertain.
vi.It is always payable on demand.
vii.Thechequemust bear adate otherwise it is invalid and shall not be honoured by
the bank
19. Types ofCheque
■ Open cheque: A cheque is called ‘Open’ when it is possible to get cash over the
counter at the bank.The holder of anopen chequecando the following:
– Receive its payment over the counter at the bank,
– Deposit the chequein his own account
– Passit to someone else by signing on the backof acheque.
■ Crossed cheque: Since open cheque is subject to risk of theft, it is
dangerous to issue suchcheques.This risk canbe avoided by issuing
another types of chequecalled ‘Crossed cheque’.The payment of such
cheque is not made over the counter at the bank. It is only credited to the bank
account of the payee. A cheque can be crossed by drawing two transverse
parallel lines across the cheque, with or without the writing ‘Account payee’ or
‘Not Negotiable’.
20. Types ofCheque
■ Bearer cheque:Acheque which is payable to any person who
presents it for payment at the bank counter is called ‘Bearer
cheque’.Abearer cheque can be transferred by mere delivery
and requires noendorsement.
■ Order cheque:An order cheque is one which is payable to a
particular person. In such a cheque the word ‘bearer’ may be cut out
or cancelled and the word ‘order’ may be written. The payee can
transfer an order cheque to someone else by signing his or her
name on the back of it.
21. Hundis
AHundi is anegotiable instrument by usage.
It is often in the form of abill of exchangedrawn in any local language in
accordancewith the custom of the place.
Sometimes it canalso be in the form of apromissory note.Ahundi is the oldest
known instrument usedfor the purpose of transfer of money without its actual
physical movement.
Theprovisions of the Negotiable InstrumentsAct shall apply to hundis only
when there is no customary rule known to the people.
24. Distinction between aPromissory
Note and a Bill of Exchange
Bills ofExchange Promissory Notes
1.Meaning Bills ofexchange are negotiable
instruments which demand
money from debtors within a
stipulated period oftime.
Promissory notes are also
negotiable instruments which
promise to pay acertain amount
within aparticular period of
time.
2.What it’s all
about?
Ordering to pay the money that
is due.
Promising to pay the money that
is due.
3. Issuedby Creditors. Debtors
4.Acceptance Bills of exchange need to be
accepted by the debtors to be
called asvalid.
There’s no suchnorm.
25. Distinction between aPromissory
Note and a Bill of Exchange
Bills of Exchange Promissory Notes
5. Parties
involved
There are three partiesinvolved
–drawer, drawee, andpayee.
Here, two parties are involved –
drawer andpayee.
6. Applicationof
copies
Bills of exchangecanbe drawn in
copies.
Promissory notes can’t bedrawn
in copies.
7.In caseof
dishonour
When the bill is dishonoured, a
notice is given to all parties that
areinvolved.
When apromissory note is
dishonoured, notice is not issued
tothe maker (debtor).