The document compares normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values calculated from Landsat 5 imagery from 1999 and 2011 for the cities of Ujjain and Haridwar, India. For both cities, it finds increases in urban area and water bodies and decreases in vegetation over time. It also provides calculations of land cover changes in square kilometers between the two time periods based on pixel counts.

1. Normalized Difference Built-up Index
UJJAIN
NDBI 1999 NDBI 2011
Mix red-yellow Urban
Yellow Water body
Green Vegetation
Blue Open land/water-logged
Spatial Changes:
Increase in Urban area from 1999 to 2011
Increase in water-body from1999 to 2011
Decrease in vegetation from 1999 to 2011
NDBI
( Band5-Band4)/(Band5+Band4)
Note: It is seen that features are not precisely demarcated.
Hence NDVI is preferred.
Image Source:Landsat5
Janki Adhvaryu PT200614

2. Normalized Difference Built-up Index
HARIDWAR
NDBI 1999 NDBI 2011
Mix red-yellow Urban
Yellow Water body
Green Vegetation
Blue Open land/water-logged
Spatial Changes:
• Clear water is reduced while water-logged area
increased from1999 to 2011
• Dense vegetation decreased while effective
vegetation increase from 1999 to 2011
NDBI
( Band5-Band4)/(Band5+Band4)
Note: It is seen that features are not precisely demarcated.
Hence NDVI is preferred.
Image Source:Landsat5
Mayank Singh sakla PT200814

3. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
UJJAIN
NDVI 1999 NDVI 2011
NDVI
( Band4-Band3)/(Band4+Band3)
Dense Vegetation
Effective Vegetation
Open/Barren land
Urban/Water-body
Image Source:Landsat5
Calculation:
Identity used= Pixel size*No.of
pixel/106 =Area in sq.kM
REGION 1999 2011 Change
in area
Urban/water
body
6534 3728 -5.6%
Open/Barren 23522 28490 10%
vegetation 4320 3288 -2%
Dense
vegetation
725 250 -0.9%
Pixel-size=30*30mt
Janki Adhvaryu
PT200614
Note: Water-body
decreased and Urban
increased
Area in sq.kM

4. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
HARIDWAR
NDVI 1999 NDVI 2011
NDVI
( Band4-Band3)/(Band4+Band3)
Dense Vegetation
Effective Vegetation
Water-body
Image Source:Landsat5
Calculation:
Identity used= Pixel size*No.of
pixel/106 =Area in sq.kM
REGION 1999 2011 Change
in area
Dense
vegetation
7533 890 -13%
vegetation 7844 16390 16.3%
Urban/water
logged
34285 14350 -38.5%
Water-body 2130 20350 34%
Pixel-size=30*30mt
Urban/Water-logged
Mayank Singh Sakla
(PT200814)
Area in sq.kM
• Water-body,
urban increased
• Dense forest ,
water-logged
decreased