This document describes 6 common security architecture anti-patterns:
1. 'Browse-up' administration where less trusted devices are used to manage more trusted systems.
2. Management bypass where layered defenses in the data plane do not extend to the management plane.
3. Back-to-back firewalls where the same controls are implemented redundantly without benefit.
4. Building an 'on-prem' solution in the cloud without leveraging cloud-native services.
5. Uncontrolled third party access without constraints or monitoring of remote access.
6. Unpatchable systems that cannot easily apply security updates.
This document provides an overview of topics in chapter 13 on security engineering. It discusses security and dependability, security dimensions of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It also outlines different security levels including infrastructure, application and operational security. Key aspects of security engineering are discussed such as secure system design, security testing and assurance. Security terminology and examples are provided. The relationship between security and dependability factors like reliability, availability, safety and resilience is examined. The document also covers security in organizations and the role of security policies.
Use Exabeam Smart Timelines to improve your SOC efficiencyJonathanPritchard12
Exabeam uses common log sources to stitch together events in plain text to easily answer the important question: What happened before, during and after?
The document provides an overview of key security engineering activities that should be integrated into the software development lifecycle (SDLC). It discusses securing each phase of development through threat modeling, secure coding practices like code reviews, and security testing. The goal is to build security into applications from the start to help prevent vulnerabilities and deliver more robust products.
The document assesses adding four new requirements to the iTrust medical records system: adding an emergency responder role, finding qualified healthcare professionals, updating diagnosis codes, and viewing access logs. Adding the emergency responder role carries the most risk as it provides access to sensitive patient data. Proper access controls, authentication, and encryption are recommended to secure data access and mitigate vulnerabilities like unauthorized access, wireless communication attacks, and credential misuse. A role-based access control model and two-factor authentication are suggested for emergency responders.
This document discusses three methods of software assurance: kernel separation, desktop virtualization, and the Trusted Platform Module (TPM).
Kernel separation (also known as MILS) isolates operating system processes and partitions hardware to separate developer code, system resources, and data objects. This aims to reduce vulnerabilities by compartmentalizing different functions.
Desktop virtualization stores the desktop environment on centralized servers rather than individual devices. This allows for easier maintenance, troubleshooting, and access controls. All user data and customizations can be removed when logging off.
TPMs create encryption keys during the boot process to validate that critical software and firmware have not been modified. This helps detect malware early and takes a proactive approach to
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
CYB 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CYB 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
CYB 610 Project 3 Assessing Information System Vulnerabilities and Risk
Monitoring your organization against threats - Critical System ControlMarc-Andre Heroux
Organizations are facing various types of threats. Threats can come from inside, outside your organization or from both. This article focus on monitoring informational resources against all types of threats against your critical functions supported by computer equipment such as servers, desktops, switches, routers, firewalls, etc.
This document provides an overview of topics in chapter 13 on security engineering. It discusses security and dependability, security dimensions of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It also outlines different security levels including infrastructure, application and operational security. Key aspects of security engineering are discussed such as secure system design, security testing and assurance. Security terminology and examples are provided. The relationship between security and dependability factors like reliability, availability, safety and resilience is examined. The document also covers security in organizations and the role of security policies.
Use Exabeam Smart Timelines to improve your SOC efficiencyJonathanPritchard12
Exabeam uses common log sources to stitch together events in plain text to easily answer the important question: What happened before, during and after?
The document provides an overview of key security engineering activities that should be integrated into the software development lifecycle (SDLC). It discusses securing each phase of development through threat modeling, secure coding practices like code reviews, and security testing. The goal is to build security into applications from the start to help prevent vulnerabilities and deliver more robust products.
The document assesses adding four new requirements to the iTrust medical records system: adding an emergency responder role, finding qualified healthcare professionals, updating diagnosis codes, and viewing access logs. Adding the emergency responder role carries the most risk as it provides access to sensitive patient data. Proper access controls, authentication, and encryption are recommended to secure data access and mitigate vulnerabilities like unauthorized access, wireless communication attacks, and credential misuse. A role-based access control model and two-factor authentication are suggested for emergency responders.
This document discusses three methods of software assurance: kernel separation, desktop virtualization, and the Trusted Platform Module (TPM).
Kernel separation (also known as MILS) isolates operating system processes and partitions hardware to separate developer code, system resources, and data objects. This aims to reduce vulnerabilities by compartmentalizing different functions.
Desktop virtualization stores the desktop environment on centralized servers rather than individual devices. This allows for easier maintenance, troubleshooting, and access controls. All user data and customizations can be removed when logging off.
TPMs create encryption keys during the boot process to validate that critical software and firmware have not been modified. This helps detect malware early and takes a proactive approach to
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
CYB 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CYB 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
CYB 610 Project 3 Assessing Information System Vulnerabilities and Risk
Monitoring your organization against threats - Critical System ControlMarc-Andre Heroux
Organizations are facing various types of threats. Threats can come from inside, outside your organization or from both. This article focus on monitoring informational resources against all types of threats against your critical functions supported by computer equipment such as servers, desktops, switches, routers, firewalls, etc.
The document discusses various principles and methods of access control, including:
1) Three main principles of access control are identity, authority, and accountability. Identity establishes a user's identity, authority authorizes access privileges, and accountability tracks user actions.
2) Common methods to establish identity include passwords, tokens, biometrics, and digital certificates. Multifactor authentication combines multiple methods for stronger security.
3) Access control models like Bell-LaPadula and Biba are used to enforce security policies based on confidentiality, integrity, and transactions. Clark-Wilson defines processes to control access to critical data items.
This document discusses strategies for preventing data leakage. It proposes using a firewall to scan outgoing messages from employees and detect if they contain unauthorized transfers of sensitive data. If confidential information is detected in a message, the employee's ID would be reported to the administrator. The firewall would help enforce a data leakage prevention policy by identifying attempts to send protected information outside the authorized circle. The goal is to catch data leaks early before any damage occurs, since detection after the fact may be too late to remedy the situation. The proposed system aims to help organizations better safeguard their confidential information through proactive monitoring of employee communications.
A hybrid technique for sql injection attacks detection and preventionijdms
SQL injection is a type of attacks used to gain, manipulate, or delete information in any data-driven system
whether this system is online or offline and whether this system is a web or non-web-based. It is
distinguished by the multiplicity of its performing methods, so defense techniques could not detect or
prevent such attacks. The main objective of this paper is to create a reliable and accurate hybrid technique
that secure systems from being exploited by SQL injection attacks. This hybrid technique combines static
and runtime SQL queries analysis to create a defense strategy that can detect and prevent various types of
SQL injection attacks. To evaluate this suggested technique, a large set of SQL queries have been executed
through a simulation that had been developed. The results indicate that the suggested technique is reliable
and more effective in capturing more SQL injection types compared to other SQL injection detection
methods.
The document compares risk-based correlation to rule-based correlation for network security event management. Risk-based correlation considers all available evidence across an enterprise to assess risk, while rule-based correlation relies on specific rules that require extensive ongoing maintenance. Risk-based systems are more accurate, efficient, and cost-effective as they are not constrained by rules or timing of events. The document concludes risk-based correlation is superior to rule-based correlation for network security.
Fault Detection and Prediction in Cloud Computingijtsrd
Cloud computing is a new technology in distributed computing. Usage of Cloud computing is increasing quickly day by day. In order to help the customers and businesses agreeably, fault occurring in datacenters and servers must be detected and predicted efficiently in order to launch mechanisms to bear the failures occurred. Failure in one of the hosted datacenters may broadcast to other datacenters and make the situation of poorer quality. In order to prevent such circumstances, one can predict a failure flourishing throughout the cloud computing system and launch mechanisms to deal with it proactively. Swetha. S | Dr. S. Venkatesh kumar "Fault Detection and Prediction in Cloud Computing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18647.pdf
This solution overview discusses solving Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) challenges with RSA Security Analytics, which enables security analysts to be effective in protecting an organization’s digital assets and IT systems.
The risk of cyber threat is high for organizations that manage sensitive data. Therefore, a need to have a robust security and compliance program. By doing so, protects the information system resources from a wide range of threats and brings the company into compliance with regulatory regulatory requirements.
As meeting industry standard does not guarantee protection from data breaches, the security & compliance program should start by identifying and analyzing organizational security needs rather than solely meeting compliance requirements. Following risk management approach is, therefore, a best practice instead of relying on checklists. By following this method, organizations avoid unnecessary compliance effort and cost on insignificant threats and will have sustainable security and compliance program.
Accordingly, the program should identify, analyze and prioritize risks. Consequently, selecting a comprehensive set of appropriate security controls by referencing from established frameworks such as National Institution of Standards and Technologies (NIST) risk assessment framework. NIST is a prescriptive guideline for implementing security controls. However, an organization should first develop a risk assessment methodology/framework that is tailored to its environment.
When following a risk-based approach the security and compliance program has to align with the business objectives of the organization. Risk needs to be identified and prioritized not only from an information system perspective but also from a business perspective. By doing so, the program will ensure information security risk identified, analyzed and prioritized from input across the organization. This will provide clear justification and assurance on the information security investments. It will also increase a sense of ownership for information security efforts among all stakeholder.
1. Security operations aim to increase collaboration across teams to integrate security practices throughout the development lifecycle. This helps ensure stronger security.
2. Key goals of security operations include earlier detection of threats, increased transparency, continuous security improvements, and raising threat awareness across teams.
3. Security operation centers are responsible for continuous network monitoring, incident response, forensic analysis, and maintaining threat intelligence to help prevent and respond to security events.
1) The document discusses security issues in cloud computing, with a focus on vulnerabilities in the virtualization layer.
2) It proposes a secure model (SVM) using intrusion detection systems to monitor virtual machines and detect attacks. This would help virtual machines resist attacks more efficiently in cloud environments.
3) Some key virtualization vulnerabilities discussed include attacks on hypervisors, compromised isolation between virtual machines, and packet sniffing/spoofing in virtual networks. The proposed SVM model aims to address these issues and secure the virtualization layer in cloud infrastructure.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study on security responsibilities and adoption in cloudeSAT Journals
Abstract Cloud computing is one of the popular enterprise models where computing resources are made available on-demand to the user as needed. Due to this increasing demand for more clouds there is an ever growing threat of security becoming a major issue. cloud computing is a construct that allows you to access applications that actually reside at a location other than your computer or other Internet-connected device, most often, this will be a distant data center. In a simple, topological sense, a cloud computing solution is made up of several elements: clients, the datacenter, and distributed servers. Each element has a purpose and plays a specific role in delivering a functional cloud based application, the increased degree of connectivity and the increasing amount of data has led many providers and in particular data centers to employ larger infrastructures with dynamic load and access balancing. So this paper shall look at ways in which security responsibilities and Cloud Adoption Keywords: Cloud Computing, Service models, Cloud Security, Secure Cloud Adoption,
One of the major challenges when using security monitoring and analytics tools is how to deal with the high number of alerts and false positives. Even when the most straightforward policies are applied, SIEMs end up alerting on far too many incidents response that are neither malicious nor urgent.
Visit - https://siemplify.co
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
CSEC 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CSEC 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
CSEC 610 Project 3 Assessing Information System Vulnerabilities and Risk
The document discusses cloud computing security. It outlines 12 major threats to cloud security according to the Cloud Security Alliance, including data breaches, compromised credentials, and denial of service attacks. It also describes security responsibilities for both cloud providers and customers. Effective security requires strong authentication, encryption, logging, vulnerability management, and defining security architectures tailored to the specific cloud platform. With proper precautions, customers can benefit from cloud computing while maintaining adequate security.
Anatomy of a breach - an e-book by Microsoft in collaboration with the EUUniversity of Essex
1) Hackers gain initial access to networks through techniques like exploiting vulnerabilities, password spraying, or phishing. They then work to gain elevated privileges on internal systems.
2) Once hackers have higher level access, they use that privilege to scan for valuable data and credentials to access other parts of the network. Their goal is widespread access across the network.
3) With control over many systems, hackers implant backdoors to maintain long-term access and control networks from a central command point while evading detection. Companies need comprehensive defenses, data awareness, and protection policies to detect and respond to network intrusions.
In today's modern world, security is a necessary fact of life. GreenSQL Security helps small to large organizations protect their sensitive information against internal and external threats. The rule-based engine offers database firewall, intrusion detection and prevention (IDS/IPS). GreenSQL Security Engine applies exception detection to prevent hacker attacks, end-user intrusion and unauthorized access by privileged insiders. The system provides a web based intuitive and flexible policy framework that enables users to create and edit their security rules quickly and easily. GreenSQL interfaces between your database and any source requiring a connection to it. This approach shields your database application and database operating system from direct, remote access. GreenSQL Database Security 1) Stops SQL Injection attacks on your web application 2) Blocks unauthorized database access and alerts you in real time about unwanted access 3) Separates your application database access privileges from administrator access 4) Gives you a complete event log for investigating database traffic and access 5) Ensures you achieve successful implementation with 24/7 support
Data modeling is the process of exploring data structures and relationships. It involves identifying entity types, attributes, relationships and applying normalization. Conceptual, logical and physical data models are used at different stages of the design process. Database security involves techniques like access control, encryption and firewalls to protect data confidentiality, integrity and availability. Issues like SQL injection occur when user input is not sanitized before passing to the database.
This document provides an overview of key topics from Chapter 11 on security and dependability, including:
- The principal dependability properties of availability, reliability, safety, and security.
- Dependability covers attributes like maintainability, repairability, survivability, and error tolerance.
- Dependability is important because system failures can have widespread effects and undependable systems may be rejected.
- Dependability is achieved through techniques like fault avoidance, detection and removal, and building in fault tolerance.
HOW TO TROUBLESHOOT SECURITY INCIDENTS IN A CLOUD ENVIRONMENT?EC-Council
Though cloud technology allows for quicker access to virtual systems and reduced costs, switching to the cloud presents issues that must be addressed, such as misconfiguring infrastructure that can affect the whole system, sensitivity to minor configuration changes in platform services, transparency increasing difficulties in software service customizations, and increased risk from complications in microservices architectures. These issues can be overcome by learning the stages of incident management including planning, triage, containment, evidence gathering, and recovery.
The ability to easily define and manage user security access to relational databases (structured data) has
long been taken for granted by organizations. Setting and managing security permissions for unstructured content (such as documents, email and other free-flowing text sources), on the other hand, remains maddeningly complex and labor-intensive.
1. Cloud computing provides flexibility and economies of scale but introduces new security risks as sensitive data and infrastructure are placed outside traditional secure perimeters.
2. Traditional security measures like firewalls and intrusion detection become more difficult in cloud environments where virtual machines are dynamically allocated across shared physical servers.
3. Ensuring data integrity, updating security software, complying with regulations, and monitoring administrator access require new solutions to prove security and respond to vulnerabilities in cloud infrastructure and virtual environments.
System and Enterprise Security Project - Penetration TestingBiagio Botticelli
The document discusses penetration testing and summarizes its key steps: information gathering, threat modeling, vulnerability analysis, exploitation, post-exploitation, and reporting. It outlines three types of penetration testing: black box with no system knowledge; grey box with some limited internal details; and white box with full access to source codes and network information, simulating an internal attack. The goal of penetration testing is to identify security vulnerabilities by simulating real attacks before malicious actors do.
The document discusses various principles and methods of access control, including:
1) Three main principles of access control are identity, authority, and accountability. Identity establishes a user's identity, authority authorizes access privileges, and accountability tracks user actions.
2) Common methods to establish identity include passwords, tokens, biometrics, and digital certificates. Multifactor authentication combines multiple methods for stronger security.
3) Access control models like Bell-LaPadula and Biba are used to enforce security policies based on confidentiality, integrity, and transactions. Clark-Wilson defines processes to control access to critical data items.
This document discusses strategies for preventing data leakage. It proposes using a firewall to scan outgoing messages from employees and detect if they contain unauthorized transfers of sensitive data. If confidential information is detected in a message, the employee's ID would be reported to the administrator. The firewall would help enforce a data leakage prevention policy by identifying attempts to send protected information outside the authorized circle. The goal is to catch data leaks early before any damage occurs, since detection after the fact may be too late to remedy the situation. The proposed system aims to help organizations better safeguard their confidential information through proactive monitoring of employee communications.
A hybrid technique for sql injection attacks detection and preventionijdms
SQL injection is a type of attacks used to gain, manipulate, or delete information in any data-driven system
whether this system is online or offline and whether this system is a web or non-web-based. It is
distinguished by the multiplicity of its performing methods, so defense techniques could not detect or
prevent such attacks. The main objective of this paper is to create a reliable and accurate hybrid technique
that secure systems from being exploited by SQL injection attacks. This hybrid technique combines static
and runtime SQL queries analysis to create a defense strategy that can detect and prevent various types of
SQL injection attacks. To evaluate this suggested technique, a large set of SQL queries have been executed
through a simulation that had been developed. The results indicate that the suggested technique is reliable
and more effective in capturing more SQL injection types compared to other SQL injection detection
methods.
The document compares risk-based correlation to rule-based correlation for network security event management. Risk-based correlation considers all available evidence across an enterprise to assess risk, while rule-based correlation relies on specific rules that require extensive ongoing maintenance. Risk-based systems are more accurate, efficient, and cost-effective as they are not constrained by rules or timing of events. The document concludes risk-based correlation is superior to rule-based correlation for network security.
Fault Detection and Prediction in Cloud Computingijtsrd
Cloud computing is a new technology in distributed computing. Usage of Cloud computing is increasing quickly day by day. In order to help the customers and businesses agreeably, fault occurring in datacenters and servers must be detected and predicted efficiently in order to launch mechanisms to bear the failures occurred. Failure in one of the hosted datacenters may broadcast to other datacenters and make the situation of poorer quality. In order to prevent such circumstances, one can predict a failure flourishing throughout the cloud computing system and launch mechanisms to deal with it proactively. Swetha. S | Dr. S. Venkatesh kumar "Fault Detection and Prediction in Cloud Computing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18647.pdf
This solution overview discusses solving Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) challenges with RSA Security Analytics, which enables security analysts to be effective in protecting an organization’s digital assets and IT systems.
The risk of cyber threat is high for organizations that manage sensitive data. Therefore, a need to have a robust security and compliance program. By doing so, protects the information system resources from a wide range of threats and brings the company into compliance with regulatory regulatory requirements.
As meeting industry standard does not guarantee protection from data breaches, the security & compliance program should start by identifying and analyzing organizational security needs rather than solely meeting compliance requirements. Following risk management approach is, therefore, a best practice instead of relying on checklists. By following this method, organizations avoid unnecessary compliance effort and cost on insignificant threats and will have sustainable security and compliance program.
Accordingly, the program should identify, analyze and prioritize risks. Consequently, selecting a comprehensive set of appropriate security controls by referencing from established frameworks such as National Institution of Standards and Technologies (NIST) risk assessment framework. NIST is a prescriptive guideline for implementing security controls. However, an organization should first develop a risk assessment methodology/framework that is tailored to its environment.
When following a risk-based approach the security and compliance program has to align with the business objectives of the organization. Risk needs to be identified and prioritized not only from an information system perspective but also from a business perspective. By doing so, the program will ensure information security risk identified, analyzed and prioritized from input across the organization. This will provide clear justification and assurance on the information security investments. It will also increase a sense of ownership for information security efforts among all stakeholder.
1. Security operations aim to increase collaboration across teams to integrate security practices throughout the development lifecycle. This helps ensure stronger security.
2. Key goals of security operations include earlier detection of threats, increased transparency, continuous security improvements, and raising threat awareness across teams.
3. Security operation centers are responsible for continuous network monitoring, incident response, forensic analysis, and maintaining threat intelligence to help prevent and respond to security events.
1) The document discusses security issues in cloud computing, with a focus on vulnerabilities in the virtualization layer.
2) It proposes a secure model (SVM) using intrusion detection systems to monitor virtual machines and detect attacks. This would help virtual machines resist attacks more efficiently in cloud environments.
3) Some key virtualization vulnerabilities discussed include attacks on hypervisors, compromised isolation between virtual machines, and packet sniffing/spoofing in virtual networks. The proposed SVM model aims to address these issues and secure the virtualization layer in cloud infrastructure.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study on security responsibilities and adoption in cloudeSAT Journals
Abstract Cloud computing is one of the popular enterprise models where computing resources are made available on-demand to the user as needed. Due to this increasing demand for more clouds there is an ever growing threat of security becoming a major issue. cloud computing is a construct that allows you to access applications that actually reside at a location other than your computer or other Internet-connected device, most often, this will be a distant data center. In a simple, topological sense, a cloud computing solution is made up of several elements: clients, the datacenter, and distributed servers. Each element has a purpose and plays a specific role in delivering a functional cloud based application, the increased degree of connectivity and the increasing amount of data has led many providers and in particular data centers to employ larger infrastructures with dynamic load and access balancing. So this paper shall look at ways in which security responsibilities and Cloud Adoption Keywords: Cloud Computing, Service models, Cloud Security, Secure Cloud Adoption,
One of the major challenges when using security monitoring and analytics tools is how to deal with the high number of alerts and false positives. Even when the most straightforward policies are applied, SIEMs end up alerting on far too many incidents response that are neither malicious nor urgent.
Visit - https://siemplify.co
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
CSEC 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CSEC 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
CSEC 610 Project 3 Assessing Information System Vulnerabilities and Risk
The document discusses cloud computing security. It outlines 12 major threats to cloud security according to the Cloud Security Alliance, including data breaches, compromised credentials, and denial of service attacks. It also describes security responsibilities for both cloud providers and customers. Effective security requires strong authentication, encryption, logging, vulnerability management, and defining security architectures tailored to the specific cloud platform. With proper precautions, customers can benefit from cloud computing while maintaining adequate security.
Anatomy of a breach - an e-book by Microsoft in collaboration with the EUUniversity of Essex
1) Hackers gain initial access to networks through techniques like exploiting vulnerabilities, password spraying, or phishing. They then work to gain elevated privileges on internal systems.
2) Once hackers have higher level access, they use that privilege to scan for valuable data and credentials to access other parts of the network. Their goal is widespread access across the network.
3) With control over many systems, hackers implant backdoors to maintain long-term access and control networks from a central command point while evading detection. Companies need comprehensive defenses, data awareness, and protection policies to detect and respond to network intrusions.
In today's modern world, security is a necessary fact of life. GreenSQL Security helps small to large organizations protect their sensitive information against internal and external threats. The rule-based engine offers database firewall, intrusion detection and prevention (IDS/IPS). GreenSQL Security Engine applies exception detection to prevent hacker attacks, end-user intrusion and unauthorized access by privileged insiders. The system provides a web based intuitive and flexible policy framework that enables users to create and edit their security rules quickly and easily. GreenSQL interfaces between your database and any source requiring a connection to it. This approach shields your database application and database operating system from direct, remote access. GreenSQL Database Security 1) Stops SQL Injection attacks on your web application 2) Blocks unauthorized database access and alerts you in real time about unwanted access 3) Separates your application database access privileges from administrator access 4) Gives you a complete event log for investigating database traffic and access 5) Ensures you achieve successful implementation with 24/7 support
Data modeling is the process of exploring data structures and relationships. It involves identifying entity types, attributes, relationships and applying normalization. Conceptual, logical and physical data models are used at different stages of the design process. Database security involves techniques like access control, encryption and firewalls to protect data confidentiality, integrity and availability. Issues like SQL injection occur when user input is not sanitized before passing to the database.
This document provides an overview of key topics from Chapter 11 on security and dependability, including:
- The principal dependability properties of availability, reliability, safety, and security.
- Dependability covers attributes like maintainability, repairability, survivability, and error tolerance.
- Dependability is important because system failures can have widespread effects and undependable systems may be rejected.
- Dependability is achieved through techniques like fault avoidance, detection and removal, and building in fault tolerance.
HOW TO TROUBLESHOOT SECURITY INCIDENTS IN A CLOUD ENVIRONMENT?EC-Council
Though cloud technology allows for quicker access to virtual systems and reduced costs, switching to the cloud presents issues that must be addressed, such as misconfiguring infrastructure that can affect the whole system, sensitivity to minor configuration changes in platform services, transparency increasing difficulties in software service customizations, and increased risk from complications in microservices architectures. These issues can be overcome by learning the stages of incident management including planning, triage, containment, evidence gathering, and recovery.
The ability to easily define and manage user security access to relational databases (structured data) has
long been taken for granted by organizations. Setting and managing security permissions for unstructured content (such as documents, email and other free-flowing text sources), on the other hand, remains maddeningly complex and labor-intensive.
1. Cloud computing provides flexibility and economies of scale but introduces new security risks as sensitive data and infrastructure are placed outside traditional secure perimeters.
2. Traditional security measures like firewalls and intrusion detection become more difficult in cloud environments where virtual machines are dynamically allocated across shared physical servers.
3. Ensuring data integrity, updating security software, complying with regulations, and monitoring administrator access require new solutions to prove security and respond to vulnerabilities in cloud infrastructure and virtual environments.
System and Enterprise Security Project - Penetration TestingBiagio Botticelli
The document discusses penetration testing and summarizes its key steps: information gathering, threat modeling, vulnerability analysis, exploitation, post-exploitation, and reporting. It outlines three types of penetration testing: black box with no system knowledge; grey box with some limited internal details; and white box with full access to source codes and network information, simulating an internal attack. The goal of penetration testing is to identify security vulnerabilities by simulating real attacks before malicious actors do.
A presentation given at Arrow ECS Inspiration Day 7th of March 2014, Tallinn. The deck elaborates on why it is important to have information security built into your systems rather than tacked on later and offers some approaches to actually doing it.
Security architecture, engineering and operationsPiyush Jain
The document discusses key concepts in security architecture. It begins by defining security architecture as the design that considers all potential threats and risks in an environment. It then discusses how security architecture involves implementing security controls and mapping out security specifications. The document outlines the typical four phases of a security architecture roadmap: risk assessment, design, implementation, and ongoing monitoring. It also discusses principles for secure system design such as establishing context before design, making compromise difficult, reducing impact of compromise, and making compromise detection easier. Finally, it covers some common security frameworks like SABSA, NIST, ISO 27000 and trends in cybersecurity like remote work, ransomware attacks, AI, cloud usage and more.
Checking Windows for signs of compromiseCal Bryant
This document provides guidance on investigating compromised Microsoft Windows systems to identify how the system was compromised and what malware or unauthorized programs may be present. It outlines various locations in the file system, registry, services, and network settings where intruders commonly hide malware. Tools recommended for examining the system include using cmd.exe to view file timestamps, searching hidden folders and alternate data streams, and using Google to research any suspicious programs found. The document advises that while antivirus software can detect some threats, a fresh reinstall of the operating system is typically the most reliable way to restore a compromised system.
Two Aspect Endorsement Access Control for web Based Cloud Computing IRJET Journal
This document proposes a two-factor authentication access control system for web-based cloud computing. The system uses attribute-based access management enforced with both a user's secret key and a lightweight security device. This enhances security by requiring both factors for access. Attribute-based management also allows the cloud server to limit access based on user attributes while preserving privacy, as the server only knows if a user satisfies an access predicate, not their identity. The paper introduces an object-sensitive role-based access control model called ORBAC that can parameterize roles based on object properties. It also aims to formally validate programs against ORBAC policies using a dependent type system for Java.
Cybersecurity: A Manufacturers Guide by ClearnetworkClearnetwork
The document provides a guide for improving cybersecurity in the manufacturing industry. It begins by noting that nearly half of all manufacturers have experienced a cyberattack. An effective defensive strategy includes 1) creating continuity and recoverability through reliable backups and disaster recovery plans, 2) protecting critical data through inventory, access control, and encryption, 3) improving system and network security hygiene such as network segmentation and patching outdated systems, 4) not overlooking security for industrial control systems and IoT devices, and 5) improving communication about cyber threats. Insider threats are also a risk that can be mitigated using security information and event management systems to monitor employee activity.
This document outlines 6 projects for a cybersecurity course (CST 610). Project 1 involves assessing an organization's information systems infrastructure and identity management. Project 2 involves evaluating operating system vulnerabilities in Windows and Linux. Project 3 involves assessing vulnerabilities and risks after a security breach at the Office of Personnel Management. Project 4 involves threat analysis and exploitation. Project 5 involves cryptography. Project 6 involves digital forensics analysis. Each project provides details on required deliverables and evaluation criteria.
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
CST 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CST 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
CST 610 Project 3 Assessing Information System Vulnerabilities and Risk
Cst 610 Education is Power/newtonhelp.comamaranthbeg73
For more course tutorials visit
www.newtonhelp.com
CST 610 Project 1 Information Systems and Identity Management
CST 610 Project 2 Operating Systems Vulnerabilities (Windows and Linux)
Because the biggest impact of cyber breach is data loss, data protection should be architected into the DNA of your cyber security solution. This means focusing security efforts around data from the very beginning, from initial risk assessment, to control design, to implementation and auditing.
Most cyber security solutions protect infrastructure, assuming that data stored within containers will be protected. This white paper explains why this assumption is no longer valid and outlines an approach to designing a cyber security solution directly around data.
Compliance Officers, Risk Managers, Security Professionals, and IT Leaders will understand
the goals and steps of data-centric solution design, as well as its potential benefits.
The difference between in-depth analysis of virtual infrastructures & monitoringBettyRManning
This document discusses the differences between monitoring virtual infrastructures and performing in-depth analysis. Monitoring tools provide real-time insight into infrastructure health by alerting administrators if thresholds are exceeded. However, in-depth analysis goes further by systematically evaluating data according to rules and best practices to identify issues proactively and determine root causes. In-depth analysis tools can automate this process and provide recommendations to optimize systems. Such analysis reduces troubleshooting burden on administrators and helps ensure high performance, security and reliability compared to monitoring alone.
Learn about Security on z/OS. z/OS facilities provide its high level of security and system integrity. For more information on IBM System z, visit http://ibm.co/PNo9Cb.
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Ncsc security architecture anti patterns white paper
1.
2. Security Architecture Anti-patterns 2
Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................3
Terminology ..................................................................................................................................4
Anti-pattern 1: ‘Browse-up’ for administration........................................................................5
Anti-pattern 2: Management bypass ........................................................................................7
Anti-pattern 3: Back-to-back firewalls ......................................................................................8
Anti-pattern 4: Building an ‘on-prem’ solution in the cloud ............................................... 10
Anti-pattern 5. Uncontrolled and unobserved third party access...................................... 11
Anti-pattern 6: The un-patchable system.............................................................................. 13
3. Security Architecture Anti-patterns 3
Introduction
At the NCSC, our technical experts provide consultancy to help SMEs and larger organisations
build secure networks and systems.
This security paper describes some common patterns we often see in system designs that you
should avoid. We'll unpick the thinking behind them, explain why the patterns are bad, and most
importantly, propose better alternatives.
This paper is aimed at network designers, technical architects and security architects with
responsibility for designing systems within large organisations. Technical staff within smaller
organisations may also find the content useful.
5. Security Architecture Anti-patterns 5
Anti-pattern 1: ‘Browse-up’ for
administration
When administration of a system is performed from a device which is less trusted than the
system being administered.
Unfortunately it is all too common to see ‘browse-up’ approaches to administering systems, which
proves that common practice isn’t always good practice. In such scenarios, an end user device
used by an administrator can be one of the easiest paths into the target system, even if access is
via a 'bastion host2
' or ‘jump box’.
In computer systems where integrity is important (whether in digital services which handle
personal data or payments, through to industrial control systems), if you don’t have confidence in
devices that have been used to administer or operate a system, you can’t have confidence in the
integrity of that system.
There’s a common misconception that a bastion host or jump box is a good way of injecting trust
into the situation, to somehow get confidence in the actions an administrator is taking from a
device you don’t trust. Unfortunately, that’s not possible.
Bastion hosts are useful for helping monitor and analyse the actions that administrators are
performing, and they can help you avoid exposing more than one protocol outside of your system
for administration purposes. But they won’t help you be confident that the user on the device is the
person you intended to allow access to. Behind the scenes, the credentials used to authenticate to
the jump box could have been compromised (a reasonable assumption, given the device is less
trusted). Even if administrators are authenticating their sessions with two factors, there is still the
potential for malware to perform session hijacking on remote desktop or shell connections in the
same way that online banking sessions are hijacked. Having gained access, the attacker can perform
additional actions on behalf of the administrator. The system is under their control.
How to identify this anti-pattern
Here are three ways you can identify browse-up administration:
1. By looking for administration activities performed via a remote desktop (or remote shell)
from a device which is part of a less trusted system.
2. By looking for outsourcing or remote support connections where a third party uses a
remote desktop or shell to reach into a network. If you’ve got confidence in the integrity
of the device used by the third party, then this isn’t a browse-up problem, but if you have
less confidence in their system than in yours, then it is.
3. Finally, any device which browses the web or reads external email is untrusted. So if you
find an administrator using a remote desktop or shell to perform administration from the
same processing context that they browse the web (or read their external email) from,
then that’s browsing-up too.
Anti-pattern 1: ‘Browse-up’
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_host
6. 6 Security Architecture Anti-patterns
A better approach: ‘Browse-down’
You should always use devices that you have confidence in the integrity of for administration of
production systems. Those devices need to be kept hygienic (that is, they should not natively
browse the web or open external email, as those are dangerous things for an administration
device to do).
If, for convenience, you want to do those things from the same device, then we recommend that
you ‘browse-down’ to do so. In a ‘browse-down’ model, the riskier activities are performed in a
separate processing context. The strength of separation can be tailored to your needs, but the
goal is to ensure that if an activity in the less trusted environment led to a compromise, then the
attacker would not have any administrative access to the more trusted environment.
There are many ways in which you can build a browse-down approach. You could use a virtual
machine on the administrative device to perform any activities on less trusted systems. Or you
could browse-down to a remote machine over a remote desktop or shell protocol. The idea is that
if the dirty (less trusted) environment gets compromised, then it’s not ‘underneath’ the clean
environment in the processing stack, and the malware operator would have their work cut out to
get access to your clean environment.
Further reading
Microsoft Guidance: Privileged Access Management3
. Microsoft’s recommended approach for
administering Active Directory is very similar to browse-down administration.
NCSC Guidance: Systems administration architectures4
3
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-identity-manager/pam/privileged-identity-management-for-active-directory-
domain-services
4
https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/guidance/systems-administration-architectures
7. Security Architecture Anti-patterns 7
Anti-pattern 2: Management bypass
When layered defences in a network data plane can be short-cut via the management plane.
It’s good practice to separate management communications from the normal data or user
communications on a network. In some system architectures, this would be known as separating
the data plane from the management plane. However, whilst it is common to separate these types
of communications with network controls, it is a common mistake to only apply the defence-in-
depth concept to the data plane. If the management plane offers an easier route to the ‘crown
jewels5
’ of a computer system than the data plane, then this a management bypass.
How to identify this anti-pattern
Look for any management interfaces from components within different layers of a system, all
connected to a single switch used for management, without the corresponding layers.
Anti-pattern 2: Management bypass
A better approach: layered defences in management planes
The solution is simple; build similar layered defences into management planes to those you have
in data planes. Good practices include:
• manage from a higher trusted device, browsing down to lower trust layers
• separate bastion hosts to manage systems in each trust boundary
• use different credentials for different layers to help prevent lateral movement
• restrict how systems on the data plane communicate with management plane
infrastructure and vice-versa
Further reading
NCSC Blog: Protect your management interfaces6
5
https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/collection/board-toolkit?curPage=/collection/board-toolkit/establishing-baseline-identifying-
care-about-most
6
https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/blog-post/protect-your-management-interfaces
8. 8 Security Architecture Anti-patterns
Anti-pattern 3: Back-to-back firewalls
When the same controls are implemented by two firewalls in series, sometimes from different
manufacturers.
There seems to be a widely believed myth that the security benefit of 'doubling up' on firewalls to
implement the same set of controls is a worthwhile thing to do. Some also believe that it is
preferable for the two firewalls to come from different manufacturers, their thinking being that a
vulnerability in one is unlikely to be present in the other. In our experience this almost always adds
additional cost, complexity, and maintenance overheads for little or no benefit.
Let’s explore why we see little benefit in back-to-back firewalls in almost all cases. Take the
example of an OSI layer 3/4 firewall. It has a simple job to do; control which network
communications can pass through the device, and which ones can’t. Putting two layer 3/4 firewalls
in series is analogous to draining boiled potatoes with two colanders rather than one – it just
creates more washing up.
But what if there was a vulnerability that can be exploited in a single firewall? Well, yes, that’s
possible. There are vulnerabilities in most things after all. But firewalls don’t tend to have
vulnerabilities that can be exploited to yield code execution from processing the header of a
TCP/IP packet. They tend to have vulnerabilities in their management interfaces, so you shouldn’t
expose their management interfaces to untrusted networks.
Even if there were vulnerabilities discovered in the data plane interfaces of a firewall, applying
patches swiftly after their release would mean that any attack would need to exploit a zero-day
vulnerability, rather than a well-known vulnerability. Furthermore, defence-in-depth design would
mean that it should take more than a firewall breach to compromise sensitive data or the integrity
of a critical system, and needing two zero-days to be exploited puts the attacker’s capability level
well beyond the threat model for most systems.
Having two firewalls would also double your admin overhead, and if you require two different
vendors then you need to retain expertise in both, which adds still more cost and complexity. Plus,
you have more infrastructure to maintain, and most of us find it hard enough to keep up with
patching one set of network infrastructure.
However, there is one exception where we’ve found two firewalls to be useful; for supporting a
contractual interface between two different parties. We cover this exception at the end of this
section.
How to identify this anti-pattern
Look for two firewalls in series in a network architecture diagram.
Anti-pattern 3: Back-to-back firewalls
9. Security Architecture Anti-patterns 9
A better approach: do it once, and do it well
One well-maintained, well-configured firewall or network appliance is better than two poorly
maintained ones. We also recommend the following good practices:
• avoid exposing the management interfaces of network appliances to untrusted networks,
and properly manage the credentials used with them
• have a simple policy configuration to reduce the chance of mistakes being introduced
• use configuration management tools to ensure you know what the configuration should
be, so you can tell when it isn’t correct (a tell-tale sign of compromise or internal change
procedures not being followed)
The one exception
There is one example of using two firewalls back-to-back that makes more sense; to act as a
contract enforcement point between two entities that are connecting to each other. If both parties
agree on which subnets in their respective networks can communicate using which protocols, then
both can ensure this is enforced by applying the agreed controls on a firewall they each manage.
10. 10 Security Architecture Anti-patterns
Anti-pattern 4: Building an ‘on-prem’
solution in the cloud
When you build - in the public cloud - the solution you would have built in your own data centres.
Organisations taking their first step into the public cloud often make the mistake of building the
same thing they would have built within their own premises, but on top of Infrastructure-as-a-
Service foundations in the public cloud. The problem with this approach is that you will retain most
of the same issues you had within your on-prem infrastructure. In particular, you retain significant
maintenance overheads for patching operating systems and software packages, and you probably
don’t benefit from the auto-scaling features that you were hoping you’d gain in the cloud.
How to identify this anti-pattern
Look for:
• database engines, file stores, load balancers and security appliances installed on compute
instances
• separate development (and test, reference, production etc.) environments left running 24/7
• virtual appliances used without considering whether cloud-native controls would be suitable
Anti-pattern 4: ‘On-prem’ solution
A better approach: use higher order functions
Unless you're quicker at testing and deploying operating system patches than your public cloud
provider is, you are probably better off letting them focus on doing that. Compare their track
record of patching operating systems against your own, and judge for yourself.
Similarly, when it comes to patching database engines (or other storage services), their higher
abstraction Platform-as-a-Service offerings are likely to be maintained to a level that many large
enterprises will be envious of. Using higher level services like these means:
• unnecessary infrastructure management overhead is reduced
• you can focus on the things that are most unique to your organisation
• your system is easier to keep patched to address known security issues
Further reading
NCSC Blog: Debunking cloud security myths7
7
https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/blog-post/debunking-cloud-security-myths
11. Security Architecture Anti-patterns 11
Anti-pattern 5. Uncontrolled and
unobserved third party access
When a third party has unfettered remote access for administrative or operational purposes,
without any constraints or monitoring in place.
Many organisations outsource support for some or all of their systems to a third party. This isn’t
necessarily a bad thing, unless done without understanding and managing the risks involved. If
you outsource administration or operational functions, you're dependent on another organisation
to keep your system secure. The staff, the processes and the technology of the third party all need
to be considered.
Leaving the staff and processes to one side for the moment, if a third party is administering your
system, they will require access, often remotely. It’s common to allow third parties to have access
through a bastion host, either over the internet from whitelisted locations, or over a private
network. However, there are often few controls in place to limit the operations that can be
performed via the bastion host. If this is the case, and a bastion host (or the device used by the
third party) is compromised, then an attacker could gain significant access to connected systems.
Let’s take an example. Suppose you have purchased some niche technology that comes with a
specialist support contract where the vendor needs remote access to support the device. In this
case, the support organisation only needs access to the component they are supporting, and not
to any other parts of your system. If you provided a bastion host that gave access to an internal
network (and relied on their processes to only access the component they supported, rather than
technically enforcing that process), then a breach of the supplier’s system (or of your bastion) host
would be much more damaging than it could have been.
By locking these accesses down and efficiently auditing the connection, the risk of third party
compromise can be greatly reduced.
How to identify this anti-pattern
It’s often possible to identify these relationships with third parties by looking for ‘umbilical cords’
out of network diagrams.
Anti-pattern 5: Third party access
12. 12 Security Architecture Anti-patterns
A better approach: a good contract, constrained access and a
thorough audit trail
A good approach includes the following:
1. A careful choice of third parties, combined with a sensible contract that sets out the
controls relating to the people, processes and technology you need to have confidence
in.
2. Constrained access following the principle of least privilege8
; only allow remote and
authenticated users to have logical access to the systems they need to reach.
3. Ensure you have the audit trail you need to support incident response and support
effective protective monitoring. When it comes to incident response, will you be able to
confidently know which commands were executed by which user from the third party
supplier?
We also recommend the following good practices when designing a remote access solution for
third parties:
• ask your supplier how they prevent attackers moving laterally between their other clients
and your systems
• ensure that remote support staff use multi-factor authentication and ensure they do not
share credentials - this will help you account for individual actions in event of a breach
• provide separate isolated third party access systems for different third parties
• consider using a just-in-time administration approach, only enabling remote
administrative access in relation to a support ticket that is being actively worked
Further reading
NCSC Guidance: Assessing supply chain security9
8
https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/guidance/preventing-lateral-movement
9
https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/guidance/assessing-supply-chain-security
13. Security Architecture Anti-patterns 13
Anti-pattern 6: The un-patchable
system
When a system cannot be patched due to it needing to remain operational 24/7.
Some systems need to run 24/7. A lack of foresight by could mean a system can’t have security
patches applied without scheduling a large window of downtime. Depending on the technologies
and the complexity, it may require a window of hours (or days) to apply a patch, which could be
unpalatable length of operational downtime. As time goes by, the option to defer applying
security patches could mean you're left with huge number to apply during a maintenance window.
Applying so many patches has now become too much of a risk, so you're trapped in a vicious
circle with a system that’s virtually un-patchable.
How to identify this anti-pattern
Look for a lack of redundancy within system architectures. Systems which require all components
to be operational at all times do not lend themselves to phased upgrades, where the system could
remain operational whilst undergoing maintenance.
Anti-pattern 6: The un-patchable system
The lack of a representative development or reference system (or ability to quickly create one) can
signify a related problem. If the system owners have no confidence that the development or
reference system is similar to the production system, then this can contribute to a fear of affecting
stability by patching.
A better approach: design for easy maintenance, little and often
One of the NCSC’s design principles is to design for easy maintenance. In some systems, this
could mean ensuring you can patch a system in phases, without needing to disrupt operations.
Whist this would likely require higher infrastructure cost, some of the overall lifetime costs could
be lower when factoring in:
• fewer, shorter outages
• reduced risk of compromise (which could incur a costly incident response)
Further reading
NCSC Guidance: Vulnlerability Management10
NCSC Blog: Time to KRACK the security patches out again11
10
https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/guidance/vulnerability-management
11
https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/blog-post/time-krack-security-patches-out-again