NCERT SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL BIOLOGY CLASS 11 PART 1 SPECIALLY FOR PREPARATION OF PRE MEDICAL EXAMS LIKE NEET AIIMS AND JIPMER ALSO VERY HELPFUL FOR CBSE BOARDS

1. NCERT SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
BIOLOGY
FOR PRE MEDICAL EXAMS
BY : UTKARSH AGARWAL
FOLLOW ME AT UNACADEMY EDUCATOR ID :
UTKARSH@UNACADEMY

2. CLASS 11TH NCERT PART 1
UNIT : 1 LIVING WORLD
UNIT : 4 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

3. UNIT : 1 LIVING WORLD
Five kingdom classification : proposed by R.H.Whittaker
1. Based on complexity of organism and type of nutrition.
2. The five kingdoms are: Monera, Protista, Fungi , Plantae and Animalia.
Six kingdom classification: proposed by Carl Woese
1. who has suggested 2 separate kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria that are
included in Monera in Whittaker’s five - kingdom classification in addition to the
five kingdom classification of R.H.Whittaker.
(CHAPTER : 2 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION)

4. UNIT : 1 LIVING WORLD CONTD.
Three-domain of life (CHAPTER : 2 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION)
The three-domain system has also been proposed that divides the Kingdom Monera into
two domains, leaving the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms in the third domain and there by
a six kingdom classification. You will learn about this system in detail at higher classes.
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
a) It was proposed by Carl Woese
b) It classify organisms in three domains that are:
i. Archaea : has kingdom Archaebacteria and is originally included in Monera according
to 5 kingdom classification
ii. Bacteria : has kingdom Eubacteria and is originally included in Monera
iii. Eukarya : has all other kingdoms -Protista, Fungi , Plantae and Animalia.
c) Based on 16S rRNA sequencing.

5. UNIT : 1 LIVING WORLD CONTD.
Classification of angiosperms upto class and their characteristic features
(Chapter 3 Plant Kingdom)
The dicotyledons are characterised by seeds having two cotyledons, reticulate venations in
leaves, and tetramerous pentamerous flowers i.e. having four or five members in each floral
whorls. The monocotyledons on the other hand are characterised by single cotyledons seeds,
parallel venation in leaves, and trimerous flowers having three members in each floral whorls.
IN A TABULATED WAY:
Dicotyledons (Dicots) Monocotyledons (Monocots)
2 cotyledons Single cotyledons
Reticulate venation Parallel Venation
Tetramerous or Pentamerous flower Trimerous flower
4 to 5 members in a floral whorls 3 members in a whorls

6. UNIT 4-PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Seed Germination : (Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development)
1. The first step is the process of plant growth is seed germination. Seed germinates to from
seeding which grows into a plant.
2. EXTERNAL CHANGES OF SEED GERMINATION -
• The emergence of radical which gives rise to root system is considered the first step towards
seed germination.
• As radical emerges from one end of the embryonic axis, plumule which forms the shoot arises
from the other end.
3. INTERNAL CHANGES DURING SEED GERMINATION - The rate of respiration
increases rapidly during seed germination. The growth of radical and plumule is due to the
cell extension, cell division and initiation of several biochemical processes
The seed also needs a suitable temperature (optimum between 25ºC to 35ºC).

7. SEED
GERMINATION

8. • Some plants such as Rhizophora and Sonneratia show special type of germination
known as Vivipary.
• These plants grow in marshy lands.
• Vivipary is the germination of a seed while it is still attached to the parent plant
and is nourished by it.
• As the germinating seed forms a seedling, its weight increases and the seedling
separates and falls down into the mud.
• The lateral roots then develop to help proper anchorage of the seedling.
UNIT 4-PLANT PHYSIOLOGY CONTD.
Viviparity among plants : (Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development)

9. UNIT 4-PLANT PHYSIOLOGY CONTD.
1. Seed sometimes fails to germinate as it is in dormant stage or undergo dormancy. Since it is not
getting proper nutrients from the enviourment in order to germinate. In order to germinate the seed
has to break its dormancy.
2. After the dormancy of the seed is over or is broken, and the necessary conditions for germination are
available the dormant embryo becomes metabolically active and starts growing. And process of seed
germination continues.
3. Causes of Dormancy or Dormant seed
i. water content of seed is reduced
ii.metabolic activities of seed is reduced to a great extent.
iii.Seed coat becomes hard and impermeable to oxygen and moisture
Seed Dormancy among plants : (Chapter 15 Plant Growth and
Development)

10. 4. Types of Dormancy:
• Exogenous - Due to enviourment factors because of hard and imperable sedd coat
• Endogenous – Due to low water content and reduced metabolic activity
5.
UNIT 4-PLANT PHYSIOLOGY CONTD.
Seed Dormancy among plants : (Chapter 15 Plant Growth and
Development) CONTD.
Requirements of breaking dormancy : moisture and oxygen.
Ways of Removing Dormancy:
 Stratification: Stratification of seeds is subjecting the moist seeds to oxygen for variable
periods of low or high temperatures
 Scarification: Scarification of seed involves scratching of seed coat to help break the
dormancy caused by hard and impermeable seed coat.
6.
Quiescence: Suspension in growth during dormancy is referred as quiescence.7.