Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
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Obi1) Cortés leaves Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Tenochtitlan while he deals with an army led by Panfílo de Narváez who wanted to remove Cortés from power. 2) While Cortés is away, a large ceremony called the Feast of Toxcatl is held in Tenochtitlan, and a fight breaks out where many Mexicans are killed. 3) There are three accounts of what happened - Cortés claims the Mexicans attacked, Díaz says Alvarado struck first after being warned of a planned Mexican attack, and the Mexican account in the Florentine Codex says the Spanish unexpectedly attacked during peaceful celebrations.
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Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
1) Cortés left Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Tenochtitlan while he dealt with an army led by Panfílo de Narváez that intended to remove Cortés from command.
2) While Cortés was away, a large ceremony called the Feast of Toxcatl was taking place in Tenochtitlan, which ended in a conflict where many Mexicans were killed.
3) There are three accounts of what happened during the Feast of Toxcatl - Cortés' vague account, Díaz's account of overhearing a conversation between Cortés and Alvarado after the event, and the Mexican account in the Florentine CodeX which says
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7 myths of the spanish conquest
Cortes and other conquistadors are often portrayed as exceptional military leaders, but in reality they led small groups of only 100-200 Spanish with the help of thousands of native allies. The conquering took years and was never fully completed due to revolts. While the Spanish brought superior weapons, disease wiped out 90% of the native population, and political disunity among native empires allowed the Spanish to exploit rivalries. The documents suggests the Spanish victory was due more to these accidental factors rather than any unique military genius of the conquistadors.
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Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
1) Cortés left Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Tenochtitlan while he dealt with an army led by Panfílo de Narváez that intended to remove Cortés from command.
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Discussion Question(s)Why do you think that Native Allies and Af.docx
Discussion Question(s)
Why do you think that Native Allies and African Conquistadors were not mentioned in European accounts of the conquest? Do you think it was intentional or unintentional? Why?
Portrayals of Malintzin have been unfair to her, historically. My question is this: why do you think the stories have been so unfair to her, while Cortes and other conquistadors are either rewarded or ignored for actually carrying out the conquest?
How do your readings connect to either of these questions?
Lecture 3- Steamrolling?
"Malintzin was the indigenous woman who translated for Hernando Cortés in his dealings with the Aztec emperor Moctezuma in the days of 1519 to 1521. "Malintzin," at least, was what the Indians called her. The Spanish called her doña Marina, and she has become known to posterity as La Malinche. As Malinche, she has long been regarded as a traitor to her people, a dangerously sexy, scheming woman who gave Cortés whatever he wanted out of her own self-interest.
The life of the real woman, however, was much more complicated. She was sold into slavery as a child, and eventually given away to the Spanish as a concubine and cook. If she managed to make something more out of her life--and she did--it is difficult to say at what point she did wrong."
Actually, that is a good question: what did she do wrong? Not much, it turns out-- having been sold by her family, and again by the subsequent owners, exactly what kind of loyalty was she supposed to have? Who was it that she was supposed to not "sell out?" No one, it turns out. Historians today know that she was doing her best to stay alive, and make a life for herself, and given her situation and life experiences, it is hard to expect anything more.
For me, at least, this raises a simple question: why are people in such a hurry to blame Malintzin for the conquest, when, in fact, they should be blaming the Spanish? Why did the blame shift to her, instead of where it should have been-- on Cortes and his men? Just curious.
The Indigenous Allies:
Check out this Prezi presentation! Short and sweet! Think about it alongside your readings! (Links to an external site.)
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Spanish, Slavery, and Encomiendas (Early Colonial Period)
In U.S. History, people debate quite a lot about the plight of Native Americans. Some people believe that Native Americans were given a chance to be a part of the developing American culture, others say they were not. Still others, citing the diminishing numbers of Native Americans and the active role that the U.S. government and its white citizens took in killing and displacing Native Americans, call it genocide. In Latin America, it is a little more complicated.
The removal, displacement, and murder of Native Americans is undeniable in U.S. history, but such actions did not take place in Mexico, or other parts of Latin America, at least not on the same scale. The reason for this is that the goals of the British and the Spanish were different wh.
Aztecs and cortes
1) Hernan Cortes and his conquistadors arrived in Mexico in 1519, where they encountered the powerful Aztec Empire ruled by Emperor Montezuma II.
2) Cortes displayed his forces' power to Montezuma's emissaries, frightening them with horses, guns, and steel weapons. He then took Montezuma hostage to control the Aztecs from their capital city of Tenochtitlan.
3) Tensions rose between the Spaniards and Aztecs, culminating in a massacre of Aztec nobles by Cortes' men. Open war broke out and the outnumbered Spanish were forced to retreat from the city on the "Night of Tears," losing many
Theme 3: The Spanish Empire
1. The Spanish document discusses the history of the Spanish Empire and its conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico between 1492-1521. It describes Christopher Columbus' voyage, Hernan Cortes' expedition and conquest, and the fall of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
2. It then discusses the Spanish colonial system that was established, including the encomienda system which exploited native labor. Native culture and religion were suppressed and mestizo people of mixed Spanish-Native ancestry emerged.
3. The document concludes with biographies of native figures like Diego, a priest who preserved indigenous rituals secretly, and Tecuichpotzin, the daughter of the Aztec emperor Moct
Ning posting 4 HIST 140
The document discusses several myths surrounding the Spanish conquest of Native American peoples, including that the conquistadors were not actually well-trained soldiers, that Native Americans did not view the Spanish as gods, and that communication between the Spanish and Native Americans was more limited than traditionally portrayed. It notes that the Spanish conquest was aided by large numbers of Native American and African allies, whose roles have often been overlooked. Sources from the conquest era tend to frame events from the Spanish perspective and need to be evaluated critically to gain a more nuanced understanding of what actually occurred.
Aztec Interactive Powerpoint
The presentation summarizes the fall of the Aztec Empire, which was originally called the Mexica. It discusses how Hernan Cortes and the Spanish conquistadors were able to defeat the Aztec Empire through military advantages like guns and horses, exploiting Aztec religious beliefs that they were gods, and unwittingly spreading diseases that killed many Aztecs. Key factors in the empire's fall included human sacrifices that alienated neighbors, inability to kill Spanish invaders due to religious reasons, and a smallpox epidemic that killed approximately 25% of the Aztec population.
Theme 5 part 2
The document outlines historian Mathew Restall's arguments about the myths surrounding the Spanish conquest of America. Restall believes historical accounts have relied too heavily on the perspectives of conquistadors and failed to consider the roles of native allies and Africans. He outlines seven common myths, such as viewing the conquest as the work of a few adventurers, and argues a more nuanced understanding requires considering multiple perspectives and the complex nature of the process.
American Colonial Empires: Spain
The Spanish tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, but faced a language barrier. As Native Americans became slaves, the language barrier diminished. Buenos Aires became valuable for Spain, and as trade restrictions eased, its economy boomed. More Spanish ships were spotted off Mexico, worrying Aztecs who developed their own explanations. Central Mexico became the heart of New Spain, and two slave stories of struggle gained fame, one involving a man making a pact with the devil. A man named Cristobal had issues with the church and fled authorities after his family was involved in a murder.
Theme 3 part 12
The Spanish tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, but faced a language barrier. As Native Americans became slaves, the language barrier diminished. Buenos Aires became valuable for Spain, and as trade restrictions eased, its economy boomed. More Spanish ships were spotted off Mexico, worrying Aztecs who developed their own explanations. Central Mexico became the heart of New Spain, and two slave stories of struggle gained fame, one involving a man making a pact with the devil. A man named Cristobal had issues with the church and fled authorities after his family was involved in a murder. It was said a man named Isabel fathered 150 children, with 50 women pregnant at once. In western New Spain, a woman named Beatriz
Great Batle Of Otumba
Cortes was able to conquer the vast Aztec Empire with just 508 soldiers for several key reasons:
1) The Aztecs had an oppressive tribute system that made them unpopular with other local tribes who were willing to ally with Cortes. 2) Diseases brought by the Spanish like smallpox drastically reduced the Aztec population. 3) Cortes gained a translator, Malintzin, who helped him communicate with local tribes.
Similar to Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl (15)
Discussion Question(s)Why do you think that Native Allies and Af.docx
Discussion Question(s)Why do you think that Native Allies and Af.docx
More from Obi
Founding of Vera Cruz
Fernandez de Cordoba first landed in the area called Vera Cruz in the Yucatan and established trade with local tribes, finding gold. When they returned to Cuba and told governor Velazquez about the gold, he wanted to establish trade but not settlement. However, when a later expedition led by Bernal Diaz was attacked by a hostile tribe, Diaz decided to settle Vera Cruz for safety in trading. Hernan Cortes was elected captain and lied to Velazquez, saying he would not settle but planned to do so. Cortes then undermined Velazquez's authority by writing letters to the monarchs suggesting Velazquez be removed as governor.
The Rise of the Aztec
The Mexica people wandered central Mexico for many years before founding the city of Tenochtitlan in 1325. They established the Triple Alliance with nearby city-states in 1428 and came to dominate the region militarily and politically. By the time of the Spanish conquest led by Hernan Cortes in the 1520s, the alliance had developed into the powerful Aztec Empire based in Tenochtitlan. The empire was shaped by leaders like Tlacaelel who instituted religious and cultural reforms emphasizing human sacrifice to gods like Huitzilopochtli.
Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
1) Cortés left Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Tenochtitlan while he dealt with an army led by Panfílo de Narváez that intended to remove Cortés from command.
2) While Cortés was away, a large gathering was held in Tenochtitlan to celebrate the Feast of Toxcatl, and a fight broke out where many Mexicans were killed.
3) There are three accounts of what triggered the conflict - Cortés claims the Mexicans attacked, Díaz says Alvarado struck first after receiving a warning of a planned Mexican attack, and the Mexican account in the Florentine Codex says the Spanish unexpectedly attacked the innocent during celebrations
Surrender and Aftermath
Cortés captured the Aztec ruler Cuauhtemoc and ended the siege of Tenochtitlan. According to Spanish accounts, Cuauhtemoc surrendered peacefully and Cortés allowed him to continue ruling. However, indigenous accounts describe the Spanish looting the city, taking women and strong men as slaves, and killing remaining resistors. In the following months, Cortés continued conquering surrounding areas and interrogated Cuauhtemoc about the location of hidden gold.
Surrender
Cortés captured the Aztec ruler Cuauhtemoc and ended the siege of Tenochtitlan. According to Spanish accounts, Cuauhtemoc surrendered peacefully and Cortés allowed him to continue ruling. However, indigenous accounts describe the Spanish looting the city, taking women and strong men as slaves, and torturing captives to find gold. In the following months, Cortés continued conquering nearby provinces and interrogating Cuauhtemoc about the location of hidden gold.
Surrender and Aftermath
Cortés captured the Aztec ruler Cuauhtemoc and ended the siege of Tenochtitlan. According to Spanish accounts, Cuauhtemoc surrendered peacefully and Cortés allowed him to continue ruling. However, indigenous accounts describe the Spanish looting the city, taking women and strong men as slaves, and torturing captives to find gold. In the following months, Cortés continued conquering nearby provinces and interrogating Cuauhtemoc about the location of hidden gold.
Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
1) Cortés left Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Tenochtitlan while he dealt with an army led by Panfílo de Narváez that intended to remove Cortés from command.
2) While Cortés was away, a large gathering was held in Tenochtitlan to celebrate the Feast of Toxcatl, and a fight broke out where many Mexicans were killed.
3) There are three accounts of what triggered the conflict - Cortés claims the Mexicans attacked, Díaz says Alvarado struck first after receiving a warning of a planned Mexican attack, and the Mexican account in the Florentine Codex says the Spanish unexpectedly attacked the innocent during celebrations
Surrender and Aftermath
Cortés captured the Aztec ruler Cuauhtemoc and ended the siege of Tenochtitlan. According to Spanish accounts, Cuauhtemoc surrendered peacefully and Cortés allowed him to continue ruling. However, indigenous accounts describe the Spanish looting the city, taking women and strong men as slaves, and killing remaining resistors. In the following months, Cortés continued conquering surrounding areas and interrogated Cuauhtemoc about the location of hidden gold.
Capture of Montezuma
Cortés and his conquistadors arrived in the great city of Tenochtitlan in November 1519. As they marched across the grand causeway into the city, they drew large crowds of curious indigenous people who had never seen horses or men like the Spaniards. Montezuma awaited them tentatively and exchanged extraordinary gifts of gold, silver, feathers, and cotton garments with Cortés. However, cultural differences like Montezuma's aides preventing Cortés from embracing him showed that these two societies viewed each other very differently, which may have led to Tenochtitlan's fall. The Spaniards were welcomed partly because of Aztec prophecies of gods who would conquer them, and Montez
Spanish Conquest of Caribbean
Prior to the Spanish conquest of Mexico, Spain had established a significant presence in the Caribbean beginning with Christopher Columbus' voyages. Columbus encountered native populations on various Caribbean islands and questioned whether he could accurately communicate with them through signs due to linguistic barriers. After Columbus, the Spanish established permanent settlements like Cuba and launched further expeditions, like Hernán Cortés' conquest of Mexico from Cuba despite some opposition.
Early Voyages + Omens
The document summarizes three different perspectives on early events in Mexico before the Spanish conquest: the Native accounts of omens as bad signs, Bernal Diaz's account of early voyages as a foot soldier before joining Cortes, and Cortes's version based on his first letter back to Spain. It describes the eight omens seen by Natives, Diaz's experiences on expeditions led by Cordova and Grijalva where they encountered Natives and faced attacks, and Cortes's accounts of voyages by Velazquez, Grijalva, and himself where they made contact with Natives and received some gold.
Adam
Cortes and his forces regrouped in Tlaxcala after their defeat at Tenochtitlan. In May 1521, Cortes split his forces into three groups to besiege the city. Cortes cut off the city's food and water supply, making it easier for his forces to maneuver but faced increasing resistance from Mexica fortifications along the causeways. The arrival of Spanish brigantines provided temporary relief but the Mexica soon learned to disable the ships. By late June, Cortes' forces had captured religious and military sites in Tenochtitlan but the Mexica continued fighting desperately with dwindling resources.
More from Obi (12)
Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
- 1. Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
- 2. The Narváez distraction Cortés learns of an army led by Panfílo de Narváez with the objective to remove Cortés from command in Mexico. At the beginning of May of that year, Cortés takes a portion of his force to meet Narváez and hopefully defeat his army. He leaves a small garrison of men under Pedro de Alvarado in Tenochtitlan to hold the city and maintain power over the indigenous people. Cortés attacks Narváez' camp, taking Narváezand some of his loyal troops prisoner, while adding the bulk of Narváez' soldiers to his cause1.
- 3. The Feast of Toxcatl While Cortés is out dealing with Narváez, many priests, nobles, and warriors gathered in honor of Toxcatl and prepared for a feast and the ceremonies that would follow. Sometime during the ceremony, a fight breaks out, and many of the Mexicans are killed. Cortés then returns to Tenochtitlan and faces the repercussions of the conflict. There are three different accounts of what happened that night, each offering their own version of the truth.
- 4. Cortés’ account Cortés' story of the conflict at the Feast of Toxcatl is very brief and vague. Because he has just finished dealing with the Narváez problem, he sends a messenger to Tenochtitlan to tell Alvarado that he is returning as the victor. The messenger arrives twelve days later and tells Cortés that the Mexicans have attacked the small number of troops that Cortés left behind2. We, however, must be very wary of Cortés' account due to the audience of his accounts. Writing for the royalty of Spain, Cortés kept the things that would make him look bad to a minimum. He needed a clean record and justification for all of his actions in order to be in a better position to receive a good portion of the spoils once the conquest was over. He is stated as writing "They were in dire need and I must, for the love of God, come to their aid“3. Obviously exaggerating the importance of himself, Cortés is not one whose words we can take at face value.
- 5. Díaz’ account Díaz was with Cortés in the showdown against Narváez, but has a different account of the slaughter at the Feast of Toxcatl. Just after arriving back at Tenochtitlan, Díaz writes of a conversation between Cortés and Alvarado. Alvarado explains that the Mexicans had asked him for permission to hold a festival in honor of Toxcatl, and that Alvarado gave them the authorization to do so. Alvarado says he then got "positive information" that the Mexicans would attack and sacrifice the Spaniards after the festival was completed. In order to gain surprise and prevent the Mexicans from attacking them, Alvarado struck first. Cortés then told Alvarado that he had made a mistake, the result of which is the eventual expulsion of the Spaniards from Tenochtitlan4
- 6. Díaz’ account cont. We are allowed to believe more in Díaz' account than Cortés' because Díaz does not just pass this off. He presents his story from the perspective of overhearing the conversation between Cortés and Alvarado. Adding more credit to his side, Díaz writes his account years after the conquest when he was an old man, and stood to gain little from writing the book. Audience is much less important to him than it was for Cortés. Whether the Mexicans attacked the Spanish first or the Spanish attacked the Mexicans first does not affect him at all, so there would be less importance for him to use anything but what he thinks is the truth. What little bias we can assume would be against the Spanish government itself for failing to adequately reward the soldiers in the Conquest of Mexico. It is a small but not unimportant trifle that may have had some effect writing his account.
- 7. Mexican account Lastly, we have the Mexican account in the form of the Florentine Codex, compiled by Bernardino de Sahagún. In the Codex, it seems that the Mexicans were singing and dancing when all of a sudden the Spanish walked in dressed for war, sealed all the exits, and started cutting people down like trees5. In the Codex there is no evidence of a plot by the Mexicans to fight the Spanish, contradicting both Díaz and Cortés. The similarity between Díaz and the Florentine Codex is the report that the Spanish initiated the skirmish, which is one of the key events in this period.
- 8. Mexican account cont. The Florentine Codex tells a different story, one where the innocent are slaughtered for no reason. This may or may not be true. What we can think about, however, is the reason for the people who contributed to the Florentine Codex to think that way. Since all of those who lent their memories to the Codex were Mexican, one can guess that there would be at least a little anti-Spanish bias in their stories. Also important is the fact that the Mexicans did not "win" in the Conquest. This leads us to believe that they were harboring ill thoughts towards their conquerors, painting the Spanish as ruthless killers.
- 9. Endnotes 1 Díaz, 281-283 2 Cortés, 128 3 Cortés, 128 4 Díaz, 285-286 5 Sahagún, 296-297