Surrender and Aftermath
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ObiCortés captured the Aztec ruler Cuauhtemoc and ended the siege of Tenochtitlan. According to Spanish accounts, Cuauhtemoc surrendered peacefully and Cortés allowed him to continue ruling. However, indigenous accounts describe the Spanish looting the city, taking women and strong men as slaves, and killing remaining resistors. In the following months, Cortés continued conquering surrounding areas and interrogated Cuauhtemoc about the location of hidden gold.
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Noche Triste
The document summarizes the event known as "La Noche Triste" or "The Sad Night" during the Spanish conquest of Mexico. It describes how after Montezuma's death and riots breaking out in Tenochtitlan, Cortes and his men were forced to escape the city under cover of night along with their Tlaxcalan allies. Accounts by Bernal Diaz and the Florentine Codex describe a massacre with over 800 Spanish and Native soldiers killed. However, Cortes' letters portray it as a daring escape with no casualties. Ultimately, the sources agree on the basic sequence of events - Cortes gathered gold, they crossed a bridge and fought canoes to escape the city on July 10
On the aztecs by diaz
Motecusuma allowed Cortes and the Spanish conquistadors to climb the 114 steps to the top of the great Aztec temple in Tenochtitlan. From the summit, they were able to view the entire city and surrounding area, including the three causeways leading into the city, the aqueduct from Chapultepec that provided water, and the system of bridges and canals throughout the island city. Motecusuma also showed them two large arsenals filled with Aztec weapons such as shields, swords with sharp flint edges, long lances, bows and arrows, and armor made of quilted cotton decorated with feathers. When they arrived at the immense marketplace outside the city, Cortes
Chapter 4 Section 1 Notes
Hernan Cortes landed on the Yucatan Peninsula in 1519 with over 600 Spanish soldiers seeking riches and land for Spain. Through the Mayan people, Cortes learned of the powerful Aztec empire and its capital of Tenochtitlan. In 1519, Cortes and his troops arrived in Tenochtitlan, where the Aztec ruler Montezuma tried to appease them with gold. However, fighting broke out and the Aztecs were weakened by diseases brought by the Spanish. Cortes conquered the Aztecs in 1521, destroying Tenochtitlan and establishing Mexico City in its place. In 1531, Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the Incan Empire in South America, making it
Capture of Montezuma
Cortés and his conquistadors arrived in the great city of Tenochtitlan in November 1519. As they marched across the grand causeway into the city, they drew large crowds of curious indigenous people who had never seen horses or men like the Spaniards. Montezuma awaited them tentatively and exchanged extraordinary gifts of gold, silver, feathers, and cotton garments with Cortés. However, cultural differences like Montezuma's aides preventing Cortés from embracing him showed that these two societies viewed each other very differently, which may have led to Tenochtitlan's fall. The Spaniards were welcomed partly because of Aztec prophecies of gods who would conquer them, and Montez
Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
1) Cortés left Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Tenochtitlan while he dealt with an army led by Panfílo de Narváez that intended to remove Cortés from command.
2) While Cortés was away, a large gathering was held in Tenochtitlan to celebrate the Feast of Toxcatl, and a fight broke out where many Mexicans were killed.
3) There are three accounts of what triggered the conflict - Cortés claims the Mexicans attacked, Díaz says Alvarado struck first after receiving a warning of a planned Mexican attack, and the Mexican account in the Florentine Codex says the Spanish unexpectedly attacked the innocent during celebrations
Aztecs and cortes
1) Hernan Cortes and his conquistadors arrived in Mexico in 1519, where they encountered the powerful Aztec Empire ruled by Emperor Montezuma II.
2) Cortes displayed his forces' power to Montezuma's emissaries, frightening them with horses, guns, and steel weapons. He then took Montezuma hostage to control the Aztecs from their capital city of Tenochtitlan.
3) Tensions rose between the Spaniards and Aztecs, culminating in a massacre of Aztec nobles by Cortes' men. Open war broke out and the outnumbered Spanish were forced to retreat from the city on the "Night of Tears," losing many
Cortez
Hernan Cortes led an expedition from Cuba to Mexico in 1519, landing in present-day Veracruz. He gained alliances with native civilizations like the Tlaxcala who were enemies of the Aztecs. Cortes continued gaining allies as he traveled to Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, where emperor Moctezuma II greeted him. However, Cortes had his men massacre Aztec nobles. The Aztecs drove the Spanish out but Cortes returned with greater forces and finally retook Tenochtitlan in 1521, destroying the Aztec empire.
Ch 10 a deadly meeting
- Cortés led an expedition from Spain's Caribbean colonies to the Aztec-ruled Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, establishing a colony on the coast.
- As Cortés marched inland to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, he encountered other indigenous groups and employed a strategy of allying with them against the Aztecs.
- Emperor Moctezuma initially allowed the Spanish to enter Tenochtitlan but they soon placed him under house arrest. After clashes between the Aztecs and Spanish, the city was destroyed following an 80-day siege, replacing the Aztec empire with a Spanish colony.
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Noche Triste
The document summarizes the event known as "La Noche Triste" or "The Sad Night" during the Spanish conquest of Mexico. It describes how after Montezuma's death and riots breaking out in Tenochtitlan, Cortes and his men were forced to escape the city under cover of night along with their Tlaxcalan allies. Accounts by Bernal Diaz and the Florentine Codex describe a massacre with over 800 Spanish and Native soldiers killed. However, Cortes' letters portray it as a daring escape with no casualties. Ultimately, the sources agree on the basic sequence of events - Cortes gathered gold, they crossed a bridge and fought canoes to escape the city on July 10
On the aztecs by diaz
Motecusuma allowed Cortes and the Spanish conquistadors to climb the 114 steps to the top of the great Aztec temple in Tenochtitlan. From the summit, they were able to view the entire city and surrounding area, including the three causeways leading into the city, the aqueduct from Chapultepec that provided water, and the system of bridges and canals throughout the island city. Motecusuma also showed them two large arsenals filled with Aztec weapons such as shields, swords with sharp flint edges, long lances, bows and arrows, and armor made of quilted cotton decorated with feathers. When they arrived at the immense marketplace outside the city, Cortes
Chapter 4 Section 1 Notes
Hernan Cortes landed on the Yucatan Peninsula in 1519 with over 600 Spanish soldiers seeking riches and land for Spain. Through the Mayan people, Cortes learned of the powerful Aztec empire and its capital of Tenochtitlan. In 1519, Cortes and his troops arrived in Tenochtitlan, where the Aztec ruler Montezuma tried to appease them with gold. However, fighting broke out and the Aztecs were weakened by diseases brought by the Spanish. Cortes conquered the Aztecs in 1521, destroying Tenochtitlan and establishing Mexico City in its place. In 1531, Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the Incan Empire in South America, making it
Capture of Montezuma
Cortés and his conquistadors arrived in the great city of Tenochtitlan in November 1519. As they marched across the grand causeway into the city, they drew large crowds of curious indigenous people who had never seen horses or men like the Spaniards. Montezuma awaited them tentatively and exchanged extraordinary gifts of gold, silver, feathers, and cotton garments with Cortés. However, cultural differences like Montezuma's aides preventing Cortés from embracing him showed that these two societies viewed each other very differently, which may have led to Tenochtitlan's fall. The Spaniards were welcomed partly because of Aztec prophecies of gods who would conquer them, and Montez
Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
1) Cortés left Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Tenochtitlan while he dealt with an army led by Panfílo de Narváez that intended to remove Cortés from command.
2) While Cortés was away, a large gathering was held in Tenochtitlan to celebrate the Feast of Toxcatl, and a fight broke out where many Mexicans were killed.
3) There are three accounts of what triggered the conflict - Cortés claims the Mexicans attacked, Díaz says Alvarado struck first after receiving a warning of a planned Mexican attack, and the Mexican account in the Florentine Codex says the Spanish unexpectedly attacked the innocent during celebrations
Aztecs and cortes
1) Hernan Cortes and his conquistadors arrived in Mexico in 1519, where they encountered the powerful Aztec Empire ruled by Emperor Montezuma II.
2) Cortes displayed his forces' power to Montezuma's emissaries, frightening them with horses, guns, and steel weapons. He then took Montezuma hostage to control the Aztecs from their capital city of Tenochtitlan.
3) Tensions rose between the Spaniards and Aztecs, culminating in a massacre of Aztec nobles by Cortes' men. Open war broke out and the outnumbered Spanish were forced to retreat from the city on the "Night of Tears," losing many
Cortez
Hernan Cortes led an expedition from Cuba to Mexico in 1519, landing in present-day Veracruz. He gained alliances with native civilizations like the Tlaxcala who were enemies of the Aztecs. Cortes continued gaining allies as he traveled to Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, where emperor Moctezuma II greeted him. However, Cortes had his men massacre Aztec nobles. The Aztecs drove the Spanish out but Cortes returned with greater forces and finally retook Tenochtitlan in 1521, destroying the Aztec empire.
Ch 10 a deadly meeting
- Cortés led an expedition from Spain's Caribbean colonies to the Aztec-ruled Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, establishing a colony on the coast.
- As Cortés marched inland to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, he encountered other indigenous groups and employed a strategy of allying with them against the Aztecs.
- Emperor Moctezuma initially allowed the Spanish to enter Tenochtitlan but they soon placed him under house arrest. After clashes between the Aztecs and Spanish, the city was destroyed following an 80-day siege, replacing the Aztec empire with a Spanish colony.
Early Voyages + Omens
The document summarizes three different perspectives on early events in Mexico before the Spanish conquest: the Native accounts of omens as bad signs, Bernal Diaz's account of early voyages as a foot soldier before joining Cortes, and Cortes's version based on his first letter back to Spain. It describes the eight omens seen by Natives, Diaz's experiences on expeditions led by Cordova and Grijalva where they encountered Natives and faced attacks, and Cortes's accounts of voyages by Velazquez, Grijalva, and himself where they made contact with Natives and received some gold.
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Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire in the 1520s. As an ambitious conquistador, he defied orders from the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez, by destroying his ships and allying with weaker indigenous groups like the Tlaxcalans against the powerful Aztec Empire. Through the help of an indigenous translator named Malinche and by taking advantage of an Aztec prophecy, Cortés was able to convince the Aztec ruler Montezuma that he was the returned god Quetzalcoatl and seize control of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. Smallpox then ravaged the population, aiding the Spanish conquest. However, Cortés was later called to
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Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire in the 1520s. As an ambitious conquistador, he defied orders from the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez, by destroying his ships and allying with local tribes against the powerful Aztecs. With the help of an indigenous translator named Malinche, Cortés took advantage of an Aztec prophecy about the returning god Quetzalcoatl to gain an audience with the Aztec ruler Montezuma, who believed Cortés was the deity. A smallpox outbreak helped the Spanish defeat the Aztecs and capture the capital city of Tenochtitlan, making Cortés ruler of central Mexico. However, he later lost influence after
Spanish Explorers
The document provides a summary of key explorations and events in the Americas between 1000 AD and 1682 AD, including:
- Leif Erikson discovers North America around 1000 AD.
- Many Spanish explorers explore Central and South America in the early 1500s, including Columbus, Cortez, Pizarro, Balboa, and Coronado.
- French explorers Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain explore Canada and the Mississippi River valley in the 1500s-1600s.
- The English explorer Sir Francis Drake becomes the first to circumnavigate the globe in 1577.
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1) In 1492, Spain drove out the last Moorish king of Granada and Christopher Columbus sailed west, reaching the Americas and marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in the region.
2) Large-scale silver extraction from Mexico in the 1520s and the opening of lucrative silver mines in Mexico and Bolivia in 1546 brought great wealth to Spain.
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European explorers
Here is the timeline with the requested information:
1519 - Hernando Cortes
- Explored Mexico
- Conquer land for Spain
- Defeated the Aztec Indians and took over Tenochtitlan, found wealth
1528 - Panfilo de Narvaez
- Explored Florida coast
- Claim lands for Spain
- Shipwrecked by hurricane, many men died fighting Native Americans
- Survivors made rafts and landed in Galveston Island
1539 - Cabeza de Vaca
- Explored west Texas through desert
- Find village of adobe homes
- Remained as slave and medicine man with Karankawas for 8 years
Conquistador
Cortés set sail from Cuba with an ambitious plan to explore and conquer new lands for Spain. His fleet was scattered by bad weather, losing some ships, in an inauspicious start. As they searched for land, Cortés pondered his tenuous relationship with his patron Diego Velázquez, the governor of Cuba, who had tried to prevent the voyage despite signing a contract approving it. Cortés had staked his own wealth and incurred significant debt to fund the expedition, gambling everything on its success.
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This document discusses the history and cultural influences of indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica and what is now the Southwestern United States prior to and during the Spanish colonization. It notes that the Aztecs originated from a mythical place called Aztlan, likely located somewhere in what is now the American Southwest. It also discusses the Reconquista in Spain that established the modern nations of Spain and Portugal, and how this influenced the determination of Spanish conquistadors to defeat indigenous peoples in the Americas in pursuit of land and wealth. Finally, it provides context on the African slave trade and estimates that around 200,000 African slaves were brought to Mexico as a secondary destination from Caribbean islands.
Week 27 day 2- unit 7- fall of aztec and incas
1. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire with only 550 soldiers through surprise tactics using horses and guns, exploiting religious beliefs that he was a god, and benefiting from smallpox that killed many Aztecs.
2. Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the large Inca Empire with just 160 soldiers through deception and capturing the emperor Atahualpa, despite the Incas having a much larger army.
3. The small Spanish forces were able to take advantage of diseases, religious beliefs, and tactics to bring down the two major empires of the Aztecs and Incas in Mexico and South America.
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Howard zinn peoples history of united states
This document provides a summary of Howard Zinn's book "A People's History of the United States" which examines American history through the lens of common people rather than political and economic elites. The summary focuses on Chapter 1 which describes Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas in 1492 and the devastating impact on the native Arawak people of the Caribbean islands through violence, slavery, and exposure to disease at the hands of the Spanish conquistadors seeking gold and wealth. It details how the native population declined from hundreds of thousands to just a few hundred within several decades of first contact with Europeans.
20 - The Atlantic World
Compiled examination of the Europeans' colonization of the Americas, including the conquering of the Aztecs and Incas and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Aztec Accou.docx
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico 1
The Aztec Account of the
Conquest of Mexico
edited by Miguel León Portillo
1
OVERVIEW
The Native Americans left few written records of the arrival of the Spanish conqueror
Hernán Cortés in Tenochtitlán (today's Mexico City) in 1519. From them, however, Miguel
León Portillo, a Mexican anthropologist, constructed an eyewitness account of how Cortés
treated the Native Americans and seized Montezuma (also known as Moctezuma) before
going on to destroy the city and to take over much of what is present-day Mexico.
GUIDED READING As you read, consider the following questions:
• How did Montezuma’s messengers describe Cortés and his troops?
• How did Cortés and his troops treat the Native Americans?
he Spaniards arrived in Xoloco, near the entrance to Tenochtitlan. That
was the end of the march, for they had reached their goal.
Motecuhzoma now arrayed himself in his finery, preparing to go out to
meet them. The other great princes also adorned their persons, as did the
nobles and their chieftains and knights. They all went out together to meet the
strangers.
They brought trays heaped with the finest flowers—the flower that
resembles a shield; the flower shaped like a heart; in the center, the flower with
the sweetest aroma; and the fragrant yellow flower, the most precious of all.
They also brought garlands of flowers, and ornaments for the breast, and
necklaces of gold, necklaces hung with rich stones, necklaces fashioned in the
petatillo style.
Thus Motecuhzoma went out to meet them, there in Huitzillan. He
presented many gifts to the Captain and his commanders, those who had
come to make war. He showered gifts upon them and hung flowers around
their necks; he gave them necklaces of flowers and bands of flowers to adorn
their breasts; he set garlands of flowers upon their heads. Then he hung the
gold necklaces around their necks and gave them presents of every sort as gifts
of welcome. . . .
Report on the Spaniards
The messengers reported to the king. They told him how they had made
the journey, and what they had seen, and what food the strangers ate.
Motecuhzoma was astonished and terrified by their report, and the description
of the strangers' food astonished him above all else.
T
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico 2
He was also terrified to learn how the cannon roared, how its noise
resounded, how it caused one to faint and grow deaf. The messengers told
him: "A thing like a ball of fire comes out of its entrails: it comes out shooting
sparks and raining fire. The smoke that comes out with it has a pestilent odor,
like that of rotten mud. This odor penetrates even to the brain and causes the
greatest discomfort. If the cannon is aimed against a mountain, the mountain
splits and cracks open. If it is aimed against a tree, it shatters the tree into
splinters. This is a mo.
Founding of Vera Cruz
Fernandez de Cordoba first landed in the area called Vera Cruz in the Yucatan and established trade with local tribes, finding gold. When they returned to Cuba and told governor Velazquez about the gold, he wanted to establish trade but not settlement. However, when a later expedition led by Bernal Diaz was attacked by a hostile tribe, Diaz decided to settle Vera Cruz for safety in trading. Hernan Cortes was elected captain and lied to Velazquez, saying he would not settle but planned to do so. Cortes then undermined Velazquez's authority by writing letters to the monarchs suggesting Velazquez be removed as governor.
The Rise of the Aztec
The Mexica people wandered central Mexico for many years before founding the city of Tenochtitlan in 1325. They established the Triple Alliance with nearby city-states in 1428 and came to dominate the region militarily and politically. By the time of the Spanish conquest led by Hernan Cortes in the 1520s, the alliance had developed into the powerful Aztec Empire based in Tenochtitlan. The empire was shaped by leaders like Tlacaelel who instituted religious and cultural reforms emphasizing human sacrifice to gods like Huitzilopochtli.
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The document summarizes three different perspectives on early events in Mexico before the Spanish conquest: the Native accounts of omens as bad signs, Bernal Diaz's account of early voyages as a foot soldier before joining Cortes, and Cortes's version based on his first letter back to Spain. It describes the eight omens seen by Natives, Diaz's experiences on expeditions led by Cordova and Grijalva where they encountered Natives and faced attacks, and Cortes's accounts of voyages by Velazquez, Grijalva, and himself where they made contact with Natives and received some gold.
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The document provides a summary of key explorations and events in the Americas between 1000 AD and 1682 AD, including:
- Leif Erikson discovers North America around 1000 AD.
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Conquistadors
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers and explorers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish control following Columbus' discovery. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico with just 500 men, defeating them at their capital Tenochtitlan after a smallpox epidemic weakened them. Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the vast Inca Empire in Peru, capturing its emperor Atahualpa and looting its gold before destroying the empire. Both conquests had immense impacts, destroying native civilizations and establishing Spanish rule.
The Indies: conquest, colonization and administration
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The document provides an overview of the Spanish Empire in the Americas from the 15th to 17th centuries through several key events:
1) In 1492, Spain drove out the last Moorish king of Granada and Christopher Columbus sailed west, reaching the Americas and marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in the region.
2) Large-scale silver extraction from Mexico in the 1520s and the opening of lucrative silver mines in Mexico and Bolivia in 1546 brought great wealth to Spain.
3) Spanish conquest of the Americas was led by conquistadors who exploited rivalries between native peoples and brought foreign diseases, facilitating control over regions like the Aztec and Inca Empires.
Notes on the October 12th Christopher Columbus National Holiday in the USA
This document summarizes Christopher Columbus's contract with Spain in 1492 to sail west and explore. It discusses how Columbus unsuccessfully tried to secure funding from Portugal from 1483 to 1488. In 1492, King Ferdinand of Spain agreed to a contract giving Columbus the title of Admiral of the Ocean Seas and appointing him Viceroy and Governor of any new lands in exchange for a high portion of profits. The contract led to Columbus's first voyage west in 1492 and his landing in the Bahamas, though he was later arrested in 1500 and disputes over the contract continued until 1790.
European explorers
Here is the timeline with the requested information:
1519 - Hernando Cortes
- Explored Mexico
- Conquer land for Spain
- Defeated the Aztec Indians and took over Tenochtitlan, found wealth
1528 - Panfilo de Narvaez
- Explored Florida coast
- Claim lands for Spain
- Shipwrecked by hurricane, many men died fighting Native Americans
- Survivors made rafts and landed in Galveston Island
1539 - Cabeza de Vaca
- Explored west Texas through desert
- Find village of adobe homes
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Cortés set sail from Cuba with an ambitious plan to explore and conquer new lands for Spain. His fleet was scattered by bad weather, losing some ships, in an inauspicious start. As they searched for land, Cortés pondered his tenuous relationship with his patron Diego Velázquez, the governor of Cuba, who had tried to prevent the voyage despite signing a contract approving it. Cortés had staked his own wealth and incurred significant debt to fund the expedition, gambling everything on its success.
Ch. 1 racial foundations
This document discusses the history and cultural influences of indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica and what is now the Southwestern United States prior to and during the Spanish colonization. It notes that the Aztecs originated from a mythical place called Aztlan, likely located somewhere in what is now the American Southwest. It also discusses the Reconquista in Spain that established the modern nations of Spain and Portugal, and how this influenced the determination of Spanish conquistadors to defeat indigenous peoples in the Americas in pursuit of land and wealth. Finally, it provides context on the African slave trade and estimates that around 200,000 African slaves were brought to Mexico as a secondary destination from Caribbean islands.
Week 27 day 2- unit 7- fall of aztec and incas
1. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire with only 550 soldiers through surprise tactics using horses and guns, exploiting religious beliefs that he was a god, and benefiting from smallpox that killed many Aztecs.
2. Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the large Inca Empire with just 160 soldiers through deception and capturing the emperor Atahualpa, despite the Incas having a much larger army.
3. The small Spanish forces were able to take advantage of diseases, religious beliefs, and tactics to bring down the two major empires of the Aztecs and Incas in Mexico and South America.
A people’s history of the united states, 1492 present by
This document provides a summary of Howard Zinn's book "A People's History of the United States" which examines American history through the lens of marginalized groups. The summary focuses on Chapter 1 which describes Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas in 1492 and the devastating impact on the native Arawak people, including violence, slavery, and mass death as Europeans sought gold and territory. It discusses how Columbus exaggerated reports to secure further funding and expeditions that led to even greater cruelty toward indigenous populations as they failed to provide sufficient gold to European colonizers.
Howard zinn peoples history of united states
This document provides a summary of Howard Zinn's book "A People's History of the United States" which examines American history through the lens of common people rather than political and economic elites. The summary focuses on Chapter 1 which describes Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas in 1492 and the devastating impact on the native Arawak people of the Caribbean islands through violence, slavery, and exposure to disease at the hands of the Spanish conquistadors seeking gold and wealth. It details how the native population declined from hundreds of thousands to just a few hundred within several decades of first contact with Europeans.
20 - The Atlantic World
Compiled examination of the Europeans' colonization of the Americas, including the conquering of the Aztecs and Incas and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Aztec Accou.docx
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico 1
The Aztec Account of the
Conquest of Mexico
edited by Miguel León Portillo
1
OVERVIEW
The Native Americans left few written records of the arrival of the Spanish conqueror
Hernán Cortés in Tenochtitlán (today's Mexico City) in 1519. From them, however, Miguel
León Portillo, a Mexican anthropologist, constructed an eyewitness account of how Cortés
treated the Native Americans and seized Montezuma (also known as Moctezuma) before
going on to destroy the city and to take over much of what is present-day Mexico.
GUIDED READING As you read, consider the following questions:
• How did Montezuma’s messengers describe Cortés and his troops?
• How did Cortés and his troops treat the Native Americans?
he Spaniards arrived in Xoloco, near the entrance to Tenochtitlan. That
was the end of the march, for they had reached their goal.
Motecuhzoma now arrayed himself in his finery, preparing to go out to
meet them. The other great princes also adorned their persons, as did the
nobles and their chieftains and knights. They all went out together to meet the
strangers.
They brought trays heaped with the finest flowers—the flower that
resembles a shield; the flower shaped like a heart; in the center, the flower with
the sweetest aroma; and the fragrant yellow flower, the most precious of all.
They also brought garlands of flowers, and ornaments for the breast, and
necklaces of gold, necklaces hung with rich stones, necklaces fashioned in the
petatillo style.
Thus Motecuhzoma went out to meet them, there in Huitzillan. He
presented many gifts to the Captain and his commanders, those who had
come to make war. He showered gifts upon them and hung flowers around
their necks; he gave them necklaces of flowers and bands of flowers to adorn
their breasts; he set garlands of flowers upon their heads. Then he hung the
gold necklaces around their necks and gave them presents of every sort as gifts
of welcome. . . .
Report on the Spaniards
The messengers reported to the king. They told him how they had made
the journey, and what they had seen, and what food the strangers ate.
Motecuhzoma was astonished and terrified by their report, and the description
of the strangers' food astonished him above all else.
T
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico 2
He was also terrified to learn how the cannon roared, how its noise
resounded, how it caused one to faint and grow deaf. The messengers told
him: "A thing like a ball of fire comes out of its entrails: it comes out shooting
sparks and raining fire. The smoke that comes out with it has a pestilent odor,
like that of rotten mud. This odor penetrates even to the brain and causes the
greatest discomfort. If the cannon is aimed against a mountain, the mountain
splits and cracks open. If it is aimed against a tree, it shatters the tree into
splinters. This is a mo.
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The Indies: conquest, colonization and administration
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Notes on the October 12th Christopher Columbus National Holiday in the USA
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A people’s history of the united states, 1492 present by
A people’s history of the united states, 1492 present by
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Aztec Accou.docx
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Aztec Accou.docx
More from Obi
Founding of Vera Cruz
Fernandez de Cordoba first landed in the area called Vera Cruz in the Yucatan and established trade with local tribes, finding gold. When they returned to Cuba and told governor Velazquez about the gold, he wanted to establish trade but not settlement. However, when a later expedition led by Bernal Diaz was attacked by a hostile tribe, Diaz decided to settle Vera Cruz for safety in trading. Hernan Cortes was elected captain and lied to Velazquez, saying he would not settle but planned to do so. Cortes then undermined Velazquez's authority by writing letters to the monarchs suggesting Velazquez be removed as governor.
The Rise of the Aztec
The Mexica people wandered central Mexico for many years before founding the city of Tenochtitlan in 1325. They established the Triple Alliance with nearby city-states in 1428 and came to dominate the region militarily and politically. By the time of the Spanish conquest led by Hernan Cortes in the 1520s, the alliance had developed into the powerful Aztec Empire based in Tenochtitlan. The empire was shaped by leaders like Tlacaelel who instituted religious and cultural reforms emphasizing human sacrifice to gods like Huitzilopochtli.
Surrender
Cortés captured the Aztec ruler Cuauhtemoc and ended the siege of Tenochtitlan. According to Spanish accounts, Cuauhtemoc surrendered peacefully and Cortés allowed him to continue ruling. However, indigenous accounts describe the Spanish looting the city, taking women and strong men as slaves, and torturing captives to find gold. In the following months, Cortés continued conquering nearby provinces and interrogating Cuauhtemoc about the location of hidden gold.
Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
1) Cortés leaves Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Tenochtitlan while he deals with an army led by Panfílo de Narváez who wanted to remove Cortés from power.
2) While Cortés is away, a large ceremony called the Feast of Toxcatl is held in Tenochtitlan, and a fight breaks out where many Mexicans are killed.
3) There are three accounts of what happened - Cortés claims the Mexicans attacked, Díaz says Alvarado struck first after being warned of a planned Mexican attack, and the Mexican account in the Florentine Codex says the Spanish unexpectedly attacked during peaceful celebrations.
Surrender and Aftermath
Cortés captured the Aztec ruler Cuauhtemoc and ended the siege of Tenochtitlan. According to Spanish accounts, Cuauhtemoc surrendered peacefully and Cortés allowed him to continue ruling. However, indigenous accounts describe the Spanish looting the city, taking women and strong men as slaves, and torturing captives to find gold. In the following months, Cortés continued conquering nearby provinces and interrogating Cuauhtemoc about the location of hidden gold.
Narváez and the Feast of Toxcatl
1) Cortés left Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Tenochtitlan while he dealt with an army led by Panfílo de Narváez that intended to remove Cortés from command.
2) While Cortés was away, a large gathering was held in Tenochtitlan to celebrate the Feast of Toxcatl, and a fight broke out where many Mexicans were killed.
3) There are three accounts of what triggered the conflict - Cortés claims the Mexicans attacked, Díaz says Alvarado struck first after receiving a warning of a planned Mexican attack, and the Mexican account in the Florentine Codex says the Spanish unexpectedly attacked the innocent during celebrations
Surrender and Aftermath
Cortés captured the Aztec ruler Cuauhtemoc and ended the siege of Tenochtitlan. According to Spanish accounts, Cuauhtemoc surrendered peacefully and Cortés allowed him to continue ruling. However, indigenous accounts describe the Spanish looting the city, taking women and strong men as slaves, and killing remaining resistors. In the following months, Cortés continued conquering surrounding areas and interrogated Cuauhtemoc about the location of hidden gold.
Tlaxcala
Cortés allied with the city of Tlaxcala during his conquest of Mexico, though it was not easy. There was a brief war between the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans as Cortés tried to gain their alliance. According to Cortés, the Tlaxcalans wished to be friends and allies of Spain. Díaz's account corroborates much of Cortés' story but provides more details on internal Tlaxcalan politics and warfare tactics. There is little indigenous perspective on these events recorded.
Spanish Conquest of Caribbean
Prior to the Spanish conquest of Mexico, Spain had established a significant presence in the Caribbean beginning with Christopher Columbus' voyages. Columbus encountered native populations on various Caribbean islands and questioned whether he could accurately communicate with them through signs due to linguistic barriers. After Columbus, the Spanish established permanent settlements like Cuba and launched further expeditions, like Hernán Cortés' conquest of Mexico from Cuba despite some opposition.
Conclusion
According to Cortés and Díaz, the Mexica Empire fell because God favored the Spanish conquest and wanted the natives to become Christian. Sahagún's interviews with native people found they blamed their ruler Montezuma II, saying he acted as a religious rather than political leader and his contradictory behavior towards the conquistadors made him appear weak and isolated. Montezuma came to believe the empire's demise was inevitable and invited Cortés into Tenochtitlan, aiding the Spanish victory. While these views may not be completely accurate, they provide insight from those who witnessed the conquest firsthand.
Adam
Cortes and his forces regrouped in Tlaxcala after their defeat at Tenochtitlan. In May 1521, Cortes split his forces into three groups to besiege the city. Cortes cut off the city's food and water supply, making it easier for his forces to maneuver but faced increasing resistance from Mexica fortifications along the causeways. The arrival of Spanish brigantines provided temporary relief but the Mexica soon learned to disable the ships. By late June, Cortes' forces had captured religious and military sites in Tenochtitlan but the Mexica continued fighting desperately with dwindling resources.
Final Siege Part II
The document summarizes the last stages of the siege of Tenochtitlan from three different accounts. According to Cortés' account, the Spanish built a faulty catapult and saw starving women and children. They took a large Mexican quarter after fierce battle, killing over 12,000 Mexicans while their allies killed all prisoners. Díaz's account says the catapult failed and angered Cortés, who then used brigantines to capture the Mexican leader Cuatemoc. The native account says the catapult was meant to kill stealthily and the Spanish became fearful when they saw brave Mexica warriors.
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Surrender and Aftermath
- 1. Surrender and Aftermath August 13th, 1521 – a few months later
- 3. Spanish Account August 13th, 1521 The Lord of Mexica, Cuauhtemoc, was captured by García Holguin and brought before Hernan Cortés. Standing before Cortés, he said: “Señor Malinche, I have surley done my duty in deference of my city, and I can do no more and I come by force and a prisoner into your presence and into your power, take that dagger that you have in your belt and kill me at once with it.” 1
- 4. Spanish Account Cortés told Cuauhtemoc that he only wished all the bloodshed had not been necessary, nor the city so destroyed. He told them all that as “both had happened and it could not be mended, let his spirit and the spirit of his captains take rest, and he should rule in Mexico and over his provinces as he did before,” 2 which Cuauhtemoc accepted.
- 5. Spanish Account Díaz’s account ends, but Cortéscontinued by concluding the surrender with the following: “On the day that Guatimucin was captured and the city taken, we gather up all the spoils we could find and returned to our camp, giving thanks to Our Lord for such a favor and the much desired victory which He had granted us.” 3
- 6. Spanish Account The following months Cortés traveled to the city of Cuyocan and continued to write his letters to King Charles V. He wrote: “It came to the notice of the Lord of a very great province in Mechuacan how we had destroyed and razed it [Temixitan] to the ground.” 4
- 7. Spanish Account Shortly thereafter the Lord surrendered his land. Discovering that the Sourthern Seas could be accessed from Mechuacan, Cortés decided to go there. Once there he encountered problematic provinces, four of them were Tatactetelco, Tuxtepeque, Guatuxco and Aulicaba.
- 8. Spanish Account And so Cortés and his Spanish Conquistadors continued to quell Indian rebellion in effort to find treasure, as Cortés wrote in his letter’s: “We shall find many islands rich in gold, pearls, precious stones and spices, and many wonderful and unknown things will be disclosed to us.” 5
- 10. Indigenous Account August 13th, 1521 The Lord of Mexica, Cuauhtemoc, was captured and brought before Hernan Cortés. He did not ask Cortés to kill him.
- 11. Indigenous Account Afterwards, Cortés wrote that the Spaniards “gathered up all the spoils.” 3 The indigenous accounts elaborate more on the Conquistador’s behavior: Instead, the Spaniards “took a cannon, and took it up on the roof. Then again they killed people; many died there. But [the Mexica] just fled, and the war came to an end.” 6
- 12. Indigenous Account And [the Spaniards] took, picked out the beautiful women, with yellow bodies. “And along every stretch [of road] the Spaniards took things from people by force. They were looking for gold; they cared nothing for green-stone, precious feathers, or turquoise.
- 13. Indigenous Account And some men were picked out, those who were strong and in the prime of life. Then they burned some of them on the mouth [branded them].” 7 This was the Spanish-Indigenous relationship.
- 14. Indigenous Account The following days Hernan Cortés decided to ask Cuauhtemoc and his captians about the gold they had scattered in the canal. He asked them, “Where is the gold that was kept in Mexico?” ⁸
- 15. Indigenous Account After receiving no sufficient answers, Cortés told them that “you are to produce two hundred pieces of gold of this size,” ⁹ and Marina, the translator, indicated the size with her hands.
- 16. The End Thank you for reading
- 17. Notes Díaz, 453. Díaz, 454. Cortés, 265. Cortés, 266. Cortés, 267. Sahagún, 306. Sahagún, 307. Sahagún, 308. Sahagún, 309.