This document summarizes research on how nanoparticles can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside cells. It discusses several mechanisms by which nanoparticles may produce ROS, including Fenton chemistry reactions, release of toxic ions, and interaction with mitochondria. The author argues that while evidence suggests nanoparticles do produce ROS, the exact mechanisms are still being explored. ROS production can damage cells and lead to oxidative stress. Characterizing ROS damage may help understand cellular response to nanoparticles.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Biosorption Tool for enviromental cleaning by microorganismsIke Nwiyi
Biosorption is one of the main components of environmental and bioresource technology. Microbes have been widely used in the process of environmental clean-up and are known as bioremediators
A report for my Environmental Management for Food Industries Class
This discussed the significance of trace and heavy metals present in wastewater and also the methods that can be used to lessen and remove them.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Biosorption Tool for enviromental cleaning by microorganismsIke Nwiyi
Biosorption is one of the main components of environmental and bioresource technology. Microbes have been widely used in the process of environmental clean-up and are known as bioremediators
A report for my Environmental Management for Food Industries Class
This discussed the significance of trace and heavy metals present in wastewater and also the methods that can be used to lessen and remove them.
nitrogen is the most abundant atmospheric gas,yet is a limiting factor. this presentation is a bird's eye view, of nitrogen cycle, its fixation, uptake and assimilation in plants
MOFs are ideal candidates as gas-sensing materials and have been widely used to detect oxygen, water vapor, toxic and hazardous gases, special air pollutants, and VOCs.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
KINETIC STUDY OF CHROMIUM (III) – PVP COMPLEX BY USING RADIO-TRACER TECHNIQUEcscpconf
Complexes of metal ions with organic ligands play an important role in many fields of our life.These metal complexes are widely used in medical diagnosis and therapeutic analysis. These
complexes are very familiar with radioisotopes exerting precise chemical and physical properties. Generally, chromium is considered as toxic and essential element depending on its
oxidation state in the biological system. Here the dynamic dissociation constants of the complex of Chromium (III) with excellent biocompatible polymer PVP (poly-N-vinylpyrolidone) have been determined. The dissociation constants will give us the idea about the stability of the said complexes. As PVP is a good ligand with different metals within a wide range of pH. Ingestion techniques of radioisotopes to the biological systems may be nicely polished with the knowledge of this kinetic study with chromium. Green methods have been carried out during the whole period of the experiments to maintain the environmental friendly aspects.
nitrogen is the most abundant atmospheric gas,yet is a limiting factor. this presentation is a bird's eye view, of nitrogen cycle, its fixation, uptake and assimilation in plants
MOFs are ideal candidates as gas-sensing materials and have been widely used to detect oxygen, water vapor, toxic and hazardous gases, special air pollutants, and VOCs.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
KINETIC STUDY OF CHROMIUM (III) – PVP COMPLEX BY USING RADIO-TRACER TECHNIQUEcscpconf
Complexes of metal ions with organic ligands play an important role in many fields of our life.These metal complexes are widely used in medical diagnosis and therapeutic analysis. These
complexes are very familiar with radioisotopes exerting precise chemical and physical properties. Generally, chromium is considered as toxic and essential element depending on its
oxidation state in the biological system. Here the dynamic dissociation constants of the complex of Chromium (III) with excellent biocompatible polymer PVP (poly-N-vinylpyrolidone) have been determined. The dissociation constants will give us the idea about the stability of the said complexes. As PVP is a good ligand with different metals within a wide range of pH. Ingestion techniques of radioisotopes to the biological systems may be nicely polished with the knowledge of this kinetic study with chromium. Green methods have been carried out during the whole period of the experiments to maintain the environmental friendly aspects.
Presentación para la X jornada monetaria del Ministro de Economía y Finanzas Públicas Luis Arce Catacora, “Las políticas económicas bolivianas de respuesta al nuevo contexto internacional”
Contribution of RMG sector in National Economy Of BangladeshBless Godino
This slide represents "Contribution of RMG sector in National Economy Of Bangladesh". Slide were made with the help of secondary data which was already available in the internet. you are free to use this slide. for feedback you can send me mail in - bassistbless@gmail.com
Thank you !
What's a winning growth strategy? There's no specific answer to this. But knowing how to hire the best talent in the industry, reduce ramp time, and set up processes that improve sales productivity can take you a long way in achieving your revenue targets.
A free radical is a molecule or molecular fragment that contains one or more unpaired electrons in its outermost orbital.
Free radical is generally represented by superscript dot.
Enginneered nanoparticles and microbial activity- Dinesh et al (2012)Raghavan Dinesh
This presentation is based on our review paper ‘Engineered nanoparticles in the soil and their potential implications to microbial activity’, Geoderma, 2012, 173-174, 19-27 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.12.018)
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
radiation biology / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Nanoparticles and production of reactive oxygen species
1. Name: Adwait Suratkar; UID: 1213672
Department of Earth, Environmental Science and Geography
University of Birmingham
Nanoparticles and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS): for how long can we deny
this truth?
“Oxygen: In one form its gives life... in another it takes” – Adwait P.Suratkar
Section. 1 Abstract:
Nanotechnology has certainly been one of the most promising fields of research and development. If you
look at it from one angle, nanotechnology has myriads of applications, ranging from health care and
cosmetic products, medical diagnostics; as coating on surfaces; nanoparticles being used in ceramics and
paints which are also a major part of textile industry; they are also being used as anti-microbial agents.
The dark side of nanotechnology is its toxic effects not only on humans, but on other organisms living in
the environment. In this article we will look at how these nanoparticles end up in cells and how they play
a critical role in formation of reactive oxygen species, which eventually decide the fate of the cell.
Oxygen the destroyer:
Oxygen is biologically one of the most important molecule, but also a molecule that is capable of creating
havoc inside a cell in its nascent state or reactive state. Molecular oxygen has two unpaired electrons in its
outer most shell, with same spin in same direction; when these electrons are excited by a reacting species,
they can produce a molecule called singlet oxygen (1
O2) which is a powerful oxidant (Klaus Apel 2004)
that is capable of breaking strong chemical bonds. This reaction usually occurs in the presence of ultra-
violet (UV) light, and can also be initiated in the presence of ionizing radiation. Collectively the many
different forms of this reactive oxygen are called as reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this section we will
be looking at the different forms of reactive oxygen that is produced and released inside a cell.
But before that it is important to understand why reactive oxygen species is produced inside a cell or a
body, there are two important reasons for this:
2. Name: Adwait Suratkar; UID: 1213672
Department of Earth, Environmental Science and Geography
University of Birmingham
Two combat with invading micro-organisms, pathogens and viruses. In human body, macrophages and
other lymphocytes are known to use ROS as a mechanism to destroy pathogens.
Reactive oxygen species is also produced during the terminal stages of electron transport chain and
oxidative phosphorylation.
Reactive oxygen species are also encountered at the cell membrane (in the form of an incoming signal).
There are also external factors because of which ROS is produced. This article will enlighten you about
the possible ROS production by nanoparticles.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS): This is a highly reactive species of molecular oxygen produced by the
cell during the metabolism of oxygen. They come in various forms (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide,
singlet oxygen, Hypochlorous acid); Hydroxyl radicals (OH-
and OH+
) are the most reactive form of
oxygen in the biological system, they have a very short half life but can cause serious damage to
biological material, they are produced as a result of Fenton reaction. Superoxide anion (O2-
) is a
negatively charged but highly destructive species of oxygen when it reduced by electrons, production of
this species occurs at the Complex I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of mitochondria (Turrens, J. F.
2003) Hydrogen peroxide is a by product of superoxide reduction. Hydrogen peroxide is the last of the
ROS; on further reduction water molecules are produced.
What happens to all the ROS produced? Every cell has enzymes and antioxidants present in it to
combat and maintain a balance (in terms of concentration) of the reactive oxygen species. Some of the
antioxidant enzyme include; i. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), ii. Catalase; (ii) Glutathione peroxidase
(GPx); (iii) Cu-Zn Dismutase; there are also certain antioxidant that scavenge on the ROS; they include,
(i) Vitamin C; (ii) Vitamin E; (iii) melatonin, etc. The ROS produced in the cells oxidizes mainly the
genetic material, causes lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress; overall a lot of cell damage.
3. Name: Adwait Suratkar; UID: 1213672
Department of Earth, Environmental Science and Geography
University of Birmingham
Nanoparticles: These tiny particle are have amazing applications and but some of them are relatively
new to science and very little is known about its supramolecular chemistry. According to the Scientific
Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) and the Joint Research Centre
(JRC), a nanoparticle is defined as "a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in
an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50% or more of the particles in
the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm – 100 nm."
Nature of nanoparticle plays a critical role:
Nanoparticles come in various shapes (triangles, rods, cones, wires), sizes and can be synthesized from
various elements. Usually the properties of nanoparticles are tailored to suit the application. There are
also intrinsic properties of nanoparticles (novel to a particular class of nanoparticles); they play a critical
role while evaluating the toxicity and the behavior of nanoparticles a point of bio-contact (Andre Nel
2009). Semiconductor nanoparticles (Quantum dots) are highly toxic especially cadmium nanoparticles
(Jasmina Lovri 2005), as they are soluble in nature and release toxic ions that can be produce reactive
oxygen species. The size, shape and the capping agent and the coating on the surface of the nanoparticle
(polymer coating, or a biocompatible coating) play a critical role. Semiconductor nanoparticles produce
ROS by the production of electron hole pairs that are highly reactive in nature, thereby oxidizing or
reducing biomolecules (proteins, enzymes) to produce ROS. Also it is important to note if the
nanoparticle is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature, certain nanocrystals do not have any coating at there
surface, this can make them highly toxic, Rutile and anatase (TiO2)13
nanoparticles are a good example
for this, even uncapped silver nanoparticles (1-10nm) that expose the <111> crystal face are possible
ROS generators (mélanie auffan 2009). Carbon nanotubes7
are a class of carbon nanoparticles that are
toxic because they are insoluble in nature. They get accumulated in the body (especially lungs), they are
4. Name: Adwait Suratkar; UID: 1213672
Department of Earth, Environmental Science and Geography
University of Birmingham
not engulfed by the phagocytes (indirect mechanism of ROS production) because of their size and ―tube‖
like shape.
Generation of reactive oxygen species by nanoparticles
Fenton chemistry: This occurs in case of very fine iron nanoparticles1
(due to a very large surface area).
The already formed hydrogen peroxide inside the cell is converted into hydroxyl radical (OH-
) and (OH+
),
these are as mentioned earlier the most reactive intermediates of ROS. This would further lead to
oxidative stress and cell damage. There need a further investigation though if this effect is enhanced by
the ―nano‖ of iron particles, (more ions are released in a ―nano‖ then in the bulk.). This phenomenon is
also shown by TiO2 nanoparticles (Auffam 2009) (rutile and anatase), but the difference in the case of
TiO2 nanoparticles is that they require UV excitation or absorption of light.
Figure 1: Reference:
Mélanie Auffan, Nature
nanotechnology Vol 4
October 2009 The figure
explains the relation of
size and the novel
―nano‖ properties
associated with it. There
are also many reactions
occurring at the surface
of a nanoparticle, ROS
production being one of
them.
5. Name: Adwait Suratkar; UID: 1213672
Department of Earth, Environmental Science and Geography
University of Birmingham
Release of toxic ions can produce ROS: ZnO2 (Anat Lipovsky 2011); chromium (S. J. Stohs 1995) and
AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) release toxic ions. This release occurs by reduction or oxidation of
nanoparticles inside the body or a cell in individual.
Interaction with Mitochondria: The structure, shape and dimensions of mitochondria play a critical in
nanoparticle interaction, accumulation and generation of ROS. Referring to figure 2 it is important to note
that any nanoparticles with diameter < 14 nm will easily cross the outer membrane of mitochondria and
accumulate in the mitochondria. But nanoparticles within the diameter range of 16 to 30 nm will puncture
into the mitochondria and can block important pathways like oxidative phosphorylation, electron
transport chain and lipid metabolism (due to their large size in comparison to the dimensions of
mitochondria), this can stress the mitochondria, disrupt mitochondrial function, a collective effect is
oxidative damage, and production and accumulation of ROS. Certain mitochondria have a high
percentage of cristae (liver mitochondria);
Figure 2: Terrence G. Frey, Carmen A. Mannella; Elsevier Science TIBS 25 – JULY 2000, PII:
S0968-0004(00)01609-1. This is a 3D tomogram of mitochondria, showing the dimensions of the
organelle, a delicate organelle like mitochondria is an easy target of nanoparticles. Also seen in this figure
is Endoplasmic reticulum ( ), responsible for lipid shuttling from & to mitochondria.
6. Name: Adwait Suratkar; UID: 1213672
Department of Earth, Environmental Science and Geography
University of Birmingham
Certain mitochondria have a high percentage of cristae (liver mitochondria); Nanoparticles interact with
mitochondria by either disrupting the mitochondrial membrane potential, or accumulation in the
mitochondria. This is another possible route to production of peroxide species. There is evidence in the
literature about the presence of gold (Pan Y 2009; Liming Wang 2011), silver (Martin Kruszewski
Chapter 5 Advances in Molecular toxicology Vol.5 2011) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles in mitochondria
and production of ROS.
Characterizing ROS damage: The damage caused by nanoparticles can be assessed trough following
ways:
MTT essay to assess the mitochondrial damage caused by the nanoparticles and ROS.
Signs of apoptosis and inflammation can be checked using LDH assay.
Also using transcriptomic and genomic methods can be adapted to analyze the cellular response to
incoming nanoparticles, and post ROS response.
Electron Microscopy to visually analyze the damage (swelling of organelles or cell(s))
Conclusion: There is overwhelming evidence that nanoparticles indeed produce (directly or indirectly)
reactive oxygen species. These are early days, and we are still in dark waters until we understand and
confirm the mechanism of ROS production by nanoparticles.
7. Name: Adwait Suratkar; UID: 1213672
Department of Earth, Environmental Science and Geography
University of Birmingham
References:
Iron oxide nanoparticles induce human microvascular endothelial cell permeability through reactive
oxygen species production and microtubule remodeling. Patrick L Apopa, Yong Qian, Rong Shao, Nancy
L Guo, Diane Schwegler-Berry, Maricica Pacurari, Dale Porter, Xianglin Shi, Val Vallyathan, Vincent
Castranova and Daniel C Flynn. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2009, 6:1
Selective Targeting of Gold Nanorods at the Mitochondria of Cancer Cells: Implications for Cancer
Therapy Liming Wang, Ying Liu, Wei Li, Xiumei Jiang, Yinglu Ji, Xiaochun Wu, Ligeng Xu, Yang Qiu,
Kai Zhao, Taotao Wei Yufeng Li, Yuliang Zhao, and Chunying Chen. pubs.acs.org/NanoLett. Nano Lett.
2011, 11, 772–780
Antifungal activity of ZnO nanoparticles—the role of ROS mediated cell injury. Anat Lipovsky,
Yeshayahu Nitzan, Aharon Gedanken and Rachel Lubart. Anat Lipovsky et al 2011 Nanotechnology 22
105101
Gold Nanoparticles of Diameter 1.4nm Trigger Necrosis by Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage.
Pan, Y., Leifert, A., Ruau, D., Neuss, S., Bornemann, J., Schmid, G., Brandau, W., Simon, U. and
Jahnen-Dechent, W. (2009), Small, 5: 2067–2076. doi: 10.1002/smll.200900466.
Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species. The Journal of Physiology, 552: 335–344. doi:
10.1111/j.1469-7793.2003.00335.x. Turrens, J. F. (2003)
Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Signal Transduction. Klaus Apel and
Heribert Hirt. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2004. 55:373–99 doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701
Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles. Nastassja Lewinski, Vicki Colvin, and Rebekah Drezek. small
2008, 4, No. 1, 26 – 49.
Effects of Surface Chemistry on Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and the Generation of Reactive Oxygen
Species Induced by ZnO Nanoparticle. Hong Yin, Philip S. Casey, Maxine J. McCall, and Michael
Fenech Langmuir 2010 26 (19), 15399-15408
Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Are Highly Toxic: A Comparison between Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and
Carbon Nanotubes Hanna L. Karlsson, Pontus Cronholm, Johanna Gustafsson, and Lennart Moller
Chemical Research in Toxicology 2008 21 (9), 1726-1732
The internal structure of mitochondria. Terrence G. Frey and Carmen A. Mannella. TIBS 25th
July
2000
8. Name: Adwait Suratkar; UID: 1213672
Department of Earth, Environmental Science and Geography
University of Birmingham
Unmodified Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots Induce Reactive Oxygen Species Formation Leading to
Multiple Organelle Damage and Cell Death. Jasmina Lovri, Sung Ju Cho,Franc¸oise M. Winnik, and
Dusica MaysingerChemistry & Biology, Vol. 12, 1227–1234, November, 2005,
Oxidative mechanisms in toxicity of Metal ions. S. J. Stohs and D. Bagchi. Free Radical Biology &
Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 321-336, 1995.
Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective
mélanie auffan, Jérôme rose, Jean-yves bottero, gregory V. lowry, Jean-Pierre Jolivet, and mark r.
Wiesner. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2009.242 Nature nanotechnology, Vol. 4 October 2009
Oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cultured BEAS-2B cells Eun-
Jung Parka, Jongheop Yib, Kyu-Hyuck Chungc, Doug-Young Ryud, Jinhee Choie, Kwangsik Parka.
Toxicology Letters 180 (2008) 222–229
Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano–bio interface Andre e. nel1, lutz mädler,
darrell Velego, tian Xia1, eric m. V. hoek, Ponisseril somasundaran, Fred Klaessig, Vince Castranova and
mike Thompson. doi: 10.1038/nmat2442, Nature materials Review article Vol 8 july 2009.