A scientific theory develops through a multi-step process that begins with an observation, followed by the formulation of a hypothesis to explain the observation, experiments to test the hypothesis, and finally conclusions drawn from experimental results that either support or revise the original hypothesis. The goal is to develop a well-confirmed explanation for a large body of facts that can then inspire further research. Key aspects of the scientific method include making observations that can be replicated by others, minimizing bias in experimental design, and subjecting hypotheses to peer review through additional testing and analysis by other scientists.
COMPLETE GUIDE ON HOW TO DEBATE ABOUT ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATIONLauren Bradshaw
How to get ready for a debate about animal experimentation? Which facts should you choose? Find answers to all your questions in this full guide by CustomWritings.com.
COMPLETE GUIDE ON HOW TO DEBATE ABOUT ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATIONLauren Bradshaw
How to get ready for a debate about animal experimentation? Which facts should you choose? Find answers to all your questions in this full guide by CustomWritings.com.
References on Reproducibility Crisis in Science by D.V.M. BishopDorothy Bishop
References to accompany talk delivered at Rhodes House, Oxford on 3rd May 2016.
For slides see: http://www.slideshare.net/deevybishop/what-is-the-reproducibility-crisis-in-science-and-what-can-we-do-about-it
Science v Pseudoscience: What’s the Difference? - Kevin KorbAdam Ford
Science has a certain common core, especially a reliance on empirical methods of assessing hypotheses. Pseudosciences have little in common but their negation: they are not science.
They reject meaningful empirical assessment in some way or another. Popper proposed a clear demarcation criterion for Science v Rubbish: Falsifiability. However, his criterion has not stood the test of time. There are no definitive arguments against any pseudoscience, any more than against extreme skepticism in general, but there are clear indicators of phoniness.
Post: http://www.scifuture.org/science-vs-pseudoscience
The process in the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypotheses), deriving predictions from them as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions
Scientific method vs. hollow earth theoryMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
What is science? Science, pseudoscience, non-scienceDennis Miller
Science plays a fundamental role in modern society. But what exactly is science? In philosophy this question is known as the demarcation problem (Popper, Kuhn, Laudan and others).
References on Reproducibility Crisis in Science by D.V.M. BishopDorothy Bishop
References to accompany talk delivered at Rhodes House, Oxford on 3rd May 2016.
For slides see: http://www.slideshare.net/deevybishop/what-is-the-reproducibility-crisis-in-science-and-what-can-we-do-about-it
Science v Pseudoscience: What’s the Difference? - Kevin KorbAdam Ford
Science has a certain common core, especially a reliance on empirical methods of assessing hypotheses. Pseudosciences have little in common but their negation: they are not science.
They reject meaningful empirical assessment in some way or another. Popper proposed a clear demarcation criterion for Science v Rubbish: Falsifiability. However, his criterion has not stood the test of time. There are no definitive arguments against any pseudoscience, any more than against extreme skepticism in general, but there are clear indicators of phoniness.
Post: http://www.scifuture.org/science-vs-pseudoscience
The process in the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypotheses), deriving predictions from them as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions
Scientific method vs. hollow earth theoryMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
What is science? Science, pseudoscience, non-scienceDennis Miller
Science plays a fundamental role in modern society. But what exactly is science? In philosophy this question is known as the demarcation problem (Popper, Kuhn, Laudan and others).
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Text file from my presentation with the same title. For 6th/10graders.
Comments and corrections are welcome (English is not my first language). Thank you!
1. TEN MYTHS OF SCIENCE REEXAMINING WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW...W. .docxambersalomon88660
1. TEN MYTHS OF SCIENCE: REEXAMINING WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW...
W. McComas 1996
This article addresses and attempts to refute several of the most widespread and enduring misconceptions held by students regarding the enterprise of science. The ten myths discussed include the common notions that theories become laws, that hypotheses are best characterized as educated guesses, and that there is a commonly-applied scientific method. In addition, the article includes discussion of other incorrect ideas such as the view that evidence leads to sure knowledge, that science and its methods provide absolute proof, and that science is not a creative endeavor. Finally, the myths that scientists are objective, that experiments are the sole route to scientific knowledge and that scientific conclusions are continually reviewed conclude this presentation. The paper ends with a plea that instruction in and opportunities to experience the nature of science are vital in preservice and inservice teacher education programs to help unseat the myths of science.
Myths are typically defined as traditional views, fables, legends or stories. As such, myths can be entertaining and even educational since they help people make sense of the world. In fact, the explanatory role of myths most likely accounts for their development, spread and persistence. However, when fact and fiction blur, myths lose their entertainment value and serve only to block full understanding. Such is the case with the myths of science.
Scholar Joseph Campbell (1968) has proposed that the similarity among many folk myths worldwide is due to a subconscious link between all peoples, but no such link can explain the myths of science. Misconceptions about science are most likely due to the lack of philosophy of science content in teacher education programs, the failure of such programs to provide and require authentic science experiences for preservice teachers and the generally shallow treatment of the nature of science in the precollege textbooks to which teachers might turn for guidance.
As Steven Jay Gould points out in The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone (1988), science textbook writers are among the most egregious purveyors of myth and inaccuracy. The fox terrier mentioned in the title refers to the classic comparison used to express the size of the dawn horse, the tiny precursor to the modem horse. This comparison is unfortunate for two reasons. Not only was this horse ancestor much bigger than a fox terrier, but the fox terrier breed of dog is virtually unknown to American students. The major criticism leveled by Gould is that once this comparison took hold, no one bothered to check its validity or utility. Through time, one author after another simply repeated the inept comparison and continued a tradition that has made many science texts virtual clones of each other on this and countless other points.
In an attempt to provide a more realistic view of science and point out issues o.
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1. A scientific theory is what some might say is the nucleus of science.
It can be defined as a “A well confirmed hypothesis that explains a
large body of facts and which has inspired a large body of research”.
The process that an observation turns into a scientific theory is a long
and thorough one. There are four main steps and it starts off with an
observation.
2. Have you ever observed something you thought was
strange? Agatha Chrsitie famously said “Everything must be
taken into account. If the fact will not fit the theory, let
the theory go”.
Darwin’s theory of evolution was inspired by the
observations he made on the Beagle Voyage about the
similarity of Galapagos wildlife to that on the South
American continent.
A scientific observation has to be observable by another
human and have similar results. This is because human’s
senses such as sight are subjective and unique to everyone.
Anyone could make an error when looking at things like an
optical illusion. This is part of the reason why scientific
instruments such as cameras were developed.
3. The next step in developing a scientific theory is Hypothesizing.
Oxford dictionary defines a hypothesis as “A supposition or proposed
explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting
point for further investigation.”
Charles Darwin’s hypothesis was "Species originated by means of
natural selection, or through the preservation of the favoured races
in the struggle for life."
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is generally accepted as a
basis for further research with the hope that eventually an
acknowledged science theory will be produced.
4. The purpose of testing a hypotheses is to determine
whether observations of the real will agree with or conflict with the
predictions derived from an hypothesis. But agreement does not
mean the hypothesis is 100% true, just provides further evidence.
George Mendel tested Darwin's hypothesis through plant breeding
experiments between 1856 and 1863, he discovered that there is a
recombination of parental traits in offspring. Sadly, Darwin and
most other 19th century biologists never knew of Mendel and his
research.
Experiments should be designed to minimize possible errors,
especially through the use of appropriate scientific controls. For
example, Mendels tests were essentially double-blind tests as plants
aren’t biased. Other scientists need to also test and analyse for no
bias (Peer review). Other kinds of test include random and blind.
5. The last stage is creating a conclusion. Conclusions can be drawn
when all the of the previous stages have been fully completed.
“Based on the conclusions drawn from the data, the researcher will
then find more evidence to support their hypothesis, look for
counter-evidence to further strengthen their hypothesis, revise
their hypothesis and create a new experiment, or continue to
incorporate the information gathered to answer the research
question”.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d80Lf76Ht18