https://resourcegovernance.org/our-work/country/myanmar
http://resourcegovernanceindex.org/about/global-report
http://resourcegovernanceindex.org/country-profiles/MMR/mining
2017 Resource Governance Index
Measuring the quality of governance in the oil, gas and mining sectors of 81 countries
Myanmar
NRGI PRIORITY COUNTRYASIA-PACIFIC
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
22 MAY 2017
Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar's Natural Resource Revenues
15 FEBRUARY 2016
Country Strategy Note: Myanmar
17 JUNE 2016
Open Society Initiative for East Africa is opening the debate on minerals in Karamoja and calling for government to respect the land rights of the natives
Mining reform: What the government got rightâŚ
Bolstering the ongoing mining reforms
Indiaâs mining reforms juggernaut continues despite concerns
Did Ministry of Mines Disregard Critical Suggestions
on Mining Reforms?
One way to make Bharat, Atmanirbhar is be self reliant in
mineral resource by making Industry friendly policy---FIMI
Saltpetre & saline groundwater of Nagaur- Ganganagar area (Rajasthan) -New possible targets for potash salts and other evaporites - V.P. Laul
Role of private explorers in mineral exploration
to make India truly atmanirbhar â by Uday Pratap Singh
Govt plan to take over mine auctions faces
opposition from a few states
Coal India not to give a push to labour intensive
new mines: Chairman
Long-term impact of Budget on Metals & Mining sector â
A review of last two decades
'Discriminatory': Goa in Supreme Court on mining
leases renewal cancellation
Non-coal mining leases: Pace of auction slows in 2020-21
Workshop on âEnhancing Exploration through NMETâ organised
Mountain With 60-90% Gold Soil Discovered In Congo, Villagers Flock With Shovels
The report outlines China's governing bodies, governing laws, mining licenses and ownership, mining rights and obligations, key fiscal terms which includes mining fee, royalty, resource tax, urban and township tax, land appreciation tax, enterprise resource tax, vehicle and vessel usage tax, depreciation, deductions, loss carry forward, capital gains tax, withholding tax, VAT, business tax, tax incentives and stamp tax.
State of Mining in Africa Striking a Balance 2 Mining developments, whether greenfield or brownfield, are not easy and require discerning investors and mining executives to overcome unique barriers that prevent the above five key factors from becoming a constant within the mining project or operation. Looking at the current mining investment, development and production environment in Africa against these factors, Deloitteâs research shows two main factors continue to have lingering barriers which lead the less agile and adventurous investors away from the continent.
These are governance and infrastructure. We believe what is driving this is governments of resource rich countries across the continent are seeking to strike the balance of delivering the value of the mineral back to its people, while at the same time, create an operating environment that is attractive to investors and thus setting the country up for further growth. Getting policy set right in a dynamic political and economic environment where commodity prices are on the move is proving to be a tricky balancing act. Drawing from last yearâs research, the Deloitte global Tracking the Trends in Mining 2013 notes that âmining companies understand the need to meet local government and community requirements when operating mine sites. Those requirements, however, have escalated considerably in recent years. Today corporate social responsibility extends well beyond meeting the minimum legal requirements associated with conducting an environmental impact assessment.
It involves understanding shifting community and government expectation, addressing the demands of NGOs and relevant stakeholder groups, and committing to a higher level of transparency and operational sustainabilityâ. This is acutely evident in Africa for example where Zambiaâs current government has begun to introduce measures which are meant to transparently deliver more to Zambia and Zambians. The question is - how could this impact existing agreements with mining companies in Zambia in terms of the economic viability of any particular project or operation.
Economic Opportunities and Challenges in Rakhine StateEthical Sector
Â
Members of the Rakhine Advisory Commission invited MCRB and other non-governmental and civil society organisations to brief them on economic opportunities and challenges in Rakhine State on 16 January prior to their visit to Kyaukphyu.
Policy Vision Vis-a-Vis Legislation By : MANTU BISWAS CCM (Retd) IBM (page 2)
ď¨ First-step analysis: Mining in India : Trilegal - Karthy Nair and Neeraj Menon (page 4)
ď¨ All about commercial mining and how it changes the coal production game in India : Remya Nair (page 13)
ď¨ Why Gold, and Why Now : Jan Nieuwenhuijs (page 14)
ď¨ Odisha Mining Auction 2020 vis-Ă -vis Employment: A boon or curse?! : Subranshu Bhushan Das (page 16)
ď¨ Glauconite : Existing resource in India Uses â Exploitation Conclusions & Recommendations : Dr Vivek Laul (page 17)
ď¨ Unshackling Indiaâs mining industry - Indian ministries want to limit public consultations that are necessary before approving projects (page 18)
ď¨ Tenders for nine iron ore and manganese blocks in Odisha likely in July (page 19)
ď¨ Two states, unused iron ore, a growing human crisis : Shantanu Guha Ray (page 19)
Revenue Watch Institute - Seminar on Extractive Industry Governance at the Local Level: Challenge and Opportunities; Jakarta, May 22-23, 2012
John Strongman & Ambarsari DC
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) AAPP report in Burmese The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), also known as AAPP,
is a non-profit human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand. AAPP was founded in 2000
by former political prisoners living in exile on the Thai/Burma border.
Since then, the organization has been run by former political prisoners,
with two offices being opened inside Burma in 2012, one in Rangoon and the other in Mandalay.
AAPP advocates and lobbies for the release of remaining political prisoners and
for the improvement of the lives of political prisoners after their release.
The various assistance programs for political prisoners and their family members
are aimed at ensuring they have access to education, vocational trainings, mental
health counseling and healthcare.
Identity crisis ethnicity and conflict in myanmar crisis groupMYO AUNG Myanmar
Â
REPORT 312 / ASIA 28 AUGUST 2020
Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar
Ethnicity and conflict are tightly linked in Myanmar, as communal groups take up arms to press grievances for which they have found no other recourse. The problem calls for dialogue and deep reform, but meanwhile authorities can take smaller steps to indicate their positive intent.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/312-identity-crisis-ethnicity-and-conflict-myanmar?utm_source=Sign+Up+to+Crisis+Group%27s+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=1732944c02-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_01_28_08_41_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1dab8c11ea-1732944c02-359431769
Asia Foundation. Note that the data are from 2016, so this map does not represent the current situation on
More Related Content
Similar to Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
Open Society Initiative for East Africa is opening the debate on minerals in Karamoja and calling for government to respect the land rights of the natives
Mining reform: What the government got rightâŚ
Bolstering the ongoing mining reforms
Indiaâs mining reforms juggernaut continues despite concerns
Did Ministry of Mines Disregard Critical Suggestions
on Mining Reforms?
One way to make Bharat, Atmanirbhar is be self reliant in
mineral resource by making Industry friendly policy---FIMI
Saltpetre & saline groundwater of Nagaur- Ganganagar area (Rajasthan) -New possible targets for potash salts and other evaporites - V.P. Laul
Role of private explorers in mineral exploration
to make India truly atmanirbhar â by Uday Pratap Singh
Govt plan to take over mine auctions faces
opposition from a few states
Coal India not to give a push to labour intensive
new mines: Chairman
Long-term impact of Budget on Metals & Mining sector â
A review of last two decades
'Discriminatory': Goa in Supreme Court on mining
leases renewal cancellation
Non-coal mining leases: Pace of auction slows in 2020-21
Workshop on âEnhancing Exploration through NMETâ organised
Mountain With 60-90% Gold Soil Discovered In Congo, Villagers Flock With Shovels
The report outlines China's governing bodies, governing laws, mining licenses and ownership, mining rights and obligations, key fiscal terms which includes mining fee, royalty, resource tax, urban and township tax, land appreciation tax, enterprise resource tax, vehicle and vessel usage tax, depreciation, deductions, loss carry forward, capital gains tax, withholding tax, VAT, business tax, tax incentives and stamp tax.
State of Mining in Africa Striking a Balance 2 Mining developments, whether greenfield or brownfield, are not easy and require discerning investors and mining executives to overcome unique barriers that prevent the above five key factors from becoming a constant within the mining project or operation. Looking at the current mining investment, development and production environment in Africa against these factors, Deloitteâs research shows two main factors continue to have lingering barriers which lead the less agile and adventurous investors away from the continent.
These are governance and infrastructure. We believe what is driving this is governments of resource rich countries across the continent are seeking to strike the balance of delivering the value of the mineral back to its people, while at the same time, create an operating environment that is attractive to investors and thus setting the country up for further growth. Getting policy set right in a dynamic political and economic environment where commodity prices are on the move is proving to be a tricky balancing act. Drawing from last yearâs research, the Deloitte global Tracking the Trends in Mining 2013 notes that âmining companies understand the need to meet local government and community requirements when operating mine sites. Those requirements, however, have escalated considerably in recent years. Today corporate social responsibility extends well beyond meeting the minimum legal requirements associated with conducting an environmental impact assessment.
It involves understanding shifting community and government expectation, addressing the demands of NGOs and relevant stakeholder groups, and committing to a higher level of transparency and operational sustainabilityâ. This is acutely evident in Africa for example where Zambiaâs current government has begun to introduce measures which are meant to transparently deliver more to Zambia and Zambians. The question is - how could this impact existing agreements with mining companies in Zambia in terms of the economic viability of any particular project or operation.
Economic Opportunities and Challenges in Rakhine StateEthical Sector
Â
Members of the Rakhine Advisory Commission invited MCRB and other non-governmental and civil society organisations to brief them on economic opportunities and challenges in Rakhine State on 16 January prior to their visit to Kyaukphyu.
Policy Vision Vis-a-Vis Legislation By : MANTU BISWAS CCM (Retd) IBM (page 2)
ď¨ First-step analysis: Mining in India : Trilegal - Karthy Nair and Neeraj Menon (page 4)
ď¨ All about commercial mining and how it changes the coal production game in India : Remya Nair (page 13)
ď¨ Why Gold, and Why Now : Jan Nieuwenhuijs (page 14)
ď¨ Odisha Mining Auction 2020 vis-Ă -vis Employment: A boon or curse?! : Subranshu Bhushan Das (page 16)
ď¨ Glauconite : Existing resource in India Uses â Exploitation Conclusions & Recommendations : Dr Vivek Laul (page 17)
ď¨ Unshackling Indiaâs mining industry - Indian ministries want to limit public consultations that are necessary before approving projects (page 18)
ď¨ Tenders for nine iron ore and manganese blocks in Odisha likely in July (page 19)
ď¨ Two states, unused iron ore, a growing human crisis : Shantanu Guha Ray (page 19)
Revenue Watch Institute - Seminar on Extractive Industry Governance at the Local Level: Challenge and Opportunities; Jakarta, May 22-23, 2012
John Strongman & Ambarsari DC
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) AAPP report in Burmese The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), also known as AAPP,
is a non-profit human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand. AAPP was founded in 2000
by former political prisoners living in exile on the Thai/Burma border.
Since then, the organization has been run by former political prisoners,
with two offices being opened inside Burma in 2012, one in Rangoon and the other in Mandalay.
AAPP advocates and lobbies for the release of remaining political prisoners and
for the improvement of the lives of political prisoners after their release.
The various assistance programs for political prisoners and their family members
are aimed at ensuring they have access to education, vocational trainings, mental
health counseling and healthcare.
Identity crisis ethnicity and conflict in myanmar crisis groupMYO AUNG Myanmar
Â
REPORT 312 / ASIA 28 AUGUST 2020
Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar
Ethnicity and conflict are tightly linked in Myanmar, as communal groups take up arms to press grievances for which they have found no other recourse. The problem calls for dialogue and deep reform, but meanwhile authorities can take smaller steps to indicate their positive intent.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/312-identity-crisis-ethnicity-and-conflict-myanmar?utm_source=Sign+Up+to+Crisis+Group%27s+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=1732944c02-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_01_28_08_41_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1dab8c11ea-1732944c02-359431769
Asia Foundation. Note that the data are from 2016, so this map does not represent the current situation on
CHINA IS PLAYING MYANMAR GROUND THE KYAUKPHYU SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND CHIN...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Â
CHINA IS PLAYING MYANMAR GROUND THE KYAUKPHYU SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND CHINA STRATEGIC DEEP-SEA PORT PROJECT
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chinas-strategic-port-project-moves-step-closer-reality-myanmar-oks-joint-venture.html
Chinaâs Strategic Port Project Moves Step Closer to Reality as Myanmar OKs Joint Venture
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/construction-chinas-bri-deep-sea-port-start-soon-myanmars-rakhine-state-govt.html
Construction on China's BRI Deep Sea Port to Start Soon in Myanmar's Rakhine State: Govt
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/minister-rejects-fears-debt-trap-chinese-backed-port.html
Minister Rejects Fears of Debt Trap Over Chinese-Backed Port
https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/editorial/kyaukphyu-danger-slipping-hands.html
Is Kyaukphyu in Danger of Slipping Out of Our Hands?
http://www.thaibizmyanmar.com/th/news/detail.php?ID=2948
An industrial zone project within the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Rakhine State will be developed for US$30 billion
4 ล฾ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸Ą 2563
https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/first-phase-of-kyaukphyu-deep-seaport-project-expected-to-cost-13-bln
First phase of Kyaukphyu Deep Seaport project expected to cost $ 1.3 bln
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/18/c_138716099.htm
Xinhua Headlines: Kyaukpyu port to become model project in China-Myanmar BRI cooperation
Source: Xinhua| 2020-01-18 20:49:31|Editor: huaxia
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/20/c_138720186.htm
Feature: How the development of Myanmar's Kyaukpyu port won the hearts of locals
Source: Xinhua| 2020-01-20 11:27:42|Editor: Wang Yamei
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/02/17/china039s-citic-to-build-myanmar039s-huge-kyaukphyu-deep-seaport-first-phase-to-cost-us13-bln
China's CITIC to build Myanmar's huge Kyaukphyu Deep Seaport, first phase to cost US$1.3 bln
ASEANPLUS NEWS
Monday, 17 Feb 2020
1:35 PM MYT
https://splash247.com/china-inks-kyaukphyu-development-deal-with-myanmar/#:~:text=China%20has%20signed%20an%20agreement,visit%20to%20Myanmar%20last%20weekend.
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Jason Jiang Jason JiangJanuary 20, 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaukphyu
https://asiatimes.com/2019/07/china-led-port-project-inches-ahead-in-myanmar/
AT FINANCE, MYANMAR
China-led port project inches ahead in Myanmar
CITIC-led consortium this month started legally required impact assessments but the controversial $1.3 billion mega-project is still far from a done deal
By THOMPSON CHAU
JULY 15, 2019
The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defendersMYO AUNG Myanmar
Â
https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/defending-tomorrow/
Report / July 29, 2020
DEFENDING TOMORROW
The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders
The climate crisis is arguably the greatest global and existential threat we face. As it escalates, it serves to exacerbate many of the other serious problems in our world today â from economic inequality to racial injustice and the spread of zoonotic diseases.
For years, land and environmental defenders have been the first line of defence against the causes and impacts of climate breakdown. Time after time, they have challenged those companies operating recklessly, rampaging unhampered through forests, skies, wetlands, oceans and biodiversity hotspots.
https://youtu.be/FM7X1tnT4Sc
Download the full report Defending Tomorrow: The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders (High resolution, 28.4MB, PDF)
Download the full report Defending Tomorrow: The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders (Low resolution, 6.6MB, PDF)
User Privacy or Cyber Sovereignty Freedom House Special Report 2020MYO AUNG Myanmar
Â
https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/user-privacy-or-cyber-sovereignty?utm_source=Newsletter&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=SPOTLIGHTFRDM_072720
Special Report 2020
User Privacy or Cyber Sovereignty?
Assessing the human rights implications of data localization
WRITTEN BY-Adrian Shahbaz-Allie Funk-Andrea Hackl
https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/FINAL_Data_Localization_human_rights_07232020.pdf
USER PRIVACY OR CYBER SOVEREIGNTY?
Assessing the human rights implications of data localization
Freedom of Expression Active and Seeking Justice from MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
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Freedom of Expression Active and seeking justice from MYANMAR
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/07/16/seeking-justice-an-analysis-of-obstacles-and-opportunities-for-civil-society-groups-pursuing-accountability-for-human-rights-violations-in-domestic-courts-in-kachin-and-northern-shan-states/
SEEKING JUSTICE: AN ANALYSIS OF OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS PURSUING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN DOMESTIC COURTS IN KACHIN AND NORTHERN SHAN STATES
Kachin Womenâs Association â Thailand (KWAT) and Asia Justice and Rights (AJAR) are releasing a new report on access to justice in Burma, in which we identify strategies for local civil society groups, demand political and legal reforms, and call on donor agencies to better support assistance to victims of the most serious human rights violations.
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/EngA-Chance-to-Fix-in-Time.pdf
âA Chance to Fix in Timeâ
Analysis of Freedom of Expression in
Four Years Under the Current Government
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/07/16/%e1%80%a1%e1%80%81%e1%80%bb%e1%80%ad%e1%80%94%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99%e1%80%ae%e1%80%95%e1%80%bc%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%86%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%81%e1%80%bd%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%b7-%e1%80%a1-2/
áĄááťáááşááŽááźááşáááşáá˝ááşáˇ â áĄá ááŻá¸ááááşáááşá¸ ááážá áşáĄáá˝ááşá¸ áá˝ááşáááşá á˝áŹááŻááşááąáŹáşááźáąáŹáááŻáá˝ááşáˇááᯠáááşá¸á á áşááźááşá¸áĄá áŽáááşááśá áŹ
SHWE KOKKO BORDER KAYIN STATE PROJECT COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
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ALL ABOUT SHWE KOKKO PROJECT KAYIN STATE COLLECTIONS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Kokko Shwe Kokko https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/shwe-kokko-a-paradise-for-chinese-investment/ Shwe Kokko: A paradise for Chinese investment SEPTEMBER 5, 2019 http://karennews.org/2020/03/shwe-koko-big-winners-burma-army-and-international-crime-syndicates-at-expense-of-karen-people-knu-community-groups-want-it-stopped/ Shwe Koko: Big Winners â Burma Army and international Crime Syndicates at Expense of Karen People â KNU, Community Groups Want it Stopped Karen News Send an emailMarch 26, 2020 https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/a-chinatown-mysteriously-emerges-in-backwoods-myanmar/ A Chinatown mysteriously emerges in backwoods Myanmar Shwe Kokko, a remote town along Myanmar's Moei River, is the latest odd and bold outpost of China's Belt and Road Initiative By BERTIL LINTNER MARCH 1, 2019 https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/305-commerce-and-conflict-navigating-myanmars-china-relationship https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/305-commerce-and-conflict-myanmar-china%20(1)_0.pdf Commerce and Conflict: Navigating Myanmarâs China Relationship Asia Report N°305 | 30 March 2020 https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/chinas-thai-myanmar-border-investment-shwe-kokko-chinatown-mega-project CHINAâS THAI-MYANMAR BORDER INVESTMENT: Shwe Kokko Chinatown mega-project http://monnews.org/2020/03/28/gambling-away-our-land-kpsn-report-raises-questions-about-shwe-kokko-extension-project/ âGambling Away Our Landâ; KPSN report raises questions about Shwe Kokko Extension project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900Fzrn8DzY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlg2eYn7HM https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-mystery-man-behind-the-shwe-kokko-project/?f
Myanmar language version of the UN Charter.Yangon charter myanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
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Myanmar ď˛ď˛ language version of the UN Charter.
Source: https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/yangon_charter_myanmar.pdf
https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/yangon_charter_myanmar.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3tttG9XprzHH4_yCQNOg8_u8g6z23fqYLqeCUvvIkHAqzTLKjSnB1OT3g
WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2020 BY UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELO...MYO AUNG Myanmar
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WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2020
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT UNCTAD
ttps://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2396&utm_source=CIO+-+General+public&utm_campaign=5e26d15771-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_05_17_11_42_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_3d334fa428-5e26d15771-70594621
Global foreign direct investment projected to plunge 40% in 202016 June 2020
COVID-19 causes steep drop in investment flows, hitting developing countries hardest. Recovery is not expected before 2022, says new UNCTAD report.
Myanmar Amber traps scientists in ethical dilemma over funding warMYO AUNG Myanmar
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Myanmar is a major producer of amber, a fossilized tree resin. Amber is valued for jewelry, and also serves as a sort of time capsule that provides scientific clues to prehistoric life with fossilized inclusions such as insects, birds and dinosaur footprints.
Meanwhile, the main amber-mining areas in the country are located in an internal conflict zone where an ethnic minority is fighting against the national armed forces, and the amber also comes with problems of human rights violations and smuggling.
https://asia.nikkei.com/Location/Southeast-Asia/Myanmar-amber-traps-scientists-in-ethical-dilemma-over-funding-war
Myanmar amber traps scientists in ethical dilemma over funding war
Fossils like those in 'Jurassic Park' draw scrutiny as Kachin conflict drags on
https://www.facebook.com/MYOAUNGNAYPYIDAW/posts/2839212596177214
áááśááŹáá á áşáá˝á˛
ááźááşááŹáˇááááşá¸áá˛áˇ áááášááśáááŹáážááşáá˝áąááᯠá á˝á˛ááąáŹááşáááŻááşáážáŻá ááťááˇáşáááşáááŻááşáᏠáĄááťááşáááŻááşáážáŻááźá áşá áąááźáŽá¸ á á áşáá˝á˛áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş áá˝áąááźáąá¸ááąáŹááşááśáˇááŹáááşá¸ááźáąáŹááşá¸ááźá áşááą
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY â APRIL 2020)MYO AUNG Myanmar
Â
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/04/21/situational-human-rights-overview-in-burma-january-april-2020/
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY â APRIL 2020)
2019 country reports on human rights practices burma united state of america ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
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Myanmar Aung
21 mins ¡
https://burmese.voanews.com/a/us-state-departâŚ/5325155.htmlâŚ
ááášááŹááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáᏠáááşáĄá áŽáááşááśá áŹáá˛á ááźááşááŹáá°áˇáĄáá˝ááˇáşáĄááąá¸ áĄááźáąáĄááą
https://www.state.gov/âŚ/âŚ/BURMA-2019-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf
https://www.state.gov/âŚ/2019-country-reports-on-human-righâŚ/
2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
The annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices â the Human Rights Reports â cover internationally recognized individual, civil, political, and worker rights, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international agreements. The U.S. Department of State submits reports on all countries receiving assistance and all United Nations member states to the U.S. Congress in accordance with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and the Trade Act of 1974.
MARCH 11, 2020
https://www.state.gov/assistant-secretary-for-democracy-huâŚ/
Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Robert A. Destro On the Release of the 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
SPECIAL BRIEFING
ROBERT A. DESTRO, ASSISTANT SECRETARY
BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR
PRESS BRIEFING ROOM
WASHINGTON, D.C.
MARCH 11, 2020
Executive Summary of Independent Commission of Enquiry "ICOE" Final Report En...MYO AUNG Myanmar
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https://www.facebook.com/myanmarpresidentoffice.gov.mm/posts/2632138836833836
ENGLISH VERSION
Independent Commission of Enquiry (ICOE)
https://www.icoe-myanmar.org/
Executive Summary Of Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE' Final Report
https://www.facebook.com/myanmarpresidentoffice.gov.mm/posts/2632129370168116
BURMESE VERSION
áá˝ááşáááşááąáŹá áŻáśá ááşá¸á á áşááąá¸ááąá¸ááąáŹáşááážááş (Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE) á áĄááźáŽá¸áááşáĄá áŽáááşááśá ᏠáĄááťááşá¸ááťáŻááş\
2019 ANNI Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Right...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Â
https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=29979&nhri=1
2019 ANNI Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in Asia
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https://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/wp/2019/10/3.0-Online-ANNI-Report-2019.pdf
https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=29931
Myanmar: Promote press freedom, and end reprisals against Development Media Group
3 October 2019 3:58 pm
https://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/wp/2019/10/Press-release-Myanmar-DMG.pdf
ALL ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) AND MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
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ALL ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) AND MYANMAR
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands). Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
The Courtâs role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. It is assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ. Its official languages are English and French.
https://www.icj-cij.org/en/court
https://www.icj-cij.org/en-basic-toolkit
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ICJ
Information Department
information@icj-cij.org
https://opiniojuris.org/2019/11/13/the-gambia-v-myanmar-at-the-international-court-of-justice-points-of-interest-in-the-application/
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/cases-brought-myanmar-deliver-justice-rohingya-191117174800430.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/14/war-crimes-judges-approve-investigation-violence-against-rohingya-icc-myammar
https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-situation-of-the-rohingya-is-there-a-role-for-the-international-court-of-justice/
https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/gambia-files-lawsuit-against-myanmar-international-court-justice
STIMSON INNOVATIVE IDEAS CHANGING THE WORLD AND CHINA-MEKONG RIVER AND MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
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STIMSON INNOVATIVE IDEAS CHANGING THE WORLD AND CHINA-MEKONG RIVER AND MYANMAR
The Stimson Center is a nonpartisan policy research center working to protect people, preserve the planet, and promote security & prosperity. Stimsonâs award-winning research serves as a roadmap to address borderless threats through concerted action. Our formula is simple: we gather the brightest people to think beyond soundbites, create solutions, and make those solutions a reality. We follow the credo of one of historyâs leading statesmen, Henry L. Stimson, in taking âpragmatic steps toward ideal objectives.â We are practical in our approach and independent in our analysis. Our innovative ideas change the world.
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/Cronin-China%20Supply%20Chain%20Shift.pdf
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/SC_EnergyPublication.FINAL_.pdf
https://www.stimson.org/content/powering-mekong-basin-connect
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/WEB-FEB_Cambodia%20Report.pdf
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/slower-smaller-cheaper-the-reality-of-the-china-myanmar-economic-corridor
Slower, smaller, cheaper: the reality of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/peace-through-development-chinas-experiment-in-myanmar
Peace through development: Chinaâs experiment in Myanmar
https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-walks-political-tightrope-in-Myanmar
China walks political tightrope in Myanmar
Beijing should leverage its influence with military
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/why-china-is-sceptical-about-the-peace-process
Why China is sceptical about the peace process
https://www.stimson.org/content/%E2%80%98loose-end%E2%80%99-peace-process
The âloose endâ of the peace process
The Stimson Center
communications@stimson.org
THE ASSIATANCE ASSOCIATION FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS (BURMA)MYO AUNG Myanmar
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The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma),
https://aappb.org/background/about-aapp/
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), otherwise known as AAPP, is a human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma. AAPP advocates for the release of all remaining political prisoners in Burma and for the improvement of their quality of life during and after incarceration. AAPP has developed rehabilitation and assistance programs for those political activists who have been released while continuing to document the ongoing imprisonment of political activists in Burma.
As long as political prisoners exist inside Burma, Burma will not be free. They represent the struggle for democracy, human rights, equality and freedom for the people of Burma. This makes the immediate and unconditional release of all political prisoners an integral part of Burmaâs drive for national reconciliation.
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER A GUIDE FOR FIRST NATIONS COMUNITIES AND ADVOCATES MYO AUNG Myanmar
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https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/water1019_brochure_web.pdf
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER A GUIDE FOR FIRST NATIONS COMUNITIES AND ADVOCATES
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/canada0616web.pdf
Make it Safe
Canadaâs Obligation to End the First Nations Water Crisis
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/canada0616_brochure_web.pdf
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Natural Resource Governance Reform and the Peace Process in MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
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NATURAL RESOURCE GOVERNANCE REFORM AND THE PEACE PROCESS IN MYANMAR
KEVIN M. WOODS
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/natural-resource-governance-reform-and-the-peace-process-in-myanmar/
FORESTS OCT 18, 2019
Natural Resource Governance Reform and the Peace Process in Myanmar
By Kevin M. Woods
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/executive-summary-of-natural-resource-governance-and-the-peace-process-in-myanmar/
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Forest-Trends_NRG_Peace_Myanmar_Final_ES.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/forest-trends-comments-on-myanmar-draft-forest-rules-2019-regarding-land-rights/
Forest Trends Comments on Myanmar Draft Forest Rules (2019) Regarding Land Rights
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Forest-Rules-Brief-2019-FINAL-Letter.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Forest_Rules_Brief_2019_FINAL_A4_BURMESE-FINAL.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/what-is-in-myanmars-first-eiti-forestry-reports/
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity ⢠a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
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Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
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Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
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This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Grayâs Empathy Mapping, Argyrisâ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Letâs talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
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Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
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This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
Media as a Mind Controlling Strategy In Old and Modern Era
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Natural Resource Governance Institute Consideration for Myanmar
1. Briefing
May 2017
Governing the Gemstone Sector:
Considerations for Myanmar
Paul Shortell
Ongoing reforms present an unprecedented opportunity to improve management
of Myanmarâs multi-billion-dollar jade and gemstone industry, and reorganization
of the sector may proceed most effectively if it is informed by the experience of
other gemstone-producing countries. Based on a review of international policies
and practices, as summarized in NRGIâs report Governing the Gemstone Sector:
Lessons from Global Experience, this briefing highlights ten areas that the Myanmar
government may consider as priorities for the countryâs reform process:
1 Develop a jade and gemstone policy.
2 Revise the legal framework.
3 Reform gemstone institutions.
4 Strengthen the licensing process.
5 Formalize citizen miners.
6 Adjust fiscal terms.
7 Amend the valuation process.
8 Support domestic beneficiation.
9 Facilitate traceability in the supply chain.
10 Improve transparency.
2. 2
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
1. DEVELOP A JADE AND GEMSTONE POLICY
Myanmar stands to gain from formulating a national jade and gemstone policy, which
should reflect open consultation with all stakeholders, identify shared priorities for
sustainable development of the countryâs finite gemstone resources, and shape revi-
sion of the legal and institutional framework. The multi-stakeholder committee being
set up to support this process may benefit from exchange with other countries, such
as Pakistan,1
that have pioneered similar approaches to strategy development.
We recommend that the government:
⢠Sequence reforms appropriately. A national jade and gemstone policy should
precede and inform changes to the Myanmar Gemstone Law. Strategy develop-
ment under the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environmental Conservation
(MoNREC) will be most advantageous if it is closely coordinated with ongoing
review of the legal framework by the Union Parliament. (See consideration 2.)
⢠Undertake necessary assessments. Policy discussion regarding the jade and
gemstone sector is constrained by a scarcity of available and reliable data. Expert
geological surveys, market studies, and other evaluations may be commissioned
to support national planning.
⢠Initiate broader stakeholder dialogue. Beyond the necessary involvement of
regional and local government, companies, and community representatives, the
participation of actors with de facto control over jade and gemstone-producing
regionsâmost notably the Myanmar military and Kachin Independence Armyâis
essential to crafting a workable management strategy. As in Sierra Leone, gemstone
policy development should be linked to the process of national reconciliation.2
1 See Pakistan case study (p. 37-38) in Paul Shortell and Emma Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector:
Lessons from Global Experience (Natural Resource Governance Institute: May 2017).
2 See, for example, description of the Diamond Area Community Development Fund (p. 45) in Shortell
and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
3. 3
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
2. REVISE THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The Myanmar Gemstone Law (1995; amended 2003 and 2016) remains critically
flawed, while additional reforms under discussion in the sitting Union Parliament3
do not meaningfully address serious weaknesses in the governing framework. The
government has historically relied on regulations, internal directives and contracts to
establish key policies; however, these have not been publicly disclosed.
We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament:
⢠Consider adopting a single mining code (covering minerals, jade and
gemstones). Unlike most countries, Myanmar separates laws, regulations, and
contracts for jade and gemstones from those for other minerals. This system has
created legal ambiguity, increased coordination challenges, and resulted in the
uneven enforcement of standards. These negative effects would be further exac-
erbated by the passage of separate laws for jade and other colored gemstones, as
recently proposed by the American Gem Traders Association.4
⢠Address remaining gaps. The Myanmar Gemstone Law, including recent
and proposed amendments, do not link to a gemstone or mining policy (see
consideration 1) or adequately address the structure and mandate of gemstone
sector institutions (consideration 3), the licensing process (consideration 4),
mining conducted by citizens (consideration 5), production monitoring, taxation
(consideration 6), the valuation process (consideration 7), rough marketing
and sales, beneficiation (consideration 8), community grievance mechanisms,
anti-corruption measures, and transparency and accountability mechanisms
(consideration 10).
⢠Harmonize existing laws. Further review is needed to clarify inconsisten-
cies between the Myanmar Gemstone Law and other current or proposed laws,
including those regarding environmental conservation, investment, land rights,
labor standards, state-owned enterprises, and taxation.
3 At the time of writing reforms have been submitted to the Parliament in the form of a â2017 Myanmar
Gemstone Law,â which amalgamates 2003 and 2016 changes to the 1995 law along with additional
modifications proposed by the Natural Resource Committee of the Amyotha Hluttaw.
4 See Erin Murphy, Peter Kucik, and Zachary Harris, Step by Step: Myanmar Gem Industry Emerges from
Isolation and U.S. Sanctions (American Gem Traders Association: 2016).
4. 4
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
3. REFORM GEMSTONE INSTITUTIONS
The Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE) does not yet meet international criteria for
good governance of state-owned companies. MGEâs principle functions, which
include participating in joint ventures on behalf of the state, managing regular
emporiums (auctions) and serving as the principle regulator for the jade and
gemstone industry, have been undermined in practice by its vague mandate, limited
capabilities, and the undue influence of the private sector over sector management.
We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament:
⢠Revisit MGEâs role. There remains significant ambiguity and overlap between
MGEâs responsibilities and those of the Department of Mines, Department
of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration, Environmental Conservation
Department, Central Gemstone Central Supervisory Committee (see Chapter
10 of the 1995 Myanmar Gemstone Law), and the Working Committee for
Issuing Permits, Inspecting and Supervising Gemstone Blocks (see MGE
Licensing Directives). The scope and limitations of MGEâs authority should
be clearly defined in law, and steps should be taken to separate its commercial
functions as a joint venture partner from its regulatory responsibilities.
⢠Eliminate conflicts of interest. Legislators should reconsider recent
amendments to the Myanmar Gemstone Law that reserve seats for MGJEA on
the Gemstone Central Supervisory Committee, an entity serves as the ultimate
valuation body (consideration 7) and is responsible for tendering advice on
sector regulation. MGJEA's role in overseeing jade and gemstone emporiums
and managing certain associated revenues also merits scrutinity, particularly in
light of recent allegations that association members embezzled approximately
USD 100 million in emporium funds.5
⢠Increase institutional capacity. MGE currently employs approximately half
the number of staff it is authorized to hire, and many key officers are appointed
with little or no experience related to the gemstone sector. Its administration
should be brought in line with best international practices, including by hiring
or promoting technically skilled professionals to management positions,
publishing detailed annual reports, and undergoing regular public audits.
5 See Chan Mya Htwe, âTribunal to investigate gem association embezzlement claimsâ Myanmar Times,
2 June 2016.
5. 5
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
4. STRENGTHEN THE LICENSING PROCESS
Although Myanmar distributes extractive rights via a bidding process, the
competitiveness of license allocation has been reduced by a lack of transparency and
collusion between officials and companies. Approval of permits has outstripped
government institutions' ability to monitor operations, contributing to widespread
violations of license terms. Myanmar is unusual in prohibiting foreign investment in
gemstone mining, and this policy may have further slowed the diffusion of modern
mining techniques and standards for environmental and social management.
We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament:
⢠Set limits on license allocation. The approval of an unusual high number of
jade and gemstone mining licensesâtotaling more than 20,000 as of early 2016
(prior to the current ban on licensing)âhas allowed for the rapid depletion of
gemstone deposits and eroded government oversight of mining operations.
Myanmar may follow the example of other countries, such as Sri Lanka,6
in setting
licensing targets that preserve resources for the future and support effective
monitoring.
⢠Reconsider license and contract terms. Myanmar grants permits for
mechanized gemstone mining at a smaller scale (one acre for privately operated
blocks) and shorter tenure (typically three to five years) than is generally observed
in other countries. The sector is also highly mechanized, with approximately
one backhoe in operation for every two acres licensed for production.7
The
terms of gemstone mining licenses should be adjusted to encourage extraction
at an appropriate pace and with adequate investment, robust assessment
and mitigation of environmental, social, and health impacts, construction of
necessary infrastructure and responsible disposal of wastes, and the formal
participation of citizen miners. (See consideration 5.) A comprehensive
assessment of Myanmarâs model joint venture contract is needed to bring its
agreements in line with international standards.
⢠Modify bidding processes. Extractive rights should be allocated in a clear,
open, and competitive manner based on equal treatment of companies.
Authorities and the public should be able to know the identities of individuals
who ultimately own and control bidding companies. In the case of mechanized
mining projects, the government should establish technical criteria for license
allocation and thoroughly assess applicants against potential conflicts of
interest, evidence of past criminal activity, and record of contract violations or
other grievances.
6 See Sri Lanka case study (p. 19-20) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
7 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
6. 6
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
5. FORMALIZE CITIZEN MINERS
As in other countries, the influx of citizen miners to Myanmarâs jade-producing
regions has been accompanied by an uptick in disease and drug use, increased crime,
and unsanctioned incursions into company concessions. International experience
indicates that these challenges cannot be mitigated simply by strengthening the
rule of law; augmenting the presence of military or security personnel is unlikely
to deter illegal mining but may increase the incidence of human rights abuses and
corruption.
We recommend that MoNREC and the Union Parliament:
⢠Establish a clear legal basis for citizen mining. Unlike most other countries,
Myanmarâs governing framework effectively excludes citizens from legally
participating in gemstone extraction. The government should lay out a path
for formalization that closely aligns with the capabilities of citizen miners,
for example by establishing artisanal gemstone mining licenses, encouraging
the organization of mining cooperatives, and/or piloting a local or web-based
mining registration system for miners and traders.
⢠Provide citizen miners access to resources. The rights of citizen miners vis-
Ă -vis mining companies should be clarified in law. Depending on local geology,
specific tracts may be set aside for citizen mining (see, for example, Tanzania8
)
or companies holding permits may be encouraged to subcontract citizen miners
organized in cooperatives (see, for example, Brazil9
).
⢠Strengthen exchange between investors, citizen miners and local
communities. The government should facilitate sustained dialogue between
investors and local populations, which in cases such as Tanzaniaâs Mwadui
Community Diamond Partnership10
has led to the development of shared
approaches to addressing company concerns and community needs .
8 See Tanzania case study (p. 28-29) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
9 See Brazil case study (p. 26-27) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
10 Ibid 8.
7. 7
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
6. ADJUST FISCAL TERMS
Myanmar taxes the gemstone sector at significantly higher rates than other
countries, and there is evidence that this has contributed widespread
underreporting by companies. Key revenue streams include license fees (which in
Myanmar is understood to cover signature bonuses as well as administrative fees),
the stateâs production share from joint ventures (25 percent for certain companies),
royalties (20 percent of the value or rough production), commercial tax (a 5 percent
general tax plus a 15 percent special commodity tax for rough gemstones or a 5
percent special commodity tax for polished gemstones), corporate income tax (25
percent for domestic companies), and service fees (1 to 3 percent). Much of the
countryâs jade is reported to be subject to further informal taxation by the Myanmar
military and/or Kachin Independence Army.
We recommend that MoNREC, the Union Parliament and the Ministry of Planning
and Finance (MoPF):
⢠Clarify the fiscal framework. Ambiguity in the Union Tax Law and Myanmar
Gemstone Law, especially vague tax exemptions in the latter (see section 27(b)
of the 1995 version), undermine effective tax administration. Coordination
remains weak between MGE, the Internal Revenue Department, and other
agencies involved in revenue collection.
⢠Set rates that encourage participation. Myanmar levies royalties at rates 2 to
20 times greater than those in most countries, and also charges unusually high
commercial tax on the sale, import and export of gemstones. The government
may benefit from establishing special rules for citizen miners, which tend to
generate special challenges for revenue collection.11
⢠Rebalance revenue collection. Unlike most countries, Myanmar captures
a large share of gemstone revenues through license fees (including signature
bonuses), which may not secure the state a good deal for its resources and can
encourage the unsustainable allocation of extractive rights. The government
does not appear to collect its fair share of royalties (see consideration 7), which
are a primary source of gemstone revenue for many other nations.
⢠Improve incentives to sell via the emporium. Official data indicates that
around 70 percent of MGE's total revenues are collected at emporiums held
jointly with MGJEA,12
yet industry sources estimate that 75 percent or more
of all jade and gemstone transactions occur outside of this channel. Myanmar
may consider adopting certain fiscal incentives to increase participation at the
emporium given its outsized role in revenue generation. Additional scrutiny of
emporium transactions also appears warranted, as less than half of sales agreed
at events held since 2013 were concluded.13
11 See, for example, Sierra Leone and Guyana case studies (p. 43) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the
Gemstone Sector.
12 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
13 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
8. 8
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
7. AMEND THE VALUATION PROCESS
Myanmarâs jade and gemstones are assessed by valuation bodies consisting of no
fewer than nine persons, including three representatives from MGE, four from
other government institutions, one from MGJEA and one external expert. For
the fiscal years between 2011/2012 and 2015/2016, the Government received
royalties of MMK 337 to MMK 450 (worth less than USD .50) per kilogram of jade
declared and MMK 13 to MMK 18 (worth USD .01 to .02) per carat of gemstone
declared.14
These figures suggest that Myanmar's resources have been routinely
valued well below the fair market rate.
We recommend that MoNREC and MoPF:
⢠Toughen oversight. Current rules open the door for clientelism by
allowing the chairman of the valuation body (an MGE officer) ultimate
discretion in determining gemstonesâ official value, whereas many other
countries seek to safeguard the valuation process by holding auctions,
commissioning third party valuators, or requiring checks against reference
prices.15
While MGE employs a number of skilled assessors, it is unclear
whether other members of the committee possess the requisite gemological
and market knowledge to independently verify the government assessorâs
valuation.
⢠Conduct audits. Carrying out randomized physical and financial audits
and imposing appropriate penalties may encourage accurate declarations by
companies. Investigations are most effective when they supported through
investments in necessary infrastructure (such as gemstone laboratories in
mining areas) and acquisition of experienced staff (for example, those with
knowledge of gemstone valuation methods and/or accounting practices).
14 Based on data provided by the Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE).
15 See country case studies (p. 47-48) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
9. 9
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
8. SUPPORT DOMESTIC BENEFICIATION
Myanmar stakeholders increasingly recognize the potential benefits of developing
a domestic value-added gemstone processing industry. Leadership by key industry
actors has helped catalyze important policy changes, including the establishment of
a first gemstone laboratory and the revision of certain tax rates. Yet it is important
to recognize that the outlook for beneficiation remains challenging; Myanmar
borders the worldâs three leading markets for gemstone processing (China, India,
and Thailand) but currently lacks the economic fundamentals or policies needed to
compete with these neighbors.
We recommend that MoNREC, MoPF and MGJEA:
⢠Develop a plan for the midstream and downstream value chain.
Assessments are needed to determine specific needs and potential areas
of comparative advantage for the cutting and polishing industry. It may be
advantageous to begin by developing expertise in lower-value gemstones
such as amber, peridot, and spinel, that are produced in significant quantities
in Myanmar but have not been a primary focus for Chinese, Indian and Thai
cutters. Borrowing from the experience of Sri Lanka,16
Myanmar should
capitalize on its reputation for high-quality jade, ruby, and sapphire by
developing a national branding strategy.
⢠Support skill development and technology transfer. A scarcity of skilled
and productive labor remains a key impediment to developing a robust
midstream industry; Myanmar's leading jewelry companies overwhelmingly
import polished gemstones from overseas, while significant domestic value-
added processing operations either operate at a loss or depend on foreign
workers. The state can support domestic beneficiation by establishing
international-quality laboratories and training centers, especially in gemstone-
producing regions.
⢠Adjust trade and taxation policies. Most beneficiation hubs, including
Myanmarâs neighbors, benefit from liberal trade policies and provide various
forms of financial support for the gemstone processing sector.17
Myanmar
remains at a disadvantage in terms of export tariffs (it levies a 15 percent tax
on rough gemstone exports and 5 percent tax on polished gemstone exports),
taxation of gems and jewelry companies (it lacks significant tax breaks or
lending facilities), and external promotion (the government does not regularly
participate in international gem fairs).
16 Ibid 6.
17 See, for example, Thailand case study (p. 54-55) in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
10. 10
Governing the Gemstone Sector: Considerations for Myanmar
9. FACILITATE TRACEABILITY IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
Burgeoning demand for jewelry that is âresponsibly sourcedâ in accordance
with certain standardsâfor example, those that are produced without the use of
child or forced labor, unsafe working conditions, ties to conflict or corruption, or
significant impacts on the environment, indigenous groups or other vulnerable
communitiesâhas increasingly prompted retailers to demonstrate the provenance
of their gemstones. As a consequence, countries and companies that can certify
their production are increasingly favored by global (especially Western) markets.
Traceability in Myanmar remains limited by gaps between operating practices and
international standards, and the informal nature of relationships throughout the
supply chain.
We recommend that MoNREC, MoPF and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
⢠Strengthen international cooperation. Much of Myanmarâs jade and
gemstones production is trafficked illegally into China and Thailand. Improved
collaboration with law enforcement, customs authorities, and industry
associations in these countries is needed to combat prevalent smuggling.
⢠Comply with OECD guidance. The government should take steps to
harmonize the legal framework with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for
Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk
Areas,18
and support Myanmar stakeholders in conforming to and documenting
their compliance with relevant standards.
⢠Identify potential for certification mechanisms. Myanmar may work
towards adopting certification systems for colored gemstones in coordination
with emerging international initiatives.19
In the case of jade, this process may be
partially informed by Tanzaniaâs experience developing the Tucson Tanzanite
Protocols, as both resources originate from a confined region in a single country.
18 For more, see p. 61-62 in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
19 For more, see p. 60-61 in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
11. The Natural Resource Governance Institute, an independent, non-profit organization, helps people
to realize the benefits of their countriesâ oil, gas and mineral wealth through applied research, and
innovative approaches to capacity development, technical advice and advocacy.
Learn more at www.resourcegovernance.org
10. IMPROVE TRANSPARENCY
Myanmar scores poorly in terms of transparency in NRGIâs Resource Governance
Index.20
Although a growing body of independent research has helped to elevate the
quality of public debate around jade and gemstone governance, the government yet
to release key information related to the sector.
We recommend that MoNREC, the Union Parliament and the Myanmar Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative (MEITI):
⢠Publish relevant laws and contracts. The Myanmar Gemstone Law, related
amendments, and accompanying regulations and directives are not currently
accessible to stakeholders and the general public. Following the example of
countries including Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Liberia,
Malawi and Sierra Leone, Myanmar should disclose gemstone mining contracts.
⢠Expand scope of MEITI disclosures. While Myanmarâs participation in the
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) has shed unprecedented
light on the extractives sector, the multi-stakeholder group must work to
strengthen reporting on the jade and gemstone industry. The countryâs first
EITI report, focusing on the 2013/14 fiscal year, was limited to only 30
companies (out of approximately 900 active in the sector) and covered just
35 percent of these entities' combined payments to government.21
Myanmar
should continue working within the framework of EITI to develop a publicly-
available license cadaster and publish beneficial ownership information
pertaining to the gemstone sector.
⢠Allow for independent monitoring. To support ongoing reform and
strengthen public accountability, access to gemstone-producing areas should
be protected for academics, civil society, international organizations and
the media.
20 The 2013 Resource Governance Index is available at: https://resourcegovernance.org/resource-
governance-index. The 2017 Resource Governance Index will be launched in Summer 2017.
21 Based on analysis of Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: 2013/2014 Myanmar EITI
Reconciliation Report (January 2016) and Scoping Study for the First Report (September 2015).