The document discusses the muscles of mastication - masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles. It covers the origin, insertion, innervation, action, and clinical considerations of each muscle. It also discusses the role of these muscles in supporting complete denture prostheses, including how the contours of the denture should relate to the underlying muscles. The document provides anatomical and clinical context regarding the functions of the masticatory muscles.
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I prepared this presentation during the first year of my MDS. This will give you a basic idea and necessary information about the pulp of the teeth and its histology. Hope you guys find it useful.
As we know that the muscles play an important role in stability and support of a prosthesis,hence we should be well learned about their peripheries and actions.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
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importance of saliva is often neglected by clinicians and practitioners but is one of the most important body fluids not only in dentistry perceptive but also in regard to medical diagnosis. in dentistry it plays a special role specially in complete denture patients
I prepared this presentation during the first year of my MDS. This will give you a basic idea and necessary information about the pulp of the teeth and its histology. Hope you guys find it useful.
As we know that the muscles play an important role in stability and support of a prosthesis,hence we should be well learned about their peripheries and actions.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
Mastication is a harmonious and skillful activity which requires the presence and co ordination of not only the muscles of mastication but also the supra infra-hyoid muscles, and the facial muscles
BASIC MUSCLES:
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
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This slide is about mechanism of mastication. it include muscles of mastication. disorders .of masticatory muscles also included. mastication in different condition is also presented
TMJ is a ginglymo-diarthroidal joint that is freely mobile with superior and inferior joint spaces separated by articular disc.
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Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
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Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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Muscles of mastication
1.
2. PRESENTED BY:
ARUSHI MAHAJAN
MDS FIRST PROF.
DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS
DIRDS, FARIDKOT
GUIDED BY:
DR. PARDEEP BANSAL
DR. MANVEEN DHALIWAL
3. 1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEVELOPMENT
3. MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
A) MASSTER
B) TEMPORALIS
C) MEDIAL PTERYGOID
D) LATERAL PTERYGOID
E) ACCESSORY MUSCLES
Under the following subheadings :
i. Origin
ii. Insertion
iii. Action
iv. Palpation
v. Clinical consideration
vi. Role in Complete Denture Prosthesis
9. Mastication is the process of grinding and chewing food
into smaller pieces in the oral cavity turning it into a food
bolus.
This mass can then be swallowed with ease and further
digested as it passes along the alimentary canal.
Apart from the teeth and the tongue, certain muscles
known as the masticatory muscles take part in specific
movements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
during this process to allow the initial stages of digestion
to occur.
10. Embryologically, the muscles of mastication develop from
the first pharyngeal arch.
Consequently, they are innervated by a branch of
the trigeminal nerve (CN V), the mandibular nerve
11.
12. This is a quadrilateral muscle which covers the
lateral surface of ramus of mandible. Its fibers are
arranged in 3 layers.
The masseter is divided into two distinct sections:
•the 'superficial' and
•'deep' portions.
The superficial portion of the masseter is the thick and
tendon-like portion of the muscle that connects to the
cheekbone,
while the deep portion is the smaller and more muscular
portion of the muscle that connects to the mandible.
13. Superficial
layer
anterior 2/3rd
of lower
border of
zygomatic
arch
zygomatic
process of
maxilla.
Middle
layer
anterior 2/3rd
of deep
surface
1/3rd of lower
border of
zygomatic
arch
Deep layer
Deep layer
from deep
surface of
zygomatic
arch
14.
15. Superficial
fiber
pass
downwards and
backwards at
an angle of 45°.
inserted into
lower part of the
lateral surface of
the ramus of the
mandible
Middle
fiber
pass vertically
downwards
inserted into the
middle part of
the ramus
Deep
fibers
pass vertically
downwards
Inserted into the
upper part of the
ramus and into
the coronoid
process
16.
17. Masseteric nerve, a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular
nerve.
20. To perform an extraoral examination, stand behind the patient and visually
inspect and bilaterally palpate the muscle. Place the fingers of each hand
over the muscle and ask the patient to clench his or her teeth several times.
21.
22. •The masseter muscle can become enlarged in
patients who habitually clench or grind
(with bruxism) their teeth and even in those who
constantly chew gum.
•This masseteric hypertrophy is asymptomatic
and soft; it is usually bilateral but can be
unilateral.
•Even if the hypertrophy is bilateral, asymmetry
of the face may still occur due to unequal
enlargement of the muscles.
23.
24.
25. •This extraoral enlargement may be confused with parotid
salivary gland disease, dental infections, and maxillofacial
neoplasms. However, no other signs are present.
•Most patients seek medical attention because of
comments about facial appearance, and this situation may
be associated with further pathology of
the temporomandibular joint.
•The muscle undergoes spasm with malignant
hyperthermia as do other skeletal muscles, but this one is
easily noted, since it is on the face
26. ANATOMICAL REGION:--
In buccal vestibule
Lateral to pear shaped pad
ROLE :---
It is large and powerful elevator, lies over the
buccinator muscle. This area of denture must be
carefully recorded because overextension causes
soreness, it is an elevator muscle that closes the
jaw so that denture cannot displaced, but it will
affect the retention of complete denture
prosthesis. Under extension, may result in a loss of
support and resistance, to distal displacement.
27. It is responsible for formation of masseteric
notch ( distobuccal to the pad i.e. outline of
distobuccal border)… it forms due to the
action of masseter over buccinator.
Depending on their action, massetric notch
can be categorized in:-------
concave- i.e. masseter muscle is active
Straight- i.e. masseter is moderate active
convex--i.e. inactive masseter.
28. HOW TO ACTIVATE IT
Hold the tray with index finger and
thumb at lower border of mandible.
Instruct the patient to close his mouth
against the pressure exerted by the
finger of operator. This will result
masticatory muscle contract against
buccinator muscle.
29.
30. The temporal muscle, also known as
the temporalis, is one of the muscles of mastication.
It is a broad, fan-shaped muscle on each side of the
head that fills the temporal fossa, superior to the
zygomatic arch so it covers much of the temporal
bone.
The temporal muscle is covered by the temporal
fascia, also known as the temporal aponeurosis.
This fascia is commonly used in tympanoplasty, or
surgical reconstruction of the eardrum.
31. a)Temporal fossa, excluding the zygomatic bone.
b) Temporal fascia.
a) Into the coronoid process.
b) Anterior border of ramus of mandible.
ORIGIN
INSERTION
32.
33. Two deep temporal branches of anterior division of mandibular nerve.
38. •The temporalis is likely to be
involved in jaw pain and
headaches.
•Bruxism, the habitual grinding of
teeth typically while sleeping, and
clenching of the jaw while stressed
can lead to overwork of the
temporalis and results in pain.
39. •A myotendinous rupture of the temporalis can occur
during a seizure due to extreme clenching of the jaw.
•During a seizure the contralateral temporalis muscle
can enter spastic paralysis, this clenching in extreme
cases can lead to a rupture specifically on the
myotendinous insertion at the coronoid process of the
mandible.
40. ANATOMICAL REGION:-
Anterior border of the ramus with tendon ending
on the alveolar bone distal to the pad area.
ROLE:-
INDEPENDENTLY HAS NO SIGNIFICANT ROLE,
but associated with retromolar pad, is important
for obtaining support and peripheral seal.
HOW TO ACTIVATE IT:-
SAME AS MASSETER,
It help in obtaining pterygomandibular seal.
41.
42. The lateral pterygoid muscle, also known
as pterygoideus externus or external pterygoid
muscle, is one of the muscles of mastication.
The lateral pterygoid is a short, thick muscle,
somewhat conical in form, which extends almost
horizontally, posteriorly and laterally between
the infratemporal fossa and the condyle of
the mandible.
It arises by two heads:
an upper (superior) and
a lower (inferior)
43.
44. •Upper head is small. It arises from infratemporal surface and
crest of the greater wing of sphenoid.
•Lower head is larger and arises from lateral pterygoid plate
•Pterygoid fobea on anterior surface of neck of the
mandible.
•Anterior margin of articular disc and capsule of TMJ.
.
48. Palpation is done by placing the forefinger, or
the little finger, over the buccal area of the
maxillary third molar region and exerting
pressure in a posterior, superior, and medial
direction behind the maxillary tuberosity
49.
50. The medial pterygoid (or internal pterygoid
muscle), is a thick, quadrilateral muscle
of mastication.
It has a small superficial head and large deep
head which forms major part of muscle.
57. •Gently palpate them on the medial aspect of the jaw,
simultaneously from both inside and outside the mouth
58. MPDS
• Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome is a most common
cause of temporomandibular pain.
• CAUSES: Tension, fatigue, and spasm of the masticatory
muscles results from nocturnal bruxism.
• Patients have pain and tenderness of the masticatory
muscles, painful limitation of jaw excursion, and sometimes
headache.
• Bedtime use of splints or mouth guards and a benzodiazepine
may help, along with non-opioid analgesics.
59. Contraction of the medial pterygoid muscle can
causes a bulge in the wall of the Retromylohyoid
curtain.
60. Suprahyoid muscles
• Mylohyoid
• Geniohyoid
• Stylohyoid
• Digatric
Infrahyoid Muscles
• Sternohyoid
• Omohyoid
• Thyrohyoid
• Sternothyroid
Both groups of muscle are active in helping to
depress the mandible
64. ANATOMICAL REGION:--
Alveolingual sulcus or middle or
mylohyoid vestibule..
ROLE:----
It is very important to achieve
stability of lower denture by
acquiring adequate peripheral
seal in that area.
It can be determined by
palpation.
Skillful border moulding and
impression procedures.
65. BOUCHER says that the denture flange must be
parallel to the mylohyoid muscle when it is
contracted.
DISADVANTAGES:---
Of the impression is made with pressure on or
slightly over the ridge displacement of denture
resulting soreness from vertical and lateral stress.
If the flange is shorter the mylohyoid ridge,
vertical forces will causes soreness and border seal
will be easily broken.
66. WINKLER says that lingual flange of denture
border should be extend in between the
functional and rest position of mylohyoid muscle
i.e. slightly below the mylohyoid ridge.
BLANCHARD gave standardization that average
mylohyoid border is around 4-6 mm and border
width should be 2-3mm.
67. • The lingual flange of the lower
denture should be concave and
face in and up, Because of the
shape of the mandible and
because of the functional
movement of the mucosal
reflection in the alveololingual
sulcus, this flange cannot
closely approximate the body of
the mandible below the
attachment of the mylohyoid.
Consequently it’s greatest extension can be achieved by
turning it lingually under the lateral surface of the tongue .
this permits the tongue to direct the force inferiorly against
the flange.