A presentation of muscle hypertrophy

1. MUSCLE HYPOTROPHY &
MUSCLE ATROPY
SARA MOHAMED RAFI
DEVIKA RESHMI BABU
AHAMMAD NAJAD SAYED
MAHIN MOHAMMED ADHIL

2. WHAT IS MUSCLE HYPOTROPHY?
Muscular hypotrophy refers to the decrease in muscle mass or size. It can
occur due to a variety of reasons such as disuse, malnutrition, aging
(sarcopenia), or certain diseases.

3. WHAT IS MUSCLE ATROPHY?
Muscular atrophy is the wasting or loss of muscle tissue.
It can occur due to various reasons, such as
1) prolonged inactivity,
2) aging,
3) malnutrition, or
4) specific diseases and conditions.

4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO
Increase in total mass of a muscle as hypertrophy, whereas a decrease in total mass of
a muscle is referred to as atrophy.

7. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS –
MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY
Muscular hypertrophy, particularly in the context of resistance training and
exercise, is generally considered a positive adaptation that leads to increased
muscle size and strength.
But extreme or abnormal cases of muscular hypertrophy, often unrelated to
exercise, can be associated with certain medical conditions.
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
• Muscular Dystrophy
• Acromegaly
• Pseudohypertrophy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

8. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS – MUSCLE
ATROPHY
Muscle
Weakness
Reduced Muscle
Size
Physical
Disability
Muscle
Flaccidity
Decreased Mobility and
Function
Muscle Cramps and
Stiffness
Asymmetr
y
Fatigu
e
Unintentional Weight Loss

9. • Reversible Causes.
• Chronic or Progressive
Conditions
• Neurogenic Atrophy
• Age-Related Atrophy
(Sarcopenia)
• Individual Response to
Treatment.
• Early Intervention.

10. 1. Medical History
2. Physical Examination
3. Neurological
Examination
4. Laboratory Tests
5. Imaging Studies
6. Electromyography (EMG)
7. Muscle Biopsy
8. Genetic Testing
9. Functional Assessments
10. Specialized Consultations

11. MANAGEMENT
• Regular Exercise
• Nutrition plan
• Surgery for contracture
• Ultrasound therapy
• Electrical Stimulation
• Balancing Hormone levels
• Avoiding Steroid Abuse
• Tumors or Masses
• Removal of Tumors or abnormal
• masses in muscles.
• Physical Therapy
• Medications

12. CASE STUDY-1

13. Background
Sarah, a 35-year-old woman, presented to her primary care physician with concerns about unexplained
muscle growth and weakness. She reported that over the past six months, she had noticed a significant
increase in the size of her limbs, particularly her arms and thighs. Despite the apparent muscular
hypertrophy, she experienced muscle weakness, fatigue, and occasional cramping.
Clinical Examination
• No significant history of intense physical training or resistance exercise.
• No family history of muscular disorders.
• Normal weight.
• No history of recent infections or significant changes in medication.
• Symmetrical muscular hypertrophy, particularly in the proximal muscle groups of the arms and thighs.
• Muscle strength testing revealed weakness, especially in the affected muscle groups.
• No signs of inflammation or joint abnormalities.

14. Diagnostic Workup
1. Blood Tests:
• Creatine kinase (CK) levels: Elevated.
2. Imaging:
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of affected muscle groups revealed hypertrophy without signs of
inflammation or structural abnormalities.
3. Genetic Testing:
• Screening for genetic mutations associated with muscular disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophies).
Diagnosis
After a comprehensive evaluation, Sarah was diagnosed with a rare form of muscular hypertrophy associated
with a genetic mutation leading to overexpression of growth-related factors in muscle cells. This condition
was causing muscle enlargement without a corresponding increase in strength, leading to weakness and
fatigue.
Treatment and Management
Since the condition was genetic, there was no cure, but management focused on improving Sarah's quality
of life.
Physical therapy was recommended to maintain mobility and prevent muscle contractures.
Regular monitoring of muscle function, CK levels, and overall health.

15. Conclusion
This case illustrates a rare scenario where muscular hypertrophy is not a result
of intentional exercise but is associated with an underlying genetic

16. CASE STUDY-11

17. Background
• Mark, a 45-year-old man, presented to his primary care physician with complaints of progressive weakness,
muscle wasting, and difficulty performing daily activities. He reported that over the past six months, he had
noticed a gradual reduction in the size and strength of his muscles, particularly in his arms and legs.
The symptoms had developed without any clear triggering events, such as trauma or prolonged
immobilization.
Clinical Examination
• No significant history of recent injuries or surgeries.
• No family history of neuromuscular disorders.
• Normal weight.
• No recent changes in medication or lifestyle.
• Muscle atrophy, especially noticeable in the distal muscle groups of the arms and legs.
• Muscle strength testing revealed generalized weakness, affecting both proximal and distal muscles.
• Reduced range of motion in affected joints.
• Normal sensation and reflexes.

18. Diagnostic Workup
1) Blood Tests:
• Creatine kinase (CK) levels: Within normal limits.
• Complete blood count (CBC), comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP): No significant abnormalities.
2) Neurological Testing:
• Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies to evaluate electrical activity in muscles and nerve
function.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to rule out structural abnormalities.
3) Endocrine Testing:
• Thyroid function tests to rule out thyroid-related muscle disorders.
4) Autoimmune Markers:
• Screening for autoimmune disorders that may affect muscles.
Diagnosis
After a thorough evaluation, Mark was diagnosed with a neurological disorder affecting the motor neurons,
leading to progressive muscle atrophy. Further genetic testing revealed a mutation associated with a motor
neuron disease.

19. Follow-Up
• Mark continued to receive ongoing care and support from a multidisciplinary team, including neurologists,
physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Regular assessments were conducted to monitor his
muscle function, joint mobility, and overall well-being.
Conclusion
• This case illustrates a scenario where muscle atrophy is a result of an underlying neurological disorder with
a genetic basis. A comprehensive diagnostic approach, including neurological and genetic testing, is crucial
for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. The focus is on providing supportive care to enhance
the patient's functional abilities and maintain their overall quality of life.

20. THANK YOU