The document discusses the history and techniques of war propaganda from ancient times to modern conflicts. It covers the origins of propaganda in ancient Rome and Greece and its evolution over centuries of warfare. Specific sections analyze the visual propaganda techniques used during World War I, World War II, the Vietnam War, and the War on Terror. The five classic propaganda techniques of bandwagon, testimonial, transfer, repetition, and emotional words are also defined. Famous propaganda posters from various conflicts are showcased, along with the propaganda roles of newspapers, films, radio, photography, and other media.

1. War Propaganda: A Visual Medium Alan Leonard Beatriz Lopez Beth Laurenson Karen Hughes Gábor László-Fülöp

2. Propaganda as a visual medium: what it is and the techniques involved Origins of war propaganda: from 7000 BC to 1990 AD Creative and Technological Evolution, Continuity and Remediation in the 20th Century World War I World War II Vietnam War The War on Terror: 2001 and beyond Hungarian Revolution Comparison The Plan

3. What is Propaganda? Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels.“ (Nelson 1996) sent across in many and all types of media: radio, television, leaflets, posters, hoardings, books, film, government reports, news broadcasts and historical revision of any of the above

4. The Five Techniques Bandwagon: using numbers/popularity to gain support Testimonial: using the support of a high profile figure to gain support of others Transfer: linking the idea being sold to a person to give the argument momentum (ie. linking 'red terror' and the figure of Ho Chi Mihn in the West to give the idea of ‘red terror’ support) Repetition: simply repeating a name/word/argument to gain support, to make it stick in the mind Emotional Words: using words /images/colours to evoke a specific feeling that will gain support for an argument

5. The Origins The Ancient World: Rome and Greece The Middle Ages: The Crusades and the 100 Years War The Renaissance: The Reformation and the 30 Years War The Age of Revolutions: American, French and Napoleonic The Age of Total War: 20th Century Warfare

6. World War One One One

7. WWI Propaganda WWI use of Images for Propaganda Use of newspapers in WWI Morse code in WWI Posters and handouts

8. Great Britain Lord Kitchener– Alfred Leete (1882 - 1933) Leete's famous Lord Kitchener poster design first appeared on the cover of the weekly magazine “ London Opinion ” in September, 1914. It was so successful at persuading men to join the British Army that James Montgomery Flagg copied the idea when the United States entered the war in 1917. With the Uncle Sam image

9. USA Uncle Sam – James Montgomery Flagg 1877-1960 Over four million copies were printed between 1917 and 1918

10. Each of the nations which participated in World War One from 1914-18 used propaganda posters not only as a means of justifying involvement to their own populace, but also as a means of procuring men, money and resources to sustain the military campaign. Australia Belgium UK

11. Fonts Backgrounds Colour Style USA Canada Germany

12. Images and posters were also used to promote War Bonds to support and help finance the war

13. On May 7, 1915, Lusitania was torpedoed off the southern coast of Ireland The sinking of the Lusitania was used by clever propagandists to portray the Germans as inhuman slaughterers of innocents

14. World War Two Two Two

15. World War II Addressed to people’s emotions . Newspapers and films were frequently used: however posters achieved a renaissance due to the fact that they could be put up anywhere. This is known as the Visual culture. Another way to have an influence on people was radio. It was used for speeches such as Churchill’s ones, often in deep and direct voice and or voiced by celebrities of the time. Also appeared in the Hollywood industry and in children's cartoons.

16. The Passierschein Leaflet

17. Posters Flagg’s avuncular Uncle Sam got tough as victories mounted, 1944/USA/ J ames Montgomery Flaggs Flagg’s avuncular Uncle Sam got tough as victories mounted, 1944/USA/ J ames Montgomery Flaggs Goebbels as Mickey Mouse, 1941/U.S.S.R./ Boris Efimov The emotional appeal of the threatened mother and child made this poster a success, 1942/Canada/ G. K. Odell

18. Posters An American aviator portrayed as a war god, no date/USA poster for China/ Artist unknown An American aviator portrayed as a war god, no date/USA poster for China/ Artist unknown The work of the “liberators”, 1944/Italy. Artist unknown “ The German Student Fights for the Führer and the People,” 1930’s/Germany/ Ludwig Hohlwein

19. Newspapers Allied gray media: Nachrichten für die Truppe (News for the Troops) Nazi-antisemitic newspaper: Der Stürmer (The Attacker)

20. Radio RADIO PROGRAMS Mail Call! A letter from home Words at War Axis Sally RADIO STATIONS Radio Stuttgart Radio station Soldatensender West Switzerland‘s National AM Radio Station Beromünster

21. Nazi Films Poster for the film Jew Süss, c.1940. Germany. Artist unknown. Poster for the film Jew Süss, c.1940. Germany. Artist unknown. Wunschkonzert, 1940. This film emphasizes the superiority of the “Aryan race”. Poster for the film Jew Süss, c.1940. Germany. Artist unknown.

22. Allied Films Casablanca, 1942. Casablanca, 1942. Yankee Doodle Dandy, The Musical, 1942. Wake Island, 1942.

23. Postcards Anti-German postcard, 1944/Belgium/ Artist unknown “ Not you but the front is the benchmark” Day of the NSDAP in the General Government 13. – 15 . August 1943. After a painting by Will Tesch.

24. Cartoons

25. Vietnam War War

26. Vietnam War - Counter Propaganda 1955-1975 Print and Radio still accessible and popular mediums Advent of mass television culture: the first ‘television’ war

27. Television and Photo-journalism Advent of unintentional propaganda: use of photographs and video footage captured by journalists for general media reporting purposes that have a natural emotional appeal note the change in the focus of the emotional content as the war progressed Movement away from hand-drawn images, sloganism and constructed posters towards simplistic live-action stills: evolution of the medium into digital form Using realism to appeal to the masses: defined break from the fantastical and whimsical images popular in WWI and WWII propaganda

28. Traditional Pro War Propaganda

29. Traditional Pro War Propaganda

30. Traditional Pro War Propaganda

31. Traditional Pro-War Propaganda US Marine Sea Knight helicopter comes down 1966/ Horst Faas / South Vietnam border Men in the jungle 1972/ U.S Marine Corps/ Da Nang US 2nd Battalion 1965/ Henri Huet/ South Vietnam

32. Atrocity Propaganda My Lai Masscre 1968/ Ronald Haeberle/ My Lai My Lai Masscre 1968/ Ronald Haeberle/ My Lai

33. Atrocity Propaganda Shooting of a suspected Viet Cong officer by the Chief of the National Police 1968/ Eddie Adams/ Saigon Protest against the persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese Government 1963/ Malcom Browne/ Saigon

34. Napalm attack on Trang Bang 1972/ Nick Ut/ South Vietnam

35. New Media Focus First Infantry Division destroy a Vietcong Training Camp 1965/ Dirck Halstead/ Lai Khe Region A US Paratrooper sets fire to a house 1966/ Peter Arnett/ Vaico Oriental River Rebirth of intentional propaganda using new technology

36. ‘ War is Hell’ 1965/ Horst Faas/Vietnam Women and children in the Bao Trai Canal 1966/ Horst Faas/ Saigon

37. Posters Huge focus on the remediation of WWI and WWII poster content Images Fonts Colour schemes Layouts Awareness of target audiences: what is going to appeal to the viewer

38. Uncle Sam I Want You for the US Army 1972/ Personality Posters/ UK I Want You for the US Army 1972/ Personality Posters/ UK I Want Out 1971/ The Committee to Unsell the War/ USA Uncle Sam 1917/ James Montgomery Flagg

39. Target Audiences Vote No Mum 1914/ Percy Lindsay/ Australia Vote No Mum 1914/ Percy Lindsay/ Australia Baez Girls 1968/ Jim Marshall/ USA

40. War On Terror Terror Terror

41. The War on Terror All forms of media – traditional and new: posters, photos, newspapers, magazines, television, internet, radio, books, movies and even kids games. Focus: poster remediation, still-images and Internet distribution

42. Big Impact Traditional-style posters to encourage people to enlist Shocking images of cruelty in Iraq to make people think they were needed there Book, games and movies to appeal to a range of target audiences Magazine covers and newspaper covers

43. Poster remediation

44. Games, Books and Films

45. Atrocity Propaganda Influenced by techniques of the Vietnam War Influenced by techniques of the Vietnam War

46. Magazine Covers

47. Newspaper Covers

48. Television Reports

49. The Hungarian Revolution Revolution Revolution

50. WW2 WW1 Viatnam War War on Terror

51. The Symbol of the Revolution The Hungarian Flag with the soviet red star been cut out from the middle of it. Also known as the flag with the hole.

52. Remediation Of Other Medias The upset of the Stalin statue in Budapest (October 10, 1956) Iwo Jima, raising the american flag. (February 23, 1945)

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