The document provides an overview of the history and techniques of war propaganda from ancient times to modern conflicts. It discusses how propaganda evolved from primarily using posters, newspapers, radio, and film in WWI and WWII to incorporating new media like television and the internet in more recent wars. The document outlines some common propaganda techniques such as using bandwagon appeals, testimonials, repetition, and emotional words/images. It then analyzes the use of propaganda in several specific conflicts from WWI to the War on Terror.

1. War Propaganda:
A Visual Medium
Alan Leonard
Beatriz Lopez
Beth Laurenson
Karen Hughes
Gábor László-Fülöp

2. The Plan
Propaganda as a visual medium: what it is and the techniques involved
Origins of war propaganda: from 7000 BC to 1990 AD
Creative and Technological Evolution, Continuity and Remediation in
the 20th Century
World War I
World War II
Vietnam War
The War on Terror: 2001 and beyond
Hungarian Revolution Comparison

3. What is
Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful
persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions,
and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or
commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided
messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media
channels.“ (Nelson 1996)
sent across in many and all types of media: radio, television, leaflets,
posters, hoardings, books, film, government reports, news broadcasts and
historical revision of any of the above

4. The Five
Bandwagon: using numbers/popularity to gain support
Testimonial: using the support of a high profile figure to gain support of
others
Transfer: linking the idea being sold to a person to give the argument
momentum
(ie. linking 'red terror' and the figure of Ho Chi Mihn in the West to give
the idea of ‘red terror’ support)
Repetition: simply repeating a name/word/argument to gain support, to
make it stick in the mind
Emotional Words: using words /images/colours to evoke a specific
feeling that will gain support for an argument

5. The Origins
The Ancient World: Rome and Greece
The Middle Ages: The Crusades and the 100
Years War
The Renaissance: The Reformation and the 30
Years War
The Age of Revolutions: American, French and
Napoleonic
The Age of Total War: 20th Century Warfare

6. World
War
One

7. WWI
WWI use of Images for
Propaganda
Use of newspapers in WWI
Morse code in WWI
Posters and handouts

8. Great Britain !"##$%&'(%)*(+,"))-$%$,'./)(0)1%0(.234(%)
Lord Kitchener–
Alfred Leete (1882 - 1933)
Leete's famous Lord Kitchener poster design first appeared
on the cover of the weekly magazine “London Opinion” in
September, 1914.
It was so successful at persuading men to join the British
Army that James Montgomery Flagg copied the idea when
the United States entered the war in 1917.
With the Uncle Sam image

9. USA
Uncle Sam –
James Montgomery Flagg
1877-1960
Over four million copies
were printed between
1917 and 1918

10. Each of the nations which participated in World War One
from 1914-18 used propaganda posters not only as a means
of justifying involvement to their own populace, but also as
a means of procuring men, money and resources to sustain
the military campaign.
Australia Belgium UK

11. Fonts
Canada
Backgrounds USA
Germany
Colour
Style

12. Images and posters were also used to
promote War Bonds to support and help
finance the war

13. On May 7, 1915, Lusitania was torpedoed
off the southern coast of Ireland
The sinking of the Lusitania was used
by clever propagandists to portray the
Germans as inhuman slaughterers of
innocents

14. World
War
Two

15. World War II
Addressed to people’s emotions .
Newspapers and films were frequently used:
however posters achieved a renaissance due to
the fact that they could be put up anywhere.
This is known as the Visual culture.
Another way to have an influence on people
was radio. It was used for speeches such as
Churchill’s ones, often in deep and direct voice
and or voiced by celebrities of the time.
Also appeared in the Hollywood industry and in
children's cartoons.

16. The

17. Posters
The emotional appeal of Goebbels as Mickey Flagg’s avuncular Uncle
the threatened mother and Mouse, 1941/U.S.S.R./ Sam got tough as victories
child made this poster a Boris Efimov mounted, 1944/USA/ J
success, 1942/Canada/ G. ames Montgomery Flaggs
K. Odell

18. Posters
“The German Student The work of the An American aviator
Fights for the Führer and “liberators”, 1944/Italy. portrayed as a war god, no
the People,” 1930’s/ Artist unknown date/USA poster for China/
Germany/ Ludwig Artist unknown
Hohlwein

19. Newspapers
Nazi-antisemitic Allied gray media:
newspaper: Der Stürmer Nachrichten für die Truppe
(The Attacker) (News for the Troops)

20. Radio
RADIO PROGRAMS
Mail Call! A letter from home
Words at War
Axis Sally
RADIO STATIONS
Radio Stuttgart
Radio station Soldatensender West
Switzerland‘s National AM Radio Station Beromünster

21. Nazi Films
Poster for the film Jew Süss, Wunschkonzert, 1940. Poster for the film Jew Süss,
c.1940. Germany. Artist This film emphasizes the c.1940. Germany. Artist
unknown. superiority of the “Aryan unknown.
race”.

22. Allied Films
Yankee Doodle Dandy, The
Musical, 1942.
Wake Island, 1942. Casablanca, 1942.

23. Postcards
“Not you but the front is the
benchmark” Day of the NSDAP in the Anti-German postcard,
General Government 13. – 15 . August 1944/Belgium/ Artist
1943. After a painting by Will Tesch. unknown

24. Cartoons
Blitz Wolf (1942)
Der Fuerher’s face (1942)
The Duckators (1942)
Russian Rhapsody (1944)
Tokio Jokio (1943)

25. Vietnam
War

26. Vietnam War -
1955-1975
Print and Radio still accessible and popular
mediums
Advent of mass television culture: the first
‘television’ war

27. Television and
Advent of unintentional propaganda: use of photographs and video
footage captured by journalists for general media reporting purposes that
have a natural emotional appeal
note the change in the focus of the emotional content as the war
progressed
Movement away from hand-drawn images, sloganism and constructed
posters towards simplistic live-action stills: evolution of the medium into
digital form
Using realism to appeal to the masses: defined break from the fantastical
and whimsical images popular in WWI and WWII propaganda

28. Traditional Pro

29. Traditional Pro

30. Traditional Pro

31. Traditional Pro-
Men in the jungle 1972/ U.S Marine Corps/ Da Nang
US Marine Sea Knight
helicopter comes down
1966/ Horst Faas / South
Vietnam border
US 2nd Battalion 1965/ Henri Huet/ South Vietnam

32. Atrocity
My Lai Masscre 1968/ My Lai Masscre 1968/
Ronald Haeberle/ My Lai Ronald Haeberle/ My Lai

33. Atrocity
Protest against the Shooting of a suspected Viet
persecution of Buddhists Cong officer by the Chief of
by the South Vietnamese the National Police 1968/
Government 1963/ Eddie Adams/ Saigon
Malcom Browne/ Saigon

34. Napalm attack on Trang Bang 1972/ Nick Ut/ South Vietnam

35. New Media Focus
Rebirth of intentional propaganda using new technology
A US Paratrooper sets fire First Infantry Division
to a house 1966/ Peter destroy a Vietcong Training
Arnett/ Vaico Oriental Camp 1965/ Dirck
River Halstead/ Lai Khe Region

36. Baby in the box 1973/ Chick Harrity/ Saigon
‘War is Hell’ 1965/ Horst Faas/Vietnam
Women and children in the Bao Trai
Canal 1966/ Horst Faas/ Saigon

37. Posters
Huge focus on the remediation of WWI and WWII poster
content
Images
Fonts
Colour schemes
Layouts
Awareness of target audiences: what is going to appeal to
the viewer

38. Uncle Sam
Uncle Sam 1917/ James
Montgomery Flagg
I Want You for the US Army
I Want Out 1971/ The 1972/ Personality Posters/
Committee to Unsell the UK
War/ USA

39. Target
Vote No Mum 1914/ Percy
Baez Girls 1968/ Jim Lindsay/ Australia
Marshall/ USA

40. War
On
Terror

41. The War on
All forms of media – tradi/onal and new: posters,
photos, newspapers, magazines, television, internet,
radio, books, movies and even kids games.
Focus: poster remedia/on, s/ll‐images and Internet
distribu/on

42. Big Impact
Tradi/onal‐style posters to encourage people to enlist
Shocking images of cruelty in Iraq to make people think
they were needed there
Book, games and movies to appeal to a range of target
audiences
Magazine covers and newspaper covers

43. Poster

44. Games,

45. Atrocity
Influenced by techniques of the Vietnam War

46. Magazine

47. Newspaper

48. Television

49. The
Hungarian
Revolution

50. WW1 WW2
Hungarian Revolution
Viatnam War War on Terror

51. The Symbol of
The Hungarian Flag with
the soviet red star been cut
out from the middle of it.
Also known as the flag
with the hole.

52. Remediation Of
The upset of the Stalin Iwo Jima, raising the
statue in Budapest american flag.
(October 10, 1956) (February 23, 1945)

53. Sources
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Associated Press 2005. Vietnam war picture that touched a nation can still surprise. Sydney Morning Herald [Online]. 23 May. Available from: http://www.smh.com.au/articles/
2005/05/22/1116700595259.html?oneclick=true [Accessed 23 November 2010].
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[Accessed 1 December 2010].
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D’Silva, R. 2010. Examples of Propaganda Techniques [Online]. Available from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/examples-of-propaganda-techniques.html [Accessed 20 November 2010].
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Jelsoft Enterprises 2010. The YBBS [Online]. Available from: http://yourbbsucks.com/forum/index.php [Accessed 4 December 2010].
Lerner, D. 1980. Paper bullets : great propaganda posters in full color, Axis & Allied countries World War II. New York, London: Chelsea House Publishers.
Lilian. 2010. The Vietnam War: 35 Years Later. Picspam [Online]. 22 May. Available from: http://community.livejournal.com/ontd_political/6254930.html [Accessed 23 November 2010].
Love, K. 2010. Five Things I Remember About 9-11. Kara’s Blog [Online]. 10 September. Available from: http://kara.andrewandkara.com/ [Accessed 1 December 2010].
Oak, M. 2010. Types of Propaganda Techniques [Online]. Available from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-propaganda-techniques.html [Accessed 20 November 2010].
Old Time Radio Catalogue 2010. Mail Call: 45 Episodes [Online]. Available from: http://www.otrcat.com/mail-call-p-1572.html [Accessed 26 November 2010].
O'Shaughnessy, N.J. 2004. Politics and Propaganda: Weapons of Mass Seduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Shah, A. 2003. Media, Propaganda and Vietnam [Online]. Available from: http://www.globalissues.org/article/402/media-propaganda-and-vietnam [Accessed 23 November 2010].
Simkin, J. 2010. Imperial War Museum [Online]. Available: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ [Accessed 29 November 2010].
Soules, M. 2007. Propaganda At War: Mass Media, Propaganda and Censorship [Online]. Available from: http://www.media-studies.ca/articles/war_propaganda.htm [Accessed 20 November
2010].
Taylor, P.M. 2003. Munitions of the Mind: a history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Welch, D. 2010. BBC World Wars In-Depth: Nazi Propaganda [Online]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery.shtml [Accessed 26
November 2010].

54. Sources
Abhor, T. 2010. Eleven Years After WTO: The Impact of Uprisings. Dialogic [Online]. 5 December. Available from: http://dialogic.blogspot.com/ [Accessed 5 December 2010].
American Movie Classics Company 2010. War and Anti-War Films [Online]. Available from: http://www.filmsite.org/warfilms2.html [Accessed 26 November 2010].
Associated Press 2005. Vietnam war picture that touched a nation can still surprise. Sydney Morning Herald [Online]. 23 May. Available from: http://www.smh.com.au/articles/
2005/05/22/1116700595259.html?oneclick=true [Accessed 23 November 2010].
The
BBC 2010. BBC World Wars In-Depth: Audio [Online]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/churchill_audio_01.shtml [Accessed 26 November 2010].
Brainard, J 2008. Nazi Propaganda: a multimedia exhibit [Online]. Available from: http://www.historywiz.org/nazi-mm-news.htm [Accessed 26 November 2010].
CrimethInc. Workers' Collective 2010. Fighting in a New Terrain: What’s Changed Since the 20th Century [Online]. Available from: http://crimethinc.com/texts/recentfeatures/terrain.php
[Accessed 1 December 2010].
Cunningham, S.B. 2002. The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction. Westport:Praeger Publishers.
Deutsche Welle 2007. German Expert on Nazi Film and Propaganda [Online]. Available from: http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2728383,00.html [Accessed 26 November 2010].
D’Silva, R. 2010. Examples of Propaganda Techniques [Online]. Available from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/examples-of-propaganda-techniques.html [Accessed 20 November 2010].
Duffy, M. 2009. Propaganda Posters: An Introduction [Online]. Available from: http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/index.htm [Accessed 29 November 2010].
Jelsoft Enterprises 2010. The YBBS [Online]. Available from: http://yourbbsucks.com/forum/index.php [Accessed 4 December 2010].
Lerner, D. 1980. Paper bullets : great propaganda posters in full color, Axis & Allied countries World War II. New York, London: Chelsea House Publishers.
Lilian. 2010. The Vietnam War: 35 Years Later. Picspam [Online]. 22 May. Available from: http://community.livejournal.com/ontd_political/6254930.html [Accessed 23 November 2010].
Love, K. 2010. Five Things I Remember About 9-11. Kara’s Blog [Online]. 10 September. Available from: http://kara.andrewandkara.com/ [Accessed 1 December 2010].
Oak, M. 2010. Types of Propaganda Techniques [Online]. Available from: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-propaganda-techniques.html [Accessed 20 November 2010].
Old Time Radio Catalogue 2010. Mail Call: 45 Episodes [Online]. Available from: http://www.otrcat.com/mail-call-p-1572.html [Accessed 26 November 2010].
O'Shaughnessy, N.J. 2004. Politics and Propaganda: Weapons of Mass Seduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Shah, A. 2003. Media, Propaganda and Vietnam [Online]. Available from: http://www.globalissues.org/article/402/media-propaganda-and-vietnam [Accessed 23 November 2010].
Simkin, J. 2010. Imperial War Museum [Online]. Available: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ [Accessed 29 November 2010].
Soules, M. 2007. Propaganda At War: Mass Media, Propaganda and Censorship [Online]. Available from: http://www.media-studies.ca/articles/war_propaganda.htm [Accessed 20 November
2010].
Taylor, P.M. 2003. Munitions of the Mind: a history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Welch, D. 2010. BBC World Wars In-Depth: Nazi Propaganda [Online]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery.shtml [Accessed 26
November 2010].