1. Task 3
The Concept of Zero Waste Industry (2 sks)
Lecturer : Dr. Ir. Arif Kusumawanto, M.T., I.A.I
Research Proposal
Processing Technology and Utilization of Manure as a Contribution to
the Development of Small and Medium Industries in Pandansimo
Baru
By :
Andik Irawan 11/ 322107/PTK/07426
Master Program of System Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Gadjah Mada University
Yogyakarta 2012

2. Research Proposal
Processing Technology and Utilization of Cow Manure as a Contribution to
the Development of Small and Medium Industries in Pandansimo Baru
Presented by :
Name : Andik Irawan
No. of Student : 11/322107/PTK/07426
Yogyakarta 03 October 2012
Student
Andik Irawan

3. 1. Title
Processing Technology and Utilization of Cow Manure as a
Contribution to the Development of Small and Medium Industries in
Pandansimo Baru.
2. Background
a. Introduction
The concept of rural development in particular areas in Indonesia
was born of an interactive process that combines basic theoretical
understanding with practical experience as a form of dynamic
application. In other words, the concept of regional development in
Indonesia is an amalgamation of various theories and models that have
been tested constantly growing apply. Furthermore reformulated into
an approach that is tailored to the conditions and needs of development
in Indonesia.
In the history of its development, the development of the concept
of assembling parts of Indonesia there are several theoretical
foundation that also coloring existence. First is Walter Isard as a
pioneer who studied the regional science causality of the main factors
forming region of space, the physical factors, socio-economic, and
cultural. Both are Hirschmann (1950's era) that gave rise to the theory
of polarization effects and the trickling down effect by arguing that the
development of a region does not occur simultaneously (unbalanced
development). Third is Myrdal (1950's era) with a theory that explains
the relationship between the forward and rear areas of the term
backwash effect and spreadwash effect. Fourth is Freadmann (the
1960's) that places more emphasis on hierarchy formation in order to
facilitate the development of systems development that became known
as the theory of economic growth centers. Fifth is Douglass (70's era)
that introduces the birth model of rural-urban linkages (rural-urban
linkages) in the development of the region. The existence of the basic
theory and concept development in the region and then enriched with

4. ideas born of the sons of the nation's thinking. Among them are Sutami
(1970's era) with the idea that the intensive development of
infrastructure to support the use of natural resources will be able to
accelerate the development of the region. Poernomosidhi (transition
era) contributed to the birth of the concept of the cities and hikarki
hiriarki roads through kota.Selanjutnya order is Ruslan Diwiryo (the
1980's) who introduced the concept of pattern and structure of the
space that even a major inspiration for the birth of Law No. 24/1992 on
spatial planning . The concept of the development of the region began
to be directed to address regional disparities, between regions in the
island, as well as between urban and rural areas. Recent developments
in the early centuries and even millennia, directing regional
development concept as a means to realize the integration of the
unitary Republic of Indonesia.
Based on the understanding of the theoretical and empirical
experiences above, then the conceptual understanding of regional
development can be formulated as a series of attempts to bring
coherence in the use of various resources, glue and balancing national
development and national territorial integrity, increase harmony
between regions, through the integration between the development
sector on an understanding theoretical and empirical experiences
above, then the conceptual understanding of regional development can
be formulated as a series of attempts to bring coherence in the use of
various resources, glue and balancing national development and unity
of the national territory, increasing inter-regional harmony, integration
between the development sector through the process of spatial
planning role in the achievement of sustainable development goals in
the container Homeland.
Building on the above understanding of the development should
not only be held to meet sectoral objectives partial sufficient, but more
than that, construction was held to meet the objectives of regional

5. development is comprehensive and holistic approach by considering
compatibility between various resources as a key element forming
chamber (source natural, artificial, human and system activity), which
is supported by the legal and institutional system that surrounded him.
The development of energy related area is preferred to meet the
goals in the region's energy needs and the needs of the industry
tanggga. Since the oil crisis, the attention of the world, including
Indonesia, the development of renewable energy sources and
technologies of oil is increasing. Dependence only on fossil energy
sources and imports for energy, particularly oil, natural gas and coal as
well as increasing energy demand in Indonesia, should be anticipated
through the efforts of developing alternative energy sources available
and environmentally friendly. Development of rural areas have
considerable opportunity for berkontribisi in alternative energy
development program. Under the direction of the national team
developing alternative energy biofuels (BBN), in the area should be
linked poverty alleviation and job creation. In addition, the
development of biogas in rural areas also need to consider the benefits
and feasibility in order to take place on an ongoing basis. In relation to
the benefits, biogas is a renewable energy source that can address
energy needs and produce organic fertilizer in the form of solid and
liquid. The use of livestock manure into biogas by anaerobic
fermentation using bacteria and methanogens can support the
application of the concept of zero waste, so the practice of sustainable
agriculture and environmentally friendly can be achieved (Andreas
Wiji SP, 2010).
Enny Ariani, et al (2007), some of the advantages livestock waste
utilization in rural areas are: 1. reduce the cost of purchasing kerosene
or LPG gas, and energy-efficient in the search for firewood, 2.
environmentally friendly because livestock waste that had been
allowed to be utilized, 3. incidental produce organic sludge that can be

6. processed into compost, and 4. support the government's energy-saving
program.
b. Authenticity Research
Pandansimo a rural area in the district Poncosari Bantul.
Pandansimo trying to create an energy independent region with various
contributions in the development of rural areas. The development of
independent energy region associated with the use and processing of
livestock products in use and utilized as renewable energy and solid
waste treatment industry in livestock. Until now the results of animal
waste is used for small-scale biogas feedstock that is needed in the
development of clusters in the processing and utilization of biogas and
solid waste treatment biogas industry in the organic fertilizer industry.
The author tries to create industrial clusters in the processing and
utilization of biogas and biogas utilization of solid waste into organic
fertilizer industry in New Pandansimo.
c. Avail expected
Pandansimo is a region located in the southern coastal Poncosari
Bantul District with an area of ± 24ha, is an independent energy region
with wind turbines and solar panels. The author tries to develop new
Pandansimo region through the use of the concept of animal waste
produced in one hamlet of New Pandansimo region. Utilization and
processing are expected to provide added value to the local economy
as well as serve as a village industry in the processing and utilization
of animal waste into biogas and solid waste into organic fertilizer.
3. Research Objectives :
From the theoretical discussion on the selection of cases in New
Pandansimo aims to:
a. Designing design in the processing of animal waste
b. Providing industrial clusters in the processing and utilization of
solid waste into organic fertilizer

7. 4. Planinng Mechanism
From the results of a case study in New Pandansimo draft plan with the
following machine models:
a. Biogas Cluster with Model Design Flow Rates in Small and
Medium Industries
b. Mechanisms Technology Fertilizer Organic with Cluster Model
5. Review of the literature
a. Potential Waste livestock (cattle) into compost
Dung and urine are the most animal waste generated in animal
husbandry in the form of residual waste other than food. In general,
every kilogram of beef produced cattle also produce 25 kg of solids.
The amount of solid waste generated from fattening beef cattle could
potentially be utilized as a source of compost and the potential to be a
source of fattening beef cattle. For example, for fattening with a target
daily weight gain (PBBH) of 0.5 kg will be produced as many as 12.5
kg dung per day. If the target is fattening weight gain of 90 kg in the
fattening period for 6 months will produce as much as 2.2 tons of dirt
from a cattle feedlot every single period. If livestock manure and feed
residue is processed into compost, then at least of any feedlot cattle
can produce 1.5 tons of compost per 6 months. Composting is the
process of biodegradation or decomposition of organic matter
decomposition by bacteria, yeast and decomposition of waste materials
additional income from the business to the fungus.
To speed up the composting process in which organic processes
into organic fertilizer that is ready to be used by plant decomposition
process is carried out artificially. Cattle dung can be used as the main
ingredient for making compost contains nitrogen, potassium and a high
fiber content. This manure need additional materials such as sawdust,
ash, lime and other materials that have a high fiber content to provide a
balanced supply of nutrients to the microbial decomposers that besides

8. the decomposition process can go faster also can produce high-quality
compost.
b. Potential Waste livestock (cattle) into Biogas
Biogas is a combustible gas produced from the fermentation of
organic matter by anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that live in air-tight
conditions). In general, any type of organic material can be processed
to produce biogas, organic material either solid, liquid and suitable for
biogas systems. In many areas of food processing industries such as
tofu, boiled fish or brem can unite channel Biogas waste into the
system, so that the industrial waste does not pollute the environment.
It's possible that the above-mentioned industrial waste originating from
organic material is homogeneous. Types of organic matter processed
greatly affects the productivity of the system in addition to other
parameters such as biogas digester temperature, pH, pressure and
humidity.
One way menentuka organic material that is suitable for input into
the system is to know the comparison Biogas Carbon (C) and nitrogen
(N) or called rasio C/N. Several experiments have been conducted by
the ISAT demonstrated that metabolic activity daribakteri
methanogenik be optimal in the value of the ratio C/N around 8-20.
Organic material incorporated into the airtight closed room (called
Digester) so that anaerobic bacteria will decompose the organic
material is then produced gas (called biogas). Biogas that has been
accumulated in the subsequent digester gas flow through pipelines into
gas storage tube or directly to localized use.
1. Process
In the processing and utilization of animal waste (cow) in Pandansimo
divided into :
a. Waste livestock (cattle) into compost
b. Waste livestock (cattle) into Biogas

9. Processing required in the processes and mechanisms that can be used
as a support treatment in the use of appropriate technology.
a. Procesing Waste livestock (cattle) into compost
 The principle of decomposition in composting
Principles used in composting is the process of decomposition or
decomposition transform organic waste into organic fertilizer through
biological activity in controlled conditions. Decomposition in principle
is to reduce carbon and nitrogen (C/N) ratio of organic waste that
organic fertilizers can be readily utilized by plants. In the
decomposition process would be an increase of temperature can be
used to kill the weed seeds (weeds), pathogenic bacteria and form a
uniform product overhaul in the form of organic fertilizer. Some of the
essential elements needed for the decomposition process can run well,
namely: 1). Carbon (C) as an energy source for microbial decomposers
and. will be parsed through the oxidation process that produces heat,
2). Nitrogen (N) as a protein source for the bacteria to grow and
multiply, 3). Oxygen (O) as a material to oxidize elemental carbon
through decomposition and water (H2O) to ensure the decomposition
process is robust and does not cause an anaerobic atmosphere.
Table 1. Tolerance range of influential factors and elements in the
compost to ensure the composting process.
Source by: Center for Agricultural Technology
Influential factors that must be controlled in composting:

10. 1. C/N ratio; microbes require carbon (C) 20 to 25 times more than
nitrogen (N) to remain active. Carbon source for composting can
come from small pieces of wood, sawdust, rice straw and other
materials that are high in fiber. Sources of N derived from manure.
C/N ratio> 25 will cause slow decomposition due to lack of N
instead of C/N ratio < 20 will result in the formation of ammonia
gas that cause odor.
2. Aeration air needed to prevent anaerobic conditions that cause
odor. Reversal regularly can improve aeration. Lack of air will
cause methane, microbial activity decreases and the temperature
dropped. Instead excess compost aeration causes dry and N
elements disappear.
3. Humidity is an important element in the metabolism of the
microbes. Good humidity is 50-60%, too wet (> 60%) can result in
unpleasant odors arise and microbial activity decreases, the
temperature also dropped and if it is too dry (<40%) also
decreased microbial activity.
Impact of Various composting gains from the effort to utilize
manure and food scraps for compost as fertilizer, among others:
a. Cage becomes more clear
b. Stools were collected to reduce environmental pollution
c. Reduce the population of flies around the cage
d. Reduce eye worm infection (Thelazia) which often attack livestock
e. Composting can be done naturally or using decomposers
f. Directly compost is used for agriculture or to be sold
Some of the conditions that need to be considered regarding the making of
compost are:
a. Higher than the surrounding floor to avoid a puddle

11. b. It has a roof to avoid direct sunlight or rain
How to compost
Materials needed:
● Cow dung 80-83%
● Sawdust 5%
● Abu husk 10%
● Calcite / Limestone 2%
● Decomposers 0.25%
Making Process
1. Cow dung is collected and drained for a week to reduce the water
content (± 60%)
2. Cow dung that has been drained and then mixed with organic materials
such as pulp saws, husk ash, lime and decomposers. All the materials
are mixed and stirred evenly.
3. After a week behind heaps / stir thoroughly to increase the supply of
oxygen and increase the homogeneity of the material. At this stage,
expect an increase in temperature up to 60 ° C, left behind again for a
week and every week
4. In the fourth week of ripe compost fertilizer blackish brown color with
a textured crumb odorless, to get a uniform shape and separate from
materials that are not expected (for example, stones, pieces of wood,
raffia) the fertilizer sieved / screened
5. Furthermore, the compost is ready to be applied to land or crops.
b. Waste livestock (cattle) into Biogas
Biogas and Application
Biogas is a mixture of gases produced by methanogenic bacteria
that occurs in materials that can decompose naturally in anaerobic
conditions. In general, biogas consisting of methane (CH4) by 50-70%,
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 30-40%, Hydrogen 5-10% and other

12. gases in very small amounts. To make use of livestock manure into
biogas, required several requirements related to the technical aspects,
infrastructure, and human resource management. When these factors are
met, the use of livestock manure into biogas as an energy provider in
the country to run optimally. Figure 1. Illustration shows the functions
that used Cattle waste into biogas.
Figure 1. Illustration of the use of Biogas
There are ten factors that could affect the optimization of the use of
livestock manure into biogas, namely:
1. Availability of livestock
The type, amount and distribution of livestock in an area can be a
potential for the development of biogas. This is because it is run by
utilizing biogas manure. To run biogas individual or household scale
required manure from 2-4 adult cows.
2. Ownership of livestock
The number of livestock owned by farmers to base the selection of the
type and capacity of biogas that can be used. When adult cattle are
held for more than 4 tails, the biogas can be selected with a larger
capacity (made of fiber or cement) or some household scale biogas.

13. 3. The pattern of animal husbandry
Availability of manure biogas needs to be maintained in order to
function optimally. Manure more easily obtained when cattle
maintained by grounded compared to the pasture.
4. Availability of land
Land necessary to build the biogas around cages luasannya depends on
the type and capacity of biogas. Land required to construct the smallest
scale biogas reactor (household level) is 14 m2 (7m x 2m).
5. Labor
To operate the biogas needed manpower from breeder / manager itself.
It is important to remember biogas can function optimally when filling
dirt into the reactor performed well and taken care equipment. Many
cases concerning the operation or not is not optimal due to biogas:
first, the lack of manpower to handle the unit, secondly, breeder /
managers do not have time to replenish the dirt because they have
other jobs in addition to raising livestock.
6. Waste Management
In connection with the determination of the composition of the solid-
liquid manure suitable for producing biogas, the frequency of intake of
dirt, and transporting manure or runoff into the reactor. The raw
material is animal manure biogas reactor and water in the ratio 1:3.
Frequency income dirt done every one or two days. Importation of
these impurities can be done by or transported through the channel.
7. Energy need
Energy from biogas can be utilized in a sustainable manner if the
availability of other energy sources are limited. If the other energy
sources available so farmers can be directed to process manure into
compost.
8. Distance (between the reactor and the home cage)
In order to optimal utilization of biogas should be between the cage,
and the reactor was not telampau far.

14. 9. Management by product of biogas
Biogas by product management intended to use a liquid fertilizer and
solid fertilizer (compost).
10. Supporting Facilities
Means of support in the form of equipment used to facilitate work /
relief work / maintenance of biogas installations.
In addition to the above ten factors, willingness breeder / perpetrator, run
the installation and use of biogas and biogas care are the main assets in the
use of livestock manure into biogas.
The process of biogas production and utilization:
Figure 2. Diagram of biogas production process systems and utilization
6. Appropriate Use of Technology to Plan
a. Technology appropriate
Currently, the community empowerment and regional development
programs Border is one of the priority programs of the government is
very important. This will appear when everything that needs to be
reduced role of the government and the people in the border areas put
forward as an optimal driving force to the nation and the state. Forms
of empowerment border is the application and development of the

15. existing results in each layer continuously. This program gives more
confidence to the public area of the extent to accelerate the recovery
of the national economy, accelerate the progress of the village in the
face of global competition in the various fields to be able to use
appropriate technology. This is in accordance with Presidential
Instruction no. 3 year 2001 on the Application and Development of
Appropriate Technology.
The purpose of developing a technology is essentially to meet the
needs, both of which have real or perceived and desirable it is, and
even that is anticipated to be desired, then an effective technology
development efforts, first to be based on market demand, either There
was real or perceived presence that began to appear. Prerequisite is
indeed necessary, but not sufficient. That ability to be equipped with
the ability to translate the development needs of the market with the
ability to conceive how the spectrum of technologies that can respond
to the needs observed. Pattern approach described above requires the
institution, either stand alone or organized in the corporate systems or
society. Such systems need to have a clear thought sophisticated
resources, capable of integrating the needs of the potential wealth of
knowledge, vocabulary translation into technology packages,
evaluation of the technology that manages to pack to test the
appropriateness, both from the technical, economic, social and
environmental requirements. In addition, being able to communicate
to the scientific community and society, government and civil society
organizations to motivate or convince them to support the benefits of
what will be done, is being done, and that have been generated.
However, the success rate is determined by the use of technology
ketepat generated. The success rate will be higher when the elements
and the use of ketepat ketepat saatan met. Ketepat term use of a vague
term that means, if it is not followed by the use of statements against
what ketepat. The latter is highly contextual, depending on the

16. environment where the technology will be enabled. Discussion of
identifying efficiency, it will be linked to the context of the
developments in Indonesia.
Appropriate technology is a technology suited to the needs of the
community so that it can be used at a certain time frame. Usually used
as a term for the technologies associated with the local culture
appropriate technology as one of the important pathways to achieve
the fundamental purpose, which is to improve the welfare of society.
Most of the people of Indonesia to the diversity of science and
technology (science) can be positioned, not only as a supporter, but
also as a pioneer of the browser path towards peace with justice for all
people in Indonesia who are in different parts of the country with the
level of technological mastery and limited economic. Appropriate
Technology means the technology in accordance with the conditions
of cultural and economic conditions, and their use should be
environmentally friendly.
b. The draft plan on the use of Biogas
Preparation and determination of the location for the manufacture
biodegister be determined and adjusted to the needs of that efficiency
can be controlled. Figure 3. catch a glimpse of the beginning of
creation biodegister manure for fermentation.
Figure 3. Placement Digester

17. Figure 4. Front View and Top View Digester
Cluster usage and utilization Biogas
Individual House
Agriculture
Use stove for cooking
Use Diesel Engine Use Engine Pump
Use Oil Lamp Use Engine Rice Mill
Home Industri
Use stove home industries
Use Engine Home Industries
Figure 5. Cluster Usage Biogas

18. c. Become Fertilizer Livestock Waste Utilization and Industrial Fuel
Results from biogas waste can be processed into organic fertilizer
in the form of solid and granular form that can be used on agricultural
land. figure 6. Circulation shows the use of biogas into organic
fertilizer.
The circulation process is very beneficial if an appropriate technology
tools as well as the operator controls the highly profitable and provide
economic value to rural areas.
Figur 6. Circulation Of usage waste cow
Other than that required processing and technology that can be used to
process a unit system can run well. Figure 7. Addressing diagram solid
animal waste from the biogas into organic fertilizer. Figure 8. Shows a
flow diagram of granular organic fertilizer.

19. Figure 7. Diagram of solid waste biogas into organic fertilizer.
Figure 8. Organic Fertilizer Production Scheme
7. Conclusion
Spatial planning industry clusters in the processing or the use of
animal waste in the concept and need to be tested by simulating a
simple process that at the time of implementation failures can be

20. controlled. Additionally Appropriate technology are necessary in the
processing unit of a production of raw materials to form a new
product. Pandansimo is a fairly complex to be developed in terms of
sharing and the various types of products can be produced in
Pandansimo, one biogas and solid organic fertilizer.

21. Bibliography
Ariani, E, dkk. [2007]. Studi Pengembangan Pemanfaatan Energi Alternatif di
Kawasan Transmigrasi. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Ketransmigrasian, Depnakertrans. Jakarta.
D.A. Putri , R.R. Saputro, and Budiyono[2012]. Biogas Production from Cow
Manure. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development Page : 61-64.
Dicky R. Munaf , Thomas Suseno , Rizaldi Indra Janu , Aulia M. Badar [ 2008]
.Peran Teknologi Tepat Guna untuk Masyarakat Daerah Perbatasan.
Jurnal Sosioteknologi Edisi 13.
Dirdjojuwono, Roestanto W. [2004]. Kawasan Industri Indonesia: Sebuah
Konsep Perencanaan dan Aplikasinya. Bogor: Pustaka Wirausaha Muda.
Kaharudin, Farida Sukmawati M [2012]. Petunjuk Praktis Manajeman Umum
Limbah Ternak Untuk Kompos dan Biogas. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi
Pertanian NTB.
Sjarifuddin Akil. Tujuan Umum Pengembangan Wilayah dan Penataan Ruang.
Draft 3. Bapenas , Jakarta.
Sulaeman. [2008]. Zero Waste (Prinsip Menciptakan Agro Industri Ramah
Lingkungan). Dit. Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian. Ditjen PPHP, Departemen
Pertanian. Jakarta.
Teguh Wikan Widodo, Ahmad Asari, Ana N., and Elita R.[2009]. Design and
Development of Biogas Reactor for Farmer Group Scale. Indonesian
Journal of Agriculture 2(2),: 121-128