The document discusses enhancements to the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) algorithm for audio beamforming. It presents:
1) Amplitude scaling models to account for near-field effects, including a 1/r model, acoustic physics model, and statistical model. Experimental results found the acoustic physics model provided a small improvement.
2) Automatic target alignment using cross-correlation and a threshold, but experimental results found this did not improve performance over the standard GSC due to low signal-to-noise ratios.
3) Analysis of different array geometries using beamfield plots and simulations, finding array geometry has the largest impact on performance and random arrays have potential if well described.
Implementation of Digital Beamforming Technique for Linear Antenna Arraysijsrd.com
A digital Beamforming technique used for increased channel capacity and also increased signal to noise and interference ratio. In smart antenna, different type of radiation pattern of an antenna can be changed either by selecting appropriate weights or by changing the array geometry. This paper presented based on auxiliary phase algorithm by using this algorithm in linear antenna array determine the array pattern approximating the auxiliary function in both amplitude and phase. Cost function involving auxiliary function and array pattern is minimized by modifying the pattern.
The presentation is about Adaptive Beamforming for high data-rate applications. Analog beamforming, which is considered a cost effective solution for consumer devices are investigated. Two adaptive analog beamforming algorithms, i.e., a well-known perturbation-based and dmr-based which overcomes the drawbacks of perturbation-based algorithm are discussed in-detail and their performance comparisons are made with the help of computer simulations. Also variation of single-port structure is considered and it's benefits are exploited with the help of modified analog beamforming algorithms.
Dissertation in RF Engineering (Presented - 01-10-10)sanslides
This document outlines the design of a 3-dB Band Pass Filtered Power Divider. It aims to combine the functionality of a band pass filter and power divider into a single circuit. The design process included calculating filter parameters, implementing the circuit schematically in ADS, and laying out four different microstrip geometries. Simulation results showed the circuit achieved the desired band pass response and 3-dB power division. However, future work is needed to address the isolation between output ports which prevents power combining.
IRJET - Dual Band Low Profile MPA with I-shaped MTM Unit Cell for Satelli...IRJET Journal
This document describes the simulation of a dual-band low-profile microstrip patch antenna with an I-shaped metamaterial unit cell. The antenna is designed to operate at 10.5GHz and 12.2GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a fractional bandwidth of 6.58% at 10.5GHz and 2.41% at 12.2GHz. Peak gains are 4.81dB at 10.5GHz and 1.33dB at 12.2GHz. The metamaterial unit cell provides 46.63% miniaturization of the patch area. The antenna design demonstrates improved bandwidth and gain performance suitable for applications such as satellite communication and radar systems.
Optimal Deployment Scheme for Load Balancing in Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
The document presents a new algorithm called APOLLO (Optimal Deployment Scheme for Load Balancing) for optimally deploying sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks to achieve k-surface coverage. The goal of APOLLO is to limit the maximum sensing range required by sensor nodes while ensuring each point on the target surface is monitored by at least k sensor nodes, in order to balance sensing load and extend network lifetime. Simulation results show that APOLLO converges rapidly and reduces energy consumption compared to other deployment schemes. The paper also discusses extending APOLLO to work on 3D surfaces by replacing the Euclidean distance metric with geodesic distance.
Advanced Modeling Method for UHF Broadcast Slotted Coaxial AntennasBrandon George
This document describes an advanced modeling method for designing UHF broadcast slotted coaxial antennas. It uses an iterative process combining a fast, lower-level equivalent model with a slower but highly accurate full-wave EM model. This allows both fast design time and highly accurate results. As an example, the method was used to design a 24-bay directional antenna requiring almost no tuning in production. By optimizing the design fully in software before manufacturing, lead times can be reduced significantly compared to traditional methods.
Extend Your Journey: Considering Signal Strength and Fluctuation in Location-...Chih-Chuan Cheng
Reducing the communication energy is essential to facilitate the growth of emerging mobile applications. In this paper, we introduce signal strength into location-based applications to reduce the energy consumption of mobile devices for data reception. First, we model the problem of data fetch scheduling, with the objective of minimizing the energy required to fetch location-based information without impacting the application’s semantics adversely. To solve the fundamental problem, we propose a dynamic programming algorithm and prove its optimality in terms of energy savings. Then, we perform postoptimal analysis to explore the tolerance of the algorithm to signal strength fluctuations. Finally, based on the algorithm, we consider implementation issues.We have also developed a virtual tour system integrated with existing web applications to validate the practicability of the proposed concept. The results of experiments conducted based on real-world case studies are very encouraging and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed algorithm towards signal strength fluctuations.
The document discusses using optimized neural networks for short-term wind speed forecasting. It proposes using parametric recurrent neural networks (PRNNs) with an improved activation function that includes a logarithmic parameter "p" to optimize the network size. The PRNNs are trained to predict wind speed using historical wind farm data. Simulation results show the PRNNs more accurately predict wind speed up to 180 minutes in the future compared to numerical methods using polynomials. The value of the "p" parameter can identify linearly dependent neurons that can be combined to reduce the optimized network size.
Implementation of Digital Beamforming Technique for Linear Antenna Arraysijsrd.com
A digital Beamforming technique used for increased channel capacity and also increased signal to noise and interference ratio. In smart antenna, different type of radiation pattern of an antenna can be changed either by selecting appropriate weights or by changing the array geometry. This paper presented based on auxiliary phase algorithm by using this algorithm in linear antenna array determine the array pattern approximating the auxiliary function in both amplitude and phase. Cost function involving auxiliary function and array pattern is minimized by modifying the pattern.
The presentation is about Adaptive Beamforming for high data-rate applications. Analog beamforming, which is considered a cost effective solution for consumer devices are investigated. Two adaptive analog beamforming algorithms, i.e., a well-known perturbation-based and dmr-based which overcomes the drawbacks of perturbation-based algorithm are discussed in-detail and their performance comparisons are made with the help of computer simulations. Also variation of single-port structure is considered and it's benefits are exploited with the help of modified analog beamforming algorithms.
Dissertation in RF Engineering (Presented - 01-10-10)sanslides
This document outlines the design of a 3-dB Band Pass Filtered Power Divider. It aims to combine the functionality of a band pass filter and power divider into a single circuit. The design process included calculating filter parameters, implementing the circuit schematically in ADS, and laying out four different microstrip geometries. Simulation results showed the circuit achieved the desired band pass response and 3-dB power division. However, future work is needed to address the isolation between output ports which prevents power combining.
IRJET - Dual Band Low Profile MPA with I-shaped MTM Unit Cell for Satelli...IRJET Journal
This document describes the simulation of a dual-band low-profile microstrip patch antenna with an I-shaped metamaterial unit cell. The antenna is designed to operate at 10.5GHz and 12.2GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a fractional bandwidth of 6.58% at 10.5GHz and 2.41% at 12.2GHz. Peak gains are 4.81dB at 10.5GHz and 1.33dB at 12.2GHz. The metamaterial unit cell provides 46.63% miniaturization of the patch area. The antenna design demonstrates improved bandwidth and gain performance suitable for applications such as satellite communication and radar systems.
Optimal Deployment Scheme for Load Balancing in Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
The document presents a new algorithm called APOLLO (Optimal Deployment Scheme for Load Balancing) for optimally deploying sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks to achieve k-surface coverage. The goal of APOLLO is to limit the maximum sensing range required by sensor nodes while ensuring each point on the target surface is monitored by at least k sensor nodes, in order to balance sensing load and extend network lifetime. Simulation results show that APOLLO converges rapidly and reduces energy consumption compared to other deployment schemes. The paper also discusses extending APOLLO to work on 3D surfaces by replacing the Euclidean distance metric with geodesic distance.
Advanced Modeling Method for UHF Broadcast Slotted Coaxial AntennasBrandon George
This document describes an advanced modeling method for designing UHF broadcast slotted coaxial antennas. It uses an iterative process combining a fast, lower-level equivalent model with a slower but highly accurate full-wave EM model. This allows both fast design time and highly accurate results. As an example, the method was used to design a 24-bay directional antenna requiring almost no tuning in production. By optimizing the design fully in software before manufacturing, lead times can be reduced significantly compared to traditional methods.
Extend Your Journey: Considering Signal Strength and Fluctuation in Location-...Chih-Chuan Cheng
Reducing the communication energy is essential to facilitate the growth of emerging mobile applications. In this paper, we introduce signal strength into location-based applications to reduce the energy consumption of mobile devices for data reception. First, we model the problem of data fetch scheduling, with the objective of minimizing the energy required to fetch location-based information without impacting the application’s semantics adversely. To solve the fundamental problem, we propose a dynamic programming algorithm and prove its optimality in terms of energy savings. Then, we perform postoptimal analysis to explore the tolerance of the algorithm to signal strength fluctuations. Finally, based on the algorithm, we consider implementation issues.We have also developed a virtual tour system integrated with existing web applications to validate the practicability of the proposed concept. The results of experiments conducted based on real-world case studies are very encouraging and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed algorithm towards signal strength fluctuations.
The document discusses using optimized neural networks for short-term wind speed forecasting. It proposes using parametric recurrent neural networks (PRNNs) with an improved activation function that includes a logarithmic parameter "p" to optimize the network size. The PRNNs are trained to predict wind speed using historical wind farm data. Simulation results show the PRNNs more accurately predict wind speed up to 180 minutes in the future compared to numerical methods using polynomials. The value of the "p" parameter can identify linearly dependent neurons that can be combined to reduce the optimized network size.
"Efficient time-domain back-projection focusing core for the image formation of very high resolution and highly squinted SAR spotlight data on scenes with strong topography variation" - Author(s): Francesco Tataranni, Giuseppe Disimino, Antonella Gallipoli, INNOVA Consorzio per l’Informatica e la Telematica (Italy); Paolo Inversi, Telespazio S.p.A. (Italy)
1. Vasilis Papamichael is a principal engineer at Wi.S.Per. who specializes in modeling and evaluating the performance of multi-port antenna systems using computational electromagnetics (CEM).
2. He models multi-port antenna systems using CEM software to obtain parameters needed to evaluate their diversity and MIMO performance under various propagation environments and antenna termination conditions.
3. Key metrics evaluated include diversity antenna gain and ergodic channel capacity, with the goal of developing a complete software tool for performance analysis of multi-port antenna systems.
This document describes a circularly polarized fractal antenna with an arc-slot geometry. It discusses how fractal antennas can provide multiband or wideband operation to meet modern wireless communication needs. The design procedure is outlined, beginning with a basic circular patch that is divided into quadrants and bisected at angles, with arc slots added using a generator at progressively smaller scales to create the fractal pattern over iterations. Experimental results showed the antenna achieved left-hand circular polarization with a 3dB axial ratio bandwidth of 7.9MHz and return loss bandwidth of 38MHz, matching simulated results. Potential applications include mobile communications, GPS, and military networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SIDE LOBE REDUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY USING TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN ...IAEME Publication
The VHF/UHF band radar that using circular array antennas is a novel kind of radar, whose performances, such as angular accuracy, angular resolution, anti-jamming and low-altitude coverage capabilities are better than the conventional VHF/UHF band radar. On one hand, we focus on how the directivity of array element will influence upon the array pattern. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. On the other hand, in order to lower the side lobe level (SLL) of circular array antennas , we investigate the effectiveness of amplitude-weighted methods including Taylor Window and Gaussian Window.
Antenna software HFSS ( high frequency structure simulator)Amarkant .
This document provides an introduction to the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), a finite element method simulation tool for complex 3D geometries. It discusses the background, requirements, features, and procedure for using HFSS. Key points include that HFSS is used to simulate s-parameters and fields for passive 3D structures, requires significant memory and processing power, and provides tools for designing, solving, and analyzing electromagnetic problems. Examples of applications like microstrip lines, antennas, and packaging are also presented.
An Analytical Approach for Design of Microstrip Patch (MsP) IJECEIAES
A reliable configuration of electromagnetic interactions for antenna design can yield an effective Microstrip patch (MsP) antenna. During its design, the antenna arrays involve issues with parameters (i.e., space, dimension, shape) adjustment. This problem can be tackled with an analytical approach which can help to bring better idea to design the antenna aaray. However, the realistic designs of antenna array are quite expensive while extracting computational accuracy. Thus, to have low cost computational accuracy various meta-heuristic (generic algorithm, partical swarm optimizarion) approaches are used and are considered as effective one in handling the pattern synthesis problems. Howeever, the use of meta-heuristic approaches demands thousands of functions to analyze the antenna design. This manuscript introduces an analytical approach for MsP antenna desing using MATLAB that brings optimization in handling the side lobes and optimizing the reflection as well as radiation responses. The outcomes of the design were analyzed with respect to reflection, radiation coefficients, side lobes and found effective at 10GHz as per computational cost is concern.
1907555 ant colony optimization for simulated dynamic multi-objective railway...Mamun Hasan
This document discusses using ant colony optimization algorithms to solve a simulated dynamic multi-objective railway junction rescheduling problem (DM-RJRP). It aims to identify features that enable ant colony algorithms to handle problems that are both dynamic and multi-objective. It proposes modifying two ant colony algorithms - population-based ant colony optimization (P-ACO) and MAX-MIN ant system (MMAS) - to generate a Pareto optimal set of trade-off solutions for the DM-RJRP. Multiple versions of the MMAS algorithm are designed that either retain or clear the pheromone values and non-dominated solutions after a dynamic change occurs.
This 3 sentence document discusses a graduation project focused on architecture. It includes a quote from Frank Lloyd Wright stating that while doctors can bury their mistakes, architects can only advise clients to plant vines to cover any errors. The document also includes a website for a photographer named David.
This document introduces new application technology for the iPod Touch, outlining its purpose to add additional applications. Key features are described, including advantages over similar technologies. Special features of the new technology are highlighted, with comparisons made to other options. Instructions are provided on the development environment and execution requirements, alongside a demo video and snapshots to illustrate the new application capabilities.
Integrated Engineering Services (Aberdeen) Ltd is a wholly independent HVAC company with 70 employees. They provide HVAC design, installation, commissioning, and maintenance services to the oil and gas, offshore, marine, and industrial sectors. Some of their long term clients include BP, Petrofac, Talisman Energy UK, and Aker Solutions for whom they serve as the corporate HVAC contractor providing services like HVAC technical authority and maintenance performance.
The document discusses the A10 highway in the Netherlands. It is one of the country's major highways connecting Amsterdam to various cities. Construction first began on the highway in the 1960s and it has since been expanded and upgraded over the years to accommodate increasing traffic.
This document introduces new application technology for the iPod Touch, outlining its purpose to add additional applications. Key features are described, including advantages over similar technologies. Special features of the new technology are highlighted, with comparisons made to other options. Instructions are provided on the development environment and execution requirements, alongside a demo video and snapshots to illustrate the new application capabilities.
Respiratory therapists evaluate and treat patients with breathing and cardiopulmonary disorders. They work in hospitals, physicians' offices, home health care, and other settings. Training requires an associate degree as the minimum, with a bachelor's or master's degree preferred for advancement. Employment of respiratory therapists is expected to grow faster than average through 2016 due to an aging population and increased need for care of respiratory ailments. Median annual earnings were $47,420 in 2006.
Indian Visions is a dramatic and thought-provoking
selection of images by Indian and international
photographers curated by Robin Saikia of Gallery 118 in
association with The Nehru centre and the India High
Commision.
"Efficient time-domain back-projection focusing core for the image formation of very high resolution and highly squinted SAR spotlight data on scenes with strong topography variation" - Author(s): Francesco Tataranni, Giuseppe Disimino, Antonella Gallipoli, INNOVA Consorzio per l’Informatica e la Telematica (Italy); Paolo Inversi, Telespazio S.p.A. (Italy)
1. Vasilis Papamichael is a principal engineer at Wi.S.Per. who specializes in modeling and evaluating the performance of multi-port antenna systems using computational electromagnetics (CEM).
2. He models multi-port antenna systems using CEM software to obtain parameters needed to evaluate their diversity and MIMO performance under various propagation environments and antenna termination conditions.
3. Key metrics evaluated include diversity antenna gain and ergodic channel capacity, with the goal of developing a complete software tool for performance analysis of multi-port antenna systems.
This document describes a circularly polarized fractal antenna with an arc-slot geometry. It discusses how fractal antennas can provide multiband or wideband operation to meet modern wireless communication needs. The design procedure is outlined, beginning with a basic circular patch that is divided into quadrants and bisected at angles, with arc slots added using a generator at progressively smaller scales to create the fractal pattern over iterations. Experimental results showed the antenna achieved left-hand circular polarization with a 3dB axial ratio bandwidth of 7.9MHz and return loss bandwidth of 38MHz, matching simulated results. Potential applications include mobile communications, GPS, and military networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SIDE LOBE REDUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY USING TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN ...IAEME Publication
The VHF/UHF band radar that using circular array antennas is a novel kind of radar, whose performances, such as angular accuracy, angular resolution, anti-jamming and low-altitude coverage capabilities are better than the conventional VHF/UHF band radar. On one hand, we focus on how the directivity of array element will influence upon the array pattern. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. On the other hand, in order to lower the side lobe level (SLL) of circular array antennas , we investigate the effectiveness of amplitude-weighted methods including Taylor Window and Gaussian Window.
Antenna software HFSS ( high frequency structure simulator)Amarkant .
This document provides an introduction to the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), a finite element method simulation tool for complex 3D geometries. It discusses the background, requirements, features, and procedure for using HFSS. Key points include that HFSS is used to simulate s-parameters and fields for passive 3D structures, requires significant memory and processing power, and provides tools for designing, solving, and analyzing electromagnetic problems. Examples of applications like microstrip lines, antennas, and packaging are also presented.
An Analytical Approach for Design of Microstrip Patch (MsP) IJECEIAES
A reliable configuration of electromagnetic interactions for antenna design can yield an effective Microstrip patch (MsP) antenna. During its design, the antenna arrays involve issues with parameters (i.e., space, dimension, shape) adjustment. This problem can be tackled with an analytical approach which can help to bring better idea to design the antenna aaray. However, the realistic designs of antenna array are quite expensive while extracting computational accuracy. Thus, to have low cost computational accuracy various meta-heuristic (generic algorithm, partical swarm optimizarion) approaches are used and are considered as effective one in handling the pattern synthesis problems. Howeever, the use of meta-heuristic approaches demands thousands of functions to analyze the antenna design. This manuscript introduces an analytical approach for MsP antenna desing using MATLAB that brings optimization in handling the side lobes and optimizing the reflection as well as radiation responses. The outcomes of the design were analyzed with respect to reflection, radiation coefficients, side lobes and found effective at 10GHz as per computational cost is concern.
1907555 ant colony optimization for simulated dynamic multi-objective railway...Mamun Hasan
This document discusses using ant colony optimization algorithms to solve a simulated dynamic multi-objective railway junction rescheduling problem (DM-RJRP). It aims to identify features that enable ant colony algorithms to handle problems that are both dynamic and multi-objective. It proposes modifying two ant colony algorithms - population-based ant colony optimization (P-ACO) and MAX-MIN ant system (MMAS) - to generate a Pareto optimal set of trade-off solutions for the DM-RJRP. Multiple versions of the MMAS algorithm are designed that either retain or clear the pheromone values and non-dominated solutions after a dynamic change occurs.
This 3 sentence document discusses a graduation project focused on architecture. It includes a quote from Frank Lloyd Wright stating that while doctors can bury their mistakes, architects can only advise clients to plant vines to cover any errors. The document also includes a website for a photographer named David.
This document introduces new application technology for the iPod Touch, outlining its purpose to add additional applications. Key features are described, including advantages over similar technologies. Special features of the new technology are highlighted, with comparisons made to other options. Instructions are provided on the development environment and execution requirements, alongside a demo video and snapshots to illustrate the new application capabilities.
Integrated Engineering Services (Aberdeen) Ltd is a wholly independent HVAC company with 70 employees. They provide HVAC design, installation, commissioning, and maintenance services to the oil and gas, offshore, marine, and industrial sectors. Some of their long term clients include BP, Petrofac, Talisman Energy UK, and Aker Solutions for whom they serve as the corporate HVAC contractor providing services like HVAC technical authority and maintenance performance.
The document discusses the A10 highway in the Netherlands. It is one of the country's major highways connecting Amsterdam to various cities. Construction first began on the highway in the 1960s and it has since been expanded and upgraded over the years to accommodate increasing traffic.
This document introduces new application technology for the iPod Touch, outlining its purpose to add additional applications. Key features are described, including advantages over similar technologies. Special features of the new technology are highlighted, with comparisons made to other options. Instructions are provided on the development environment and execution requirements, alongside a demo video and snapshots to illustrate the new application capabilities.
Respiratory therapists evaluate and treat patients with breathing and cardiopulmonary disorders. They work in hospitals, physicians' offices, home health care, and other settings. Training requires an associate degree as the minimum, with a bachelor's or master's degree preferred for advancement. Employment of respiratory therapists is expected to grow faster than average through 2016 due to an aging population and increased need for care of respiratory ailments. Median annual earnings were $47,420 in 2006.
Indian Visions is a dramatic and thought-provoking
selection of images by Indian and international
photographers curated by Robin Saikia of Gallery 118 in
association with The Nehru centre and the India High
Commision.
Jonas is an only child in a humble
family in a humble neighbourhood. He
hasn´t got many toys and the ones he
has aren´t very good and he lives in a
tiny flat.
What he lacks in material things, he
makes up for with his imagination:
his bed is a spaceship, the bathtub is a
ravenous monster, his teddy bear is a
magic oracle, the stairs... the stairs are a
galaxy waiting to be explored!
Dokumen ini membahas tentang permainan bola basket yang dimainkan oleh dua regu yang terdiri dari lima pemain setiap regu. Tujuannya adalah mencetak angka dengan memasukkan bola ke ring lawan. Juga dijelaskan sejarah, teknik dasar, dan peraturan dalam bermain bola basket.
Testing and Troubleshooting Fiber Optic CablesLiving Online
This document discusses testing and troubleshooting of fibre optic cables. It outlines various standard fibre optic cable and equipment tests including transmitter power tests, receiver performance tests, continuity testing, insertion loss testing, and optical time domain reflectometry. It also discusses bit error rate testing, eye diagram analysis, and various laboratory measurements of fibre optic cables and equipment. More information is available at http://www.idc-online.com/slideshare.
This document provides an overview of system-on-chip (SoC) design. It begins by discussing the motivation for SoC design in terms of Moore's law and the benefits of integrating different components onto a single chip. It then compares system-on-board, system-on-chip, and system-in-package approaches. The document reviews SoC architecture components like processors, memory, and peripherals. It also covers SoC design challenges, benefits, and drawbacks. Key topics include constant voltage and constant field scaling, SoC integration, verification, and design for test.
This document provides an overview and roadmap for achieving broadband optical access of 10Gb/s everywhere. It discusses:
1) The TSB Photonics21-NGOIA project which aims to identify promising approaches to achieving ubiquitous 10Gb/s access.
2) A paradigm shift in optical networking towards more flexible, dynamically reconfigurable networks to improve energy efficiency.
3) The concept of an "ultimate" optical network architecture with a common infrastructure across access, metro and backbone networks to maximize statistical multiplexing gains and reduce costs.
4) Several candidate technologies for next-generation optical access such as long-reach PON, WDM-PON and hybrid TDM/W
Smart mm-Wave Beam Steering Algorithm for Fast Link Re-Establishment under No...Avishek Patra
Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless local area networks (WLANs) are expected to provide multi-Gbps connectivity by exploiting a large amount of unoccupied spectrum in e.g. the unlicensed 60 GHz band. However, to overcome the high path loss inherent at these high frequencies, mm-wave networks must employ highly directional beamforming antennas, which make link establishment and maintenance much more challenging than in traditional omnidirectional networks. In particular, maintaining connectivity under node mobility necessitates frequent re-steering of the transmit and receive antenna beams to re-establish a directional mm-wave link. A simple exhaustive sequential scanning to search for new feasible antenna sector pairs may introduce excessive delay, potentially disrupting communication and lowering the QoS. In this paper, we propose a smart beam steering algorithm for fast 60 GHz link re-establishment under node mobility, which uses knowledge of previously feasible sector pairs to narrow the sector search space, thereby reducing the associated latency overhead. We evaluate the performance of our algorithm in several representative indoor scenarios, based on detailed simulations of signal propagation in a 60 GHz WLAN in WinProp with realistic building materials. We study the effect of indoor layout, antenna sector beamwidth, node mobility pattern, and device orientation awareness. Our results show that the smart beam steering algorithm achieves a 7-fold reduction of the sector search space on average, which directly translates into lower 60 GHz link re-establishment latency. Our results also show that our fast search algorithm selects the near-optimal antenna sector pair for link re-establishment.
This document describes the design and analysis of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna. It discusses the fundamental parameters of antennas, defines a microstrip patch antenna and its properties. It then details the design specifications for the rectangular patch, including its 3D modeling in HFSS software. The results of simulating the patch antenna in HFSS are presented, including S-parameters, radiation patterns and far field reports. Advantages and disadvantages of microstrip patch antennas are listed, along with their applications. The conclusion discusses achieving better return loss, gain and efficiency for the designed patch antenna.
The document discusses several topics related to semiconductor manufacturing processes and design for manufacturability (DFM). It summarizes resolution enhancement techniques used in lithography like RET and OPC. It also discusses DFM techniques like process characterization of IP libraries using yield models, addressing systematic and random yield loss mechanisms, and the need for proactive DFM using accurate process models early in the design flow. Finally, it briefly mentions the use of automated test equipment for testing chips after manufacturing.
Design, Fabrication and Testing of Octagon Shape of Microstrip Patch Antenna ...vishant choudhary
A microstrip patch antenna consists of conducting patch of any planar and nonplanar design on one side of the geometry. In this study, Microstrip patch antennas are designed as a rectangular patch antenna form in which slots are a shape of octagon slotted in the Radiating patch. Calculating all its geometric characteristics easily make this shape usage advantageous in Microstrip patch antenna design.
The basic structure of Microstrip patch antenna is given through the rectangular patch and runs though two slotted to generate multiband characteristics. The initial dimension of the rectangular patch is taken at the resonating frequency of 2.4 GHz.The dielectric material used is epoxy /glass {FR4}.
The three designs of the Microstrip patch are the Zero slot rectangular patch antenna, Single slot rectangular patch antenna and the five slots rectangular patch antenna. These designed rectangular patch antennas have various multiband applications. All the three designs of the rectangular patch antenna are simulated from the Zeland-IE3D electromagnetic simulator. The Simulations are done for the frequency range of 0 to 6 GHz.
. These designed patch antennas suits for various commercially available frequency range applications such as for GSM (1.86 GHz), ISM band (5 GHz), Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11(2.4-2.5 GHz for 802.11 b, g, n) and (5.7-5.9 GHz for 802.11 a & n), this shows that the proposed antennas have wide application range for commercial application.
This document proposes a low complexity beam training method for hybrid MIMO in IEEE 802.11ay. It involves a two-stage approach: 1) Sector Level Sweep (SLS) stage to find analog beamformers using beam-to-omni training, and 2) Beam Refinement Phase (BRP) to improve transmit-receive beam combinations using beam-to-beam training. Two methods are described - Evolutionary Beamtraining and K-Best Beamtraining. Simulation results show the K-Best method reduces complexity by 93% compared to Pairwise Search, with negligible loss in MIMO capacity performance. Minor protocol and frame structure changes are needed to support the proposed approach within existing 802.11ad standards.
This document discusses next-generation optical access networks and moving toward providing 10 Gbps connectivity everywhere. It outlines several key points:
1) It discusses the business and architectural issues with current networks and the need for a paradigm shift toward more flexible, dynamically reconfigurable networks.
2) It proposes an ultimate optical network architecture using a common infrastructure for access, metro, and backbone networks to gain statistical multiplexing benefits across different traffic patterns and usage.
3) It introduces a quantitative analysis framework using an extended equivalent circuit rate (ECR) metric to define and measure a requirement of "10 Gbps everywhere" in a quantifiable way for different network architectures.
CPqD's optical network activities focus on optical amplification, WSS-based ROADMs, an optical SDN controller, and add/drop on demand architectures. The team characterizes EDFAs and WSS devices, develops models for global ROADM spectrum equalization, and YANG models for O-NE-OS abstraction. An optical SDN controller automates virtual optical network instantiation. A proposed add/drop on demand architecture aims to increase ROADM flexibility with reconfigurable modules. Collaboration is welcomed in areas like impairment-aware NFV and network performance optimization.
Restricted Launch Polymer Multimode Waveguides for Board-level Optical Interc...Jian Chen
We report enhanced bandwidth performance of >100 GHz×m over an offset range of ±10 µm in multimode polymer waveguides under restricted launch, demonstrating the capability to support on-board data rates of >100 Gb/s.
The document discusses cell planning in cellular networks. It covers key steps in the cell planning process including defining system requirements, radio planning guidelines, performing initial cell planning and surveys, and designing individual sites. It also discusses factors that influence cell planning such as different cell types (macro, micro, pico), interference between cells, frequency reuse patterns, and calculating coverage and capacity. The optimal cell plan balances coverage, capacity, cost, and quality of service according to the operator's needs.
Serial link interfaces, with emphasis on the challenges of future linksaiclab
The development of next-generation electrical link technology to support 400Gb/s standards is underway. Due to area and heat dissipation constraints, aggregation of currently available 25Gb/s systems is not an option, and migration path requires serial interfaces to operate at increased rates (i.e. 56Gb/s and more).
In this workshop, we focus on two key elements which are among the hottest research topics in the wireline community. First, the use FIR filters for optical and backplane channel equalization, key to enhance the performances of transceivers at increasing speed. Compared with copper channels, equalization in optical fibers is more challenging because the channel response varies enormously from fiber to fiber and also over time due to mechanical stress, vibrations or movement. The impact of filter noise and distortion, crucial aspects for an analog implementation, are discussed in detail. Second, the gradual shift from NRZ to PAM-4 modulation to lower the system Nyquist frequency. Since the amplitude of each eye is reduced by a factor of 3, while noise power is only halved, a high transmitter output amplitude is key to preserve high SNR. However, compared to NRZ, the design of PAM-4 TX is challenged by tight linearity constraints, required to minimize the amplitude distortion among the 4 levels and still needs equalization. For both of them we will highlight system-level and implementation-level challenges, state-of-the-art and possible solutions.
Degrees of Freedom for Interference Networks with Instantaneous Relaysamin azari
The document discusses degrees of freedom (DoF) for interference networks with instantaneous relays. It motivates finding the maximum achievable DoF for such networks. It proposes an achievable scheme called aligned interference neutralization to find a lower bound on DoF and uses linear transceiver design and checking the properness of a polynomial system to find additional lower and upper bounds. Simulation results on the sum DoF for different network configurations are also presented, with future work mentioned on rate regions and generalized DoF.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on electromagnetic models of intelligent reflecting surfaces. It discusses the working principle, architecture, advantages, applications, limitations, and future research directions of intelligent reflecting surfaces. The presentation was submitted to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It was authored by Shreyansh Patni and guided by Ms. Jyotsna Joshi of the Electronics and Communication Engineering department at Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur.
This document provides information about Gangasuthan M.'s industrial training at Dialog Axiata PLC from January 4th to March 27th, 2016. It discusses Dialog's background as a subsidiary of Axiata Group Berhad, a major Asian telecommunications provider. The training focused on access network planning, which is responsible for operations like site planning, network optimization, and responding to customer issues. Key components of GSM networks and concepts like interference management are also outlined. The document describes technologies encountered during site visits like antennas, repeaters, and acceptance testing procedures used to ensure quality.
2019 CtD: A hybrid deep learning approach to vertexingHenry Schreiner
This document presents a hybrid deep learning approach for vertex finding using 1D convolutional neural networks. It describes generating 1D kernel densities from tracking information, building target distributions, and using a CNN architecture with an adjustable cost function to optimize the false positive rate versus efficiency. The approach achieves 93.87% efficiency with a 0.251 false positive rate on test data. Future work includes incorporating additional xy information and exploring full 2D kernel densities.
The ACTION Project: Applications Coordinate with Transport, IP and Optical Ne...CPqD
The document describes an analytical modeling effort to study spectrum contiguity fragmentation in elastic optical networks (EONs). It proposes two models: 1) A simple approximation model that estimates blocking probability due to fragmentation using a 2D Markov chain. 2) An accurate model that calculates blocking probability precisely based on counting possible allocation permutations. The models are evaluated for a single fiber carrying two types of connection requests of different sizes. Results show the accurate model can be used to study fragmentation in both single fibers and network-wide through simulation.
5G and Millimetre Wave Communications (author Isabelle tardy)Edouard DEBERDT
1) 5G networks will require 1000x greater capacity than current networks, which can be achieved through additional spectrum, improved spectral efficiency, and cell densification. However, cell densification risks greater interference. Millimeter wave frequencies provide non-interfering options for dense deployments.
2) Key challenges for 5G mmWave communications include integrating mmWave into 5G networks for indoor, outdoor, access, backhaul and fronthaul. Beamforming and antenna technologies must balance performance, complexity and power. MAC protocols need new control channel architectures and handling of initial access and handover.
3) Standards like IEEE 802.11ad and ay specify mmWave communication, primarily indoors in 57-
Beam-Repositioning System using Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Wireless A...Arun Murugan
Design and experimental analysis of beam repositioning system in microstrip patch antenna array using dumbbell shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for Wireless application (2.4 GHz) was carried out in this study. For the practical application of this study phase shifters are used to control the relative position of the main-lobe direction. DGS has characteristics of disturbing current distribution which leads to phase variation. In our antenna, these dumbbell shaped DGS are engraved at different positions over the ground plane to achieve phase shifting of main-beam. The parameters of antenna such as gain reflection co-efficient, bandwidth are determined and compared with the antenna without DGS. Every position at which the dumbbell shaped DGS was placed, the radiation pattern was measured and compared among them. Further, it’s also observed that simulated antenna with DGS has the Bluetooth application in ISM short-range band.
I m available at arun28murugan@gmail.com
Read the published paper here: http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I11136
Beam-Repositioning System using Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Wireless A...
MSEE Defense
1. Enhancements to the Generalized Sidelobe Canceller
for Audio Beamforming in an Immersive Environment
Phil Townsend
MSEE Candidate
University of Kentucky
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
2. Overview
1) Introduction
- Adaptive Beamforming and the GSC
2) Amplitude Scaling Improvements
- 1/r Model, Acoustic Physics, Statistical
3) Automatic Target Alignment
- Thresholded Cross Correlation using PHAT-β
4) Array Geometry Analysis
- Volumetric Beamfield Plots
- Monte Carlo Test of Geometric Parameters
5) Final Conclusions and Questions
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
3. Part 1: Introduction
• What's beamforming?
• A spatial filter that enhances sound
based on its spatial position through the
coherent processing of signals from
distributed microphones.
– Reduce room noise/effects
– Suppress interfering speakers
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
4. Adaptive Beamforming
• Optimization of Generalized Filter
Coefficients
T
y[ n]=W [ n] X [n ] opt
– Often requires minimizing output energy
while keeping target component unchanged
• Estimate statistics on the fly
– Input Correlation Matrix unknown/changing
• Gradient Descent Toward Optimal Taps
– Constrained Lowest Energy Output Forms
Unique Minimum to Bowl-Shaped Surface
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
5. Visualization of Gradient Descent
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_descent; Image in Public Domain
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
6. Generalized Sidelobe Canceller
(GSC)
• Simplifies Frost's constrained adaptation
into two stages
– A fixed, Delay-Sum Beamformer
– A Blocking Matrix that's adaptively filtered
and subtracted.
– Adaptation can be any algorithm; we use
NLMS here
– Simplification comes mostly from enforcing
distortionless response
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
7. www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
8. GSC (con't)
• Upper branch DSB result
• Lower branch BM tracks are
where traditional Blocking Matrix is
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
9. GSC (con't)
• Final output is
• Adaption algorithm for each BM track is
(NLMS, much faster than constrained)
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
10. Limitations of Current Models and
Methods
• Blocking Matrix Leakage
– Farfield assumption not valid for immsersive
microphone arrays
– Target steering might be incorrect
• Most research limited to equispaced linear arrays
– Hard to construct
– Limited useful frequency range
– Want to explore other geometries and find the best
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
11. Part 2: Amplitude Correction
• Nearfield acoustics means target
component has different amplitude in
each microphone
• Propose and test a few models to correct
cancellation
– 1/r Model
– Sound propagation filtering
– Statistical filtering
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
12. Simple 1/r Model
• The acoustic wave equation is solved by
a function inversely proportional in r
• so make a BM using that fact (keep
tracks in distance order)
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
13. ISO Acoustic Physics Model
• Fluid dynamics can be taken into
account to design a filter based on
distance, temperature, humidity, and
pressure (ISO standard 9613)
• Might allow us to add easily-obtainable
information to enhance beamforming
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
14. Statistical Amplitude Scaling
• Lump all corruptive effects together and
minimize energy of difference of tracks
• Carry out as a function of frequency to
get
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
15. ISO and Statistical BM's
• ISO Model (Frequency Domain)
• Statistical Scaling (Frequency Domain)
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
16. A Perfect Blocking Matrix
• Audio Cage data was collected with
targets and speakers separate, so a
perfect BM can be simulated
• Shows upper bound on possible
improvement
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
17. www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
18. Experimental Evaluation of
Methods
• Set initial intelligibility to around .3
• Beamform for many target and noise
scenarios
• Find mean correlation coefficient of BM
tracks (want as low as possible) and
overall output (want as large as possible)
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
19. Results
• Most real methods make little difference
– Statistical scaling a little worse b/c of bad
SNR
– ISO filtering a little better b/c of more info
– 1/r model made no difference
• Perfect BM made slight improvement,
but array geometry was most important!
• Listen to some examples...
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
22. Part 3: Automatic Steering
• If steering delays aren't right then target
signal leakage occurs and DSB is
weaker.
• Cross correlation is a highly robust
technique for finding similarities between
signals, so use to fine tune delays
• Apply window and correlation strength
thresholds to try to improve performance
in poor SNR environment
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
23. GCC and PHAT-β
• Find the cross correlation between tracks
over only a small window of possible movements
and whiten to make the spike stand out
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
24. Correlation Coefficient Threshold
• Since environment is noisy and speaker
might go silent, update only if max
correlation is sufficiently strong
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
25. Experimental Evaluation
• Same setup as before
– Initial intel ~.3
– Find output correlation with closest mic
• Vary correlation threshold .1 to .9
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
26. Results
• Tighter threshold better but updates never help
vs original GSC
– Low threshold: erratic focal point movement
– High threshold: can't recover from bad
updates
– Low SNR makes good estimates very
difficult
• Retrace of lags (multilateration) shows search
window D should be tighter
• Array geometry still more important
• Listen to some more examples...
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
27. Output Correlation Chart
Normal GSC Performance for Comparison
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
28. www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
29. www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
30. Part 4: Array Geometry
• Since array geometry is the most
important factor, we need to find what
the best layouts are and why
• Start by generating beamfields to
visualize array performance and look for
patterns qualitatively
• Then propose parameters and run
computer simulations quantitatively
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
31. Volumetric Beamfield Plots
• GSC beamfield changes over time, but
DSB is root of the system and
performance is constant.
• Need to see performance in three
dimensions
• Use layered approach with colors to
indicate intensity and transparency to
see features inside the space
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
32. Linear Array
• Generally good performance
– Office too small for sidelobes to appear
• Mainlobe elongated toward array
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
33. www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
34. Perimeter Array
• Also generally good
– Very tight mainlobe
• No height resolution
– Not a problem in an office though
– Motivation for ceiling arrays
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
35. www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
36. Random Arrays
• Performance highly variable
– One best of the lot, one very bad
• Need to find ways to describe and select
best random arrays (coming soon)
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
37. www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
38. www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
39. A Monte Carlo Experiment for
Analysis of Geometry
• Propose the following parameters for
describing array geometry in 2D and
evaluate array performance for many
randomly-chosen geometries:
– Centroid
• Array center of gravity (mean position)
– Dispersion
• Mic spread (standard deviation of positions)
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
41. Monte Carlo (con't)
• For a given centroid and dispersion,
evaluate the array based on:
– PSR – Peak to Side lobe Ratio
• Worst-case interference
– MLW – Main Lobe Width
• Tightness of enhancement area
• Redefined in 2D to use x and y 3dB widths
2 2
w3dB= x y 3dB 3dB
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
42. Monte Carlo Simulation
• Test variation of one parameter while
holding the other constant.
• Generate random positions from an
8x8m square and target a sound source
1m below center
• Choose 120 random geometries for each
run (a “class” of arrays)
• Compare to rectangular array
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
43. Layout
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
46. Results
• Centroid centered over target always best
– Irregular arrays more robust when centroid
shifts
• Dispersion a classic tradeoff
– Tightly-packed array: tight mainlobe but strong
sidelobes
– Widely-spread array: wide mainlobe but weak
sidelobes
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
47. Part 5. Final Conclusions & Future Work
• Statistical methods for improving GSC ineffective
– Low SNR introduces large error
• Introducing separate, concrete info helped
– ISO model gave a tiny improvement
– More accurate target position (laser, SSL) always best
for steering
• Array geometry is most important to improving performance
– Linear array good, but random arrays have potential to
do better
– Found that a ceiling array should be centered over its
intended target, but...
– Open question: how does one describe the best array
for beamforming on human speech?
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
48. Special Thanks
• Advisor
– Dr. Kevin Donohue
• Thesis Committee Members
– Dr. Jens Hannemann
– Dr. Samson Cheung
• Everyone at the UK Vis Center
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
51. Frost Algorithm
• Solution to the constrained optimization
subject to the constraint (C a selection
matrix)
The constraint vector dictates the sum of
column weights, often F = [1 0 0 0...]
• Solution (P and F constant matrices):
www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257
52. www.vis.uky.edu | Dedicated to Research, Education and Industrial Outreach | 859.257.1257