The document outlines the regulations and guidelines surrounding animal care and use in research, focusing on the Animal Welfare Act, institutional IACUC requirements, and various ethical considerations. It emphasizes the importance of training, veterinary care, and humane treatment of animals while also discussing alternatives to painful procedures and ensuring proper experimental design. Resources and links for further information are provided, as well as mentions of various organizations and guidelines related to animal research.

1. Institutional Animal Care and Use
Council (IACUC) General Training
• Mark Jackson, PhD, Chair (832-2650)
– jacksonmae@ccsu.edu
• Dan Schwartz, DVM, Attending Vet.
– dschwartz01@snet.net
• October 1, 2020 edition
• ccsu.edu/iacuc
• olaw.nih.gov
• www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare
• IACUC Central: iacuc.org

2. Animal Welfare Act
• Enacted in 1966, covers warm-blooded vertebrates except lab
mice (Mus), lab rats (Rattus), birds bred-for-research, and farm
animals and horse not used in biomedical research.
• Registers animal dealers, exhibitors, carriers, and research
facilities and requires annual reporting (CCSU is not registered)
• Has specific standards for transportation and care of dogs, cats,
hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates and
general standards for other mammals
• Mandates adequate veterinary care - Attending Veterinarian
• Is enforced by unannounced site visits by APHIS AC vets
• 1985: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC),
pain/distress, survival surgery, dog exercise, NHP enrichment,
Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC)
Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service - Animal Welfare

3. AWA IACUC
• Includes at least 1 veterinarian and at least 1 member not
otherwise affiliated with the institution appointed by CEO
• Reviews and approves confidential protocols for:
– Justification of species and numbers of animals
– Procedures to minimize pain and distress
– Method of euthanasia (or other disposition)
• Inspects housing and study areas and submits evaluations
to Institutional Official (IO) at least once every 6 months
• Ensures training of animal care staff and researchers
• Addresses concerns regarding animal care and use
oacu.oir.nih.gov/reporting-animal-welfare-concerns

4. Public Health Service Policy
• Health Research Extension Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-158)
• U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of
Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research and Training
grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm#USGovPrinciples
(vertebrates used in life sciences and medical research)
• Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 1st
edition 1963 by NIH; 8th edition 2011 by ILAR
• Animal Welfare Assurance; IACUC, Annual Report
CCSU has Assurance # D16-00566 (A4033-01)
olaw.nih.gov
nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12910

5. Wildlife in Research
• American Society of Ichthyologists & Herpetologists Guidelines
to the Use of Amphibians & Reptiles in Research
• American Fisheries Society, American Institute of Fisheries
Research Biologists & American Society of Ichthyologists and
Herpetologists Guidelines 2014
• American Society of Mammalogists Animal Care and Use
Guidelines 2011
• Ornithological Council Guidelines to the Use of Wild Birds in
Research 2010
• Federal and state scientific collectors permits and import
permits: Federal: fws.gov/endangered
CT State: ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?
a=2702&q=323460&deepNav_GID=1628#ScientificCollectionPe
rmits
iacuc.org has links to many organizations

6. AAALAC
Association for Assessment
and Accreditation for Laboratory Animal
Care International
(founded in 1965 as American Association for
Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care)
UCHC 1977
aaalac.org

7. Pre-college Education
• The Use of Animals in Biology Education — National
Association of Biology Teachers
– https://nabt.org/Position-Statements-The-Use-of-Animals-in-Biology-
Education
• Responsible Use of Live Animals and Dissection in the Science
Classroom — National Science Teachers Association
nsta.org/about/positions/animals.aspx
• The Science Service and ISEF Position Statement on the Use of
Animals in Pre-College Science Research
– societyforscience.org

8. Animal Care (Husbandry)
• Environmental factors
• Chemical factors
• Microbial factors
• aalas.org

9. Pain and Distress
• Behavioral signs
• Physiology & biochemistry
• Notify veterinarian of unanticipated problems
oacu.oir.nih.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/arac-guidelines/
b12_recognize_relieve_pain_distress_in_lab_animals_guideline.pdf
ACLAM: file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/position_pain-rodent-rabbit.pdf

10. Alternatives to Painful Procedures
• USDAAnimal Care Policies (Google: “Animal Care Policy
Manual”)
– #11 Painful and Distressful Procedures (examples)
– #12 Consideration of Alternatives to Painful/Distressful
Procedures
• A search for alternatives is required to address reduction,
refinement, and replacement (the 3 R’s) of animal use.
Resources include databases such as MEDLINE,
AGRICOLA, PsycINFO, and Web of Science.
• WMS Russell and RL Burch's described the 3 R’s (The
Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, 1959)
altweb.jhsph.edu/pubs/books/humane_exp/het-toc

11. Replacement
• Substituting conscious living “higher” animals with less
sentient materials
– ”Lower" living systems: rodents, fish, invertebrates
– Non-feeling systems: tissue cultures, Ames test
– Computer simulation: chemical reactions, dissections
– Ch (REACHAcross™ software 92% + toxins; $3B)
Mouse Necropsy etc.:
eulep.pdn.cam.ac.uk/Links/index.php
Fish, farm, wild, cephalopods others:
norecopa.no

12. Reduction
• Using fewer animals to obtain the same amount or
more scientific information
– Improved statistical design
– Animal sharing
– Improved quality of animals
• Genetic modified (GM)
– carcinogenicity models: Tg.AC and rasH2
transgenic and p53+/- and XPA-/- knockout mice

13. Refinement
• Altering experimental procedures to minimize
discomfort
– Improved control of pain
– Improved technical skills
– Application of endpoints
– Improved instrumentation
– Less stress: telemetry
– Less invasive procedures
• Endoscopy/laparoscopy
• Confocal microscopy
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Biophotonics and MicroCAT system

14. Drug Violations
• USDAAnimal Care Policy #3 --- Veterinary Care
– Prohibits use of expired medical materials
– Prohibits use of non-pharmaceutical-grade chemical
compounds
• oacu.oir.nih.gov/animal-research-advisory-committee-
guidelines
– Requires good record keeping
• Controlled substances
– Each secure storage site requires CT registration
• ct.gov/dcp/cwp/view.asp?a=1620&q=512944
• deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/categories.htm
• ACLAM Formulary (3rd
Ed 2005)
clam.org/publications

15. Surgery & Aseptic Techniques
• Instruments
• Facilities
• Animal preparation
• Surgeon preparation
oacu.oir.nih.gov/training-resources
Tech Aseptic Rodent Surgery: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587003

16. Occupational Health
• Zoonoses
• Protocol
– related
• Trauma
• Allergies
– >10%
nap.edu/read/4988/chapter/1 (1997)
cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/index.htm (December 2009)
ors.od.nih.gov/sr/dohs/Documents/IV.2%20Animal%20Exposure
%20Program.pdf : lab rodents, lab fish, lab birds – tenatus (booster every 10

17. Euthanasia/Training
AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia (2020)
• avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf
Internet training resources
• NIH OACU Guidelines: oacu.oir.nih.gov/animal-research-advisory-
committee-guidelines
NIH Training Resources: oacu.oir.nih.gov/training-resources
– Aquatics Training Resources
– Rodent Breeding
– Rodent Restraint Procedures
– Rodent Blood Collection Procedures
– Rodent Compound Administration Procedures
– Rodent Genotyping & Identification Procedures
– Rodent Survival Surgery
– Rodent Euthanasia Procedures
JoVE.com Journal of Visualized Experiments

18. Ethical Considerations
• Foundation for Biomed Research fbresearch.org
• Scientific American sciam.com (Feb 1997 issue debate)
• February 4, 1966 Life Magazine, page 22

19. References on Animal Use Ethics
General Public:
How does the NIH ensure animal welfare?
– grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/air/NIH_ensure_welfare.htm
Why are animals used in NIH research?
– grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/air/why_are_animals.htm
For Researchers & Institutions:
Good animal care and good science go hand-in-hand
– grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/air/researchers_institutions.htm

20. Experimental Design and Statistics
Volume 55 Issue 3; 2014: academic.oup.com/ilarjournal/issue/55/3
• Refinement of Experimental Design and Conduct in Laboratory
Animal Research
• Animal Husbandry and Experimental Design
• Evidence Should Trump Intuition by Preferring Inbred Strains to
Outbred Stocks in Preclinical Research
• Critical Appraisal of Studies Using Laboratory Animal Models
• The Significance of Meaning: Why Do Over 90% of Behavioral
Neuroscience Results Fail to Translate to Humans, and What Can
We Do to Fix It?
• The Place of Experimental Design and Statistics in the 3Rs
• Guidance for the Description of Animal Research in Scientific
Publications

21. ARRIVE / PREPARE Guidelines
ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines
are intended to improve the reporting of research using animals –
maximizing information published and minimizing unnecessary studies. –
available at nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines (a United Kingdom site).
A 20-item checklist was published in 2010 in PLOS Biology, can be
downloaded from the ARRIVE website. These guidelines are useful to
researchers and students in writing grants and publications and in making
posters and other presentations.
The ARRIVE website also provides a webinar, a slide presentation, speaker
notes, and examples of completed checklists.
For planning animal experiments, a new (2017) complimentary guideline is
available at norecopa.no/prepare (a Norway site).