Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as Kala Azar, is a parasitic disease responsible for 500,000 cases worldwide each year. It was first observed in 1824 in India and was caused by Leishmania donovani parasites. Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, who was immortalized in Rembrandt's painting "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp", made several medical contributions in the 1600s and helped establish standards for pharmacists in Amsterdam. Walter Reed helped prove that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes, paving the way for construction of the Panama Canal, and a medical center is named after him.

1. MetaQuizziks Meetings Topic: Medical Conditions

2. Visceral leishmaniasis is the second-largest parasitic killer in the world (after malaria), responsible for an estimated 500,000 cases each year worldwide. It first came to the attention of Western doctors in 1824 in Jessore, India (now Bangladesh), where it was initially thought to be a form of malaria. The agent of the disease was also first isolated in India—by Scottish doctor William Leishman and Irish physician Charles Donovan, working independently of each other. As they published their discovery almost simultaneously, the species was named for both of them—Leishmania donovani. By what name is this disease popularly known? 1

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4. Kala Azar

5. This man lived in the 1600s and described the symptoms of Beriberi in a Dutch seaman, but the disease continued to be around till Ejkmaan’s study in the 1890s. He also described the devastating effects of tobacco smoking, discovered the valve at the junction of the small and large intestines (the valve is now known by his name) and made several other medical contributions. He also wrote a book on pharmacopoeia and any chemist wishing to set up shop in Amsterdam had to pass an exam based on this book. He became the Mayor of Amsterdam in 1654 and served for four terms. How has he been immortalized? 2

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7. Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, immortalized in Rembrandt’s “The Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp ”

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17. 6 Which disease is characterized by these black lesions?

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19. Anthrax, from ‘coal’. Remember one of the forms of coal is anthracite

20. Some like smallpox, herpes, fall into one class. Others, usually the most prevalent, like rabies, measles, Ebola, mumps, common cold, polio, rubella and influenza, fall onto another class. Explain. 7

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22. DNA virus diseases and RNA virus diseases

23. The Myelin Project is an international scientific research organization aimed at accelerating clinical and translational research focused on myelin repair and to regenerate the nerve's myelin sheath, — a process called remyelination — destroyed in a host of diseases such as multiple sclerosis and the leukodystrophies. The organisation was founded by Augusto Odone and his wife Michaela to help their son who was suffering from ALD (Adrenal Leukodystrophy). Which movie is based on the story of the Odone family and their fight against ALD and associated diseases? 8

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25. Lorenzo’s Oil

26. Who is the most famous patient of an extreme form of the genetic disease neurofibromotosis? 9

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28. Joseph Merrick, the Elephant Man

29. This syndrome causes rapid heartbeat, dizziness, confusion and even hallucinations when an individual is exposed to art, usually when the art is particularly beautiful or a large amount of art is in a single place. It is named after a famous 19th century French author who described his experience with the phenomenon during his 1817 visit to Florence, Italy in his book Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio . 10

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31. Stendhal Syndrome