This document provides an overview of disorders of non-adaptive movements. It discusses various types of spontaneous movements, tics, tremors, chorea, stereotypies and abnormal induced movements such as echopraxia and perseveration. It describes the characteristics, causes and examples of each type of movement disorder. The disorders are classified and different syndromes seen in chronic schizophrenia and catatonia are outlined based on motor symptoms. The document serves to educate about movement disorders not involving voluntary control.
This document discusses motor disorders and their classification. It covers disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal directed movements. Disorders of non-adaptive movements like stereotypies, parakinesia, tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and spasmodic torticollis are described. Motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, abnormal complex patterns of behavior like stupor and excitement, and drug-induced movement disorders are also summarized.
Subjective motor Disorders
Objective motor Disorders
Disorders of adaptive movements
Disorders of reactive movements
Disorders of goal directed movements
Disorders of non adaptive movements
Sterotype
Parakinesia
Involuntary movements
Tremors, chorea, athetosis, spasmodic torticollis
Abnormal induced movements
Motor speech disturbances
Disorders of posture
Abnormal complex patterns of behaviour
Movement Disorders associated with antipsychotic medication
This document provides an overview of motor disorders, including their classification and specific disorders. It discusses disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal-directed movements. It also covers disorders of non-adaptive movements such as spontaneous movements and abnormal induced movements. Finally, it discusses abnormal complex patterns of behavior and movement disorders associated with antipsychotic medication.
Involuntary movements- dyskinesia are abnormal involuntary motor movements associated with many diseases
Here I try to show some common movements in a simple way
This document summarizes various motor disorders seen in psychiatry, including both subjective and objective motor disorders. Subjective motor disorders include obsessions/compulsions and delusions of passivity. Objective motor disorders include disorders of adaptive movements like expressive movements, reactive movements, and goal-directed movements. It also discusses various non-adaptive movements like tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and stereotypies. Other topics covered are motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, and movement disorders associated with antipsychotic medication.
1. Hyperkinetic dysarthria is caused by abnormalities in the basal ganglia or related brain areas that control movement, resulting in involuntary movements that interfere with speech.
2. Various conditions can cause hyperkinetic movements like chorea, myoclonus, tics, and dystonia which impact speech differently based on the affected muscles.
3. Speech is impacted by imprecise articulation, irregular prosody, and voice and respiratory issues depending on the specific condition and location of involuntary movements in the brain and body.
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder characterized by abnormal brain activity that causes seizures. Seizures can vary in their symptoms but commonly involve temporary confusion, staring spells, jerking movements, loss of awareness, or changes in emotions and senses. A diagnosis of epilepsy requires at least two unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy affects people of all ages, races and backgrounds. Treatment options include medications or surgery which can control seizures for most people with epilepsy.
This document discusses motor disorders and their classification. It covers disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal directed movements. Disorders of non-adaptive movements like stereotypies, parakinesia, tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and spasmodic torticollis are described. Motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, abnormal complex patterns of behavior like stupor and excitement, and drug-induced movement disorders are also summarized.
Subjective motor Disorders
Objective motor Disorders
Disorders of adaptive movements
Disorders of reactive movements
Disorders of goal directed movements
Disorders of non adaptive movements
Sterotype
Parakinesia
Involuntary movements
Tremors, chorea, athetosis, spasmodic torticollis
Abnormal induced movements
Motor speech disturbances
Disorders of posture
Abnormal complex patterns of behaviour
Movement Disorders associated with antipsychotic medication
This document provides an overview of motor disorders, including their classification and specific disorders. It discusses disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal-directed movements. It also covers disorders of non-adaptive movements such as spontaneous movements and abnormal induced movements. Finally, it discusses abnormal complex patterns of behavior and movement disorders associated with antipsychotic medication.
Involuntary movements- dyskinesia are abnormal involuntary motor movements associated with many diseases
Here I try to show some common movements in a simple way
This document summarizes various motor disorders seen in psychiatry, including both subjective and objective motor disorders. Subjective motor disorders include obsessions/compulsions and delusions of passivity. Objective motor disorders include disorders of adaptive movements like expressive movements, reactive movements, and goal-directed movements. It also discusses various non-adaptive movements like tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and stereotypies. Other topics covered are motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, and movement disorders associated with antipsychotic medication.
1. Hyperkinetic dysarthria is caused by abnormalities in the basal ganglia or related brain areas that control movement, resulting in involuntary movements that interfere with speech.
2. Various conditions can cause hyperkinetic movements like chorea, myoclonus, tics, and dystonia which impact speech differently based on the affected muscles.
3. Speech is impacted by imprecise articulation, irregular prosody, and voice and respiratory issues depending on the specific condition and location of involuntary movements in the brain and body.
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder characterized by abnormal brain activity that causes seizures. Seizures can vary in their symptoms but commonly involve temporary confusion, staring spells, jerking movements, loss of awareness, or changes in emotions and senses. A diagnosis of epilepsy requires at least two unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy affects people of all ages, races and backgrounds. Treatment options include medications or surgery which can control seizures for most people with epilepsy.
Hyper kinetic dysarthria lecture, Stratgies to slown down speechFuldisia
Hyperkinetic dysarthria is a type of motor speech disorder associated with involuntary movements that affect the muscles involved in speech production. These movements are due to abnormalities in the basal ganglia or related neural pathways, which are involved in regulating motor control and ensuring smooth, coordinated movements. Here are some key aspects of hyperkinetic dysarthria:
Causes
Hyperkinetic dysarthria can arise from various neurological conditions that affect the basal ganglia or its connections. Some common causes include:
Huntington's disease: A genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.
Tourette syndrome: A condition characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations (tics).
Dystonia: A movement disorder causing involuntary muscle contractions leading to twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.
Chorea: Involuntary, rapid, and irregular movements, often seen in conditions like Sydenham's chorea or as a side effect of certain medications.
Medications: Certain drugs, such as antipsychotics, can cause tardive dyskinesia, which includes involuntary movements and can affect speech.
Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder leading to copper accumulation in the brain, liver, and other tissues.
Symptoms
The symptoms of hyperkinetic dysarthria are characterized by various involuntary movements that can disrupt normal speech patterns. These symptoms may include:
Irregular articulatory breakdowns: Inconsistent and unpredictable speech errors.
Variable speech rate: Fluctuations in the speed of speech, with sudden accelerations or decelerations.
Voice tremor: Rhythmic fluctuations in pitch and loudness.
Sudden changes in loudness or pitch: Abrupt shifts that are involuntary.
Involuntary movements: These may include tics, dystonic movements, chorea, or myoclonus affecting the face, jaw, tongue, or respiratory muscles.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of hyperkinetic dysarthria involves several steps:
Clinical evaluation: A neurologist or speech-language pathologist will assess the patient's speech characteristics, medical history, and neurological status.
Observation of involuntary movements: Identifying the type, frequency, and pattern of movements can help determine the underlying cause.
Neuroimaging: MRI or CT scans to look for structural abnormalities in the brain.
Genetic testing: Especially if conditions like Huntington's disease or Wilson's disease are suspected.
Treatment
Treatment for hyperkinetic dysarthria focuses on managing the underlying condition and improving speech function. Approaches may include:
Medications: Drugs to manage the underlying neurological condition or reduce involuntary movements. For example, anticholinergic medications, muscle relaxants, or medications specific to the disorder (like tetrabenazine for Huntington's disease).
Speech therapy: Techniques to improve speech clarity and communication, such as:
Rate control: Strategies to slow down speec
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can be classified as either partial or generalized seizures. Partial seizures originate in a localized region of the brain while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres.
- Common types of generalized seizures include absence seizures, characterized by brief lapses of consciousness, and tonic-clonic seizures which involve tonic muscle contraction followed by clonic movements.
- Complex partial seizures originate in the temporal lobe and involve psychic experiences such as hallucinations followed by automatisms like lip smacking and confusion after the seizure.
Strange and abnormal movements are hallmarks of movement disorders, which are neurological diseases characterized by involuntary movements. The movements allow observers to suggest proper diagnoses and include tremors, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, hemiballismus, and more. EEG findings vary depending on the specific movement disorder and location of involvement in the central nervous system.
This document provides an overview of the differential diagnosis of tremors. It outlines the main types of tremors including resting, postural, action, intention, and task-specific tremors. It then describes the characteristics and pathophysiology of common tremors seen in clinical practice, such as essential tremor, Parkinson's disease tremor, cerebellar tremor, psychogenic tremor, and drug-induced tremors. The document provides guidance on evaluating tremors and treating different tremor conditions.
semiological classification of seizure, localisation and lateralisation Vinayak Rodge
This document discusses seizure semiology and classification. It begins with an overview of seizure types including motor, aura, dialeptic, autonomic, and special seizures. Motor seizures are further divided into simple and complex seizures. Aura symptoms are described and their localizing value discussed. Dialeptic seizures include absence and complex partial seizures. Autonomic seizures must have objective evidence of autonomic changes. Special seizures include atonic, astatic, negative myoclonic, akinetic, aphasic, and hypomotor seizures. Lateralizing signs and their localizing value are then reviewed. Finally, generalized and focal epilepsies are contrasted, and features of frontal lobe seizures are outlined.
This document defines psychogenic movement disorders and outlines their diagnostic criteria. It discusses the two divisions of movement disorders - extrapyramidal and hyperkinetic disorders. Various types of movement disorders are identified and categorized, including tremors, dystonia, myoclonus, chorea, athetosis, and restless leg syndrome. The document also covers treatment options for movement disorders like antipsychotics, botulinum toxin injections, and physical therapy. Prognosis depends on identifying and addressing the underlying psychogenic cause.
complete information for the management and care of patient suffering from epilepsy definition ,classification, types, pathophysiology ,clinical manifestation, diagnostic evaluation, medical management, nursing management, care provided to the patient suffering from epilepsy .
The document provides information on seizures, convulsions, and epilepsy. It defines these terms and describes the different types of seizures including partial/focal seizures and generalized seizures. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and management of seizures which includes anti-seizure medications, surgery, and vagus nerve stimulation. Nursing care focuses on protecting the individual during a seizure and observing/reporting seizure characteristics. Complications include prolonged seizures known as status epilepticus.
This document provides an overview of movement disorders, including their classification into different classes (tremor, dystonia, chorea, etc.). It then describes the key features and common causes of several specific movement disorders, including rest tremor, postural tremor, dystonia, chorea, tardive dyskinesia, ballism, tics, and myoclonus. Videos are included to demonstrate examples of some of these movement disorders. The document emphasizes that movement disorders represent clinical signs rather than diagnoses, and an approach is needed to determine the class of movement disorder and whether it is primary or secondary.
Movement disorders encompass a spectrum of abnormal involuntary movements that can arise from lesions throughout the central nervous system or be associated with medical conditions. They include myoclonus, ballismus, chorea, athetosis, and dystonia. While sometimes difficult to distinguish, they often overlap and can have similar underlying causes such as genetic disorders, drugs, vascular events, and metabolic derangements. Treatment involves managing underlying conditions when possible and may include medications like valproic acid or botulinum toxin injections.
Conversion disorder is characterized by neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by medical causes. Instead, psychological stressors are associated with the onset of symptoms. Patients are unaware of the psychological basis and cannot consciously control their symptoms. Common symptoms include paralysis, abnormal movements, seizures, and sensory disturbances. Diagnosis involves ruling out physical disorders and assessing for dissociation. Treatment options include psychotherapy, hypnosis, and supportive therapy.
This document outlines the evaluation and management of hypotonia in infants. It defines hypotonia and differentiates between central and peripheral causes. A systematic approach is recommended, considering history, examination findings, and localization of the problem. Central hypotonia is more common and may be due to brain abnormalities, genetic disorders, or insults. Peripheral hypotonia involves the nerves or muscles and presents with profound weakness. Further testing can help distinguish conditions like spinal muscular atrophy or myopathies. A thorough evaluation is key to establishing the cause and guiding treatment.
Muscle tone and Deep tendon reflex assessmentshuchij10
The document discusses various types of muscle tone abnormalities including hypertonia, hypotonia, spasticity, rigidity, dystonia, and their clinical presentations and assessments. Spasticity is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to stretch and may result in contractures and functional limitations. Rigidity differs from spasticity in being independent of movement velocity. Various assessments of tone are discussed including observation of posture and movement, palpation of muscles, passive range of motion testing, scales like the Modified Ashworth Scale, and reflex testing.
This document provides an overview of psychopharmacological therapy. It discusses important terms, symptoms, side effects, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and half-life of drugs. The major categories of drugs covered are neuroleptics, anxiolytics, hypnotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and psychostimulants. Neuroleptics, also called antipsychotics, are used to treat psychoses and can be divided into typical and atypical categories. Side effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms like pseudoparkinsonism, akinesia, akathisia, dystonia, oculogyric crisis, tardive dyskinesia, neurole
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. The majority of childhood epilepsy is idiopathic or genetic in origin. Seizures can be generalized, arising from both hemispheres, or focal, arising from one hemisphere. Common generalized seizures include tonic-clonic, absence, and myoclonic seizures. Diagnosis involves a clinical history and may include EEG and imaging. Treatment primarily involves antiepileptic drug therapy to control seizures.
fits and siezures deffination and its typesSalmaAzeem3
This document discusses the different types of seizures. It begins by explaining that seizures are caused by disturbances in electrical brain activity. Seizures are divided into two broad categories: generalized seizures originating across the entire brain, and partial seizures originating in a small area. Generalized seizures include grand mal, absence, myoclonic, clonic, tonic, and atonic seizures. Partial seizures are further divided into simple and complex, with simple seizures maintaining awareness and complex resulting in lost awareness. Symptoms of epilepsy include repeated seizures with symptoms like convulsions, blackouts, fainting, unresponsiveness, stiffness, falling, blinking, chewing, dazedness, repetitive movements, fear, changes in senses, and jerking
A brief introduction to the topic cerebral palsy, prepared by Dr Yash Oza, PG resident in MS Orthopaedics
Etiology, Classification, assessment, diagnosis, treatment
This document provides an overview of various movement disorders including dystonia, chorea, ballismus, athetosis, tics, myoclonus, and Wilson's disease. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, etiology, clinical features, pathophysiology, investigations and treatment of each disorder. The classifications are based on factors like age of onset, distribution of symptoms, underlying etiology. Primary and secondary dystonias are described. Common types of chorea like Huntington's chorea are outlined. The document provides detailed information on different types of these movement disorders for healthcare professionals.
This document discusses various types of movement disorders including tics, chorea, dystonia, ballismus, myoclonus, tremors and ataxia. It describes the characteristics, causes and treatment of each condition. Movement disorders can have different presentations but often represent an underlying neurological or medical issue. Precise definitions can be difficult, and treatment may involve addressing the root cause in addition to specific therapies for symptom management.
This document provides information on seizures and epilepsy. It defines seizures as abnormal excessive hypersynchronous discharges from the central nervous system. Seizures can be classified as partial or generalized. Partial seizures originate in a specific area of the brain and include simple partial and complex partial seizures. Generalized seizures involve both hemispheres and include absence seizures (petit mal), tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal), tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures. The document describes the clinical features and EEG patterns associated with different seizure types.
The document discusses the neurobiology of addiction. It defines addiction and describes different typologies of substance use disorders. It then discusses genetic and environmental risk factors for addiction and how biology and environment interact. The development of addiction from initial substance use to dependence is explained, highlighting adolescent vulnerability. Key brain circuits involved in the transition from impulsive to compulsive substance use are mapped out. Finally, the document outlines various neural locations and their functions in addiction.
Current Therapeutic Approaches in Anorexia Nervosa Edited.pptxRonakPrajapati63
1) Current therapeutic approaches for anorexia nervosa discussed in the document include restricting food intake, binge eating and purging behaviors, cognitive behavioral therapy, family therapy, and medication.
2) Anorexia nervosa is defined by significantly low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a disturbed perception of body weight and shape. Diagnostic criteria include in the DSM-5 and ICD-10 are discussed.
3) Risk factors for anorexia nervosa include genetic, biological, developmental, psychological, environmental, and social factors. The etiology is complex with both biological and psychosocial components.
Hyper kinetic dysarthria lecture, Stratgies to slown down speechFuldisia
Hyperkinetic dysarthria is a type of motor speech disorder associated with involuntary movements that affect the muscles involved in speech production. These movements are due to abnormalities in the basal ganglia or related neural pathways, which are involved in regulating motor control and ensuring smooth, coordinated movements. Here are some key aspects of hyperkinetic dysarthria:
Causes
Hyperkinetic dysarthria can arise from various neurological conditions that affect the basal ganglia or its connections. Some common causes include:
Huntington's disease: A genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.
Tourette syndrome: A condition characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations (tics).
Dystonia: A movement disorder causing involuntary muscle contractions leading to twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.
Chorea: Involuntary, rapid, and irregular movements, often seen in conditions like Sydenham's chorea or as a side effect of certain medications.
Medications: Certain drugs, such as antipsychotics, can cause tardive dyskinesia, which includes involuntary movements and can affect speech.
Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder leading to copper accumulation in the brain, liver, and other tissues.
Symptoms
The symptoms of hyperkinetic dysarthria are characterized by various involuntary movements that can disrupt normal speech patterns. These symptoms may include:
Irregular articulatory breakdowns: Inconsistent and unpredictable speech errors.
Variable speech rate: Fluctuations in the speed of speech, with sudden accelerations or decelerations.
Voice tremor: Rhythmic fluctuations in pitch and loudness.
Sudden changes in loudness or pitch: Abrupt shifts that are involuntary.
Involuntary movements: These may include tics, dystonic movements, chorea, or myoclonus affecting the face, jaw, tongue, or respiratory muscles.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of hyperkinetic dysarthria involves several steps:
Clinical evaluation: A neurologist or speech-language pathologist will assess the patient's speech characteristics, medical history, and neurological status.
Observation of involuntary movements: Identifying the type, frequency, and pattern of movements can help determine the underlying cause.
Neuroimaging: MRI or CT scans to look for structural abnormalities in the brain.
Genetic testing: Especially if conditions like Huntington's disease or Wilson's disease are suspected.
Treatment
Treatment for hyperkinetic dysarthria focuses on managing the underlying condition and improving speech function. Approaches may include:
Medications: Drugs to manage the underlying neurological condition or reduce involuntary movements. For example, anticholinergic medications, muscle relaxants, or medications specific to the disorder (like tetrabenazine for Huntington's disease).
Speech therapy: Techniques to improve speech clarity and communication, such as:
Rate control: Strategies to slow down speec
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can be classified as either partial or generalized seizures. Partial seizures originate in a localized region of the brain while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres.
- Common types of generalized seizures include absence seizures, characterized by brief lapses of consciousness, and tonic-clonic seizures which involve tonic muscle contraction followed by clonic movements.
- Complex partial seizures originate in the temporal lobe and involve psychic experiences such as hallucinations followed by automatisms like lip smacking and confusion after the seizure.
Strange and abnormal movements are hallmarks of movement disorders, which are neurological diseases characterized by involuntary movements. The movements allow observers to suggest proper diagnoses and include tremors, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, hemiballismus, and more. EEG findings vary depending on the specific movement disorder and location of involvement in the central nervous system.
This document provides an overview of the differential diagnosis of tremors. It outlines the main types of tremors including resting, postural, action, intention, and task-specific tremors. It then describes the characteristics and pathophysiology of common tremors seen in clinical practice, such as essential tremor, Parkinson's disease tremor, cerebellar tremor, psychogenic tremor, and drug-induced tremors. The document provides guidance on evaluating tremors and treating different tremor conditions.
semiological classification of seizure, localisation and lateralisation Vinayak Rodge
This document discusses seizure semiology and classification. It begins with an overview of seizure types including motor, aura, dialeptic, autonomic, and special seizures. Motor seizures are further divided into simple and complex seizures. Aura symptoms are described and their localizing value discussed. Dialeptic seizures include absence and complex partial seizures. Autonomic seizures must have objective evidence of autonomic changes. Special seizures include atonic, astatic, negative myoclonic, akinetic, aphasic, and hypomotor seizures. Lateralizing signs and their localizing value are then reviewed. Finally, generalized and focal epilepsies are contrasted, and features of frontal lobe seizures are outlined.
This document defines psychogenic movement disorders and outlines their diagnostic criteria. It discusses the two divisions of movement disorders - extrapyramidal and hyperkinetic disorders. Various types of movement disorders are identified and categorized, including tremors, dystonia, myoclonus, chorea, athetosis, and restless leg syndrome. The document also covers treatment options for movement disorders like antipsychotics, botulinum toxin injections, and physical therapy. Prognosis depends on identifying and addressing the underlying psychogenic cause.
complete information for the management and care of patient suffering from epilepsy definition ,classification, types, pathophysiology ,clinical manifestation, diagnostic evaluation, medical management, nursing management, care provided to the patient suffering from epilepsy .
The document provides information on seizures, convulsions, and epilepsy. It defines these terms and describes the different types of seizures including partial/focal seizures and generalized seizures. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and management of seizures which includes anti-seizure medications, surgery, and vagus nerve stimulation. Nursing care focuses on protecting the individual during a seizure and observing/reporting seizure characteristics. Complications include prolonged seizures known as status epilepticus.
This document provides an overview of movement disorders, including their classification into different classes (tremor, dystonia, chorea, etc.). It then describes the key features and common causes of several specific movement disorders, including rest tremor, postural tremor, dystonia, chorea, tardive dyskinesia, ballism, tics, and myoclonus. Videos are included to demonstrate examples of some of these movement disorders. The document emphasizes that movement disorders represent clinical signs rather than diagnoses, and an approach is needed to determine the class of movement disorder and whether it is primary or secondary.
Movement disorders encompass a spectrum of abnormal involuntary movements that can arise from lesions throughout the central nervous system or be associated with medical conditions. They include myoclonus, ballismus, chorea, athetosis, and dystonia. While sometimes difficult to distinguish, they often overlap and can have similar underlying causes such as genetic disorders, drugs, vascular events, and metabolic derangements. Treatment involves managing underlying conditions when possible and may include medications like valproic acid or botulinum toxin injections.
Conversion disorder is characterized by neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by medical causes. Instead, psychological stressors are associated with the onset of symptoms. Patients are unaware of the psychological basis and cannot consciously control their symptoms. Common symptoms include paralysis, abnormal movements, seizures, and sensory disturbances. Diagnosis involves ruling out physical disorders and assessing for dissociation. Treatment options include psychotherapy, hypnosis, and supportive therapy.
This document outlines the evaluation and management of hypotonia in infants. It defines hypotonia and differentiates between central and peripheral causes. A systematic approach is recommended, considering history, examination findings, and localization of the problem. Central hypotonia is more common and may be due to brain abnormalities, genetic disorders, or insults. Peripheral hypotonia involves the nerves or muscles and presents with profound weakness. Further testing can help distinguish conditions like spinal muscular atrophy or myopathies. A thorough evaluation is key to establishing the cause and guiding treatment.
Muscle tone and Deep tendon reflex assessmentshuchij10
The document discusses various types of muscle tone abnormalities including hypertonia, hypotonia, spasticity, rigidity, dystonia, and their clinical presentations and assessments. Spasticity is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to stretch and may result in contractures and functional limitations. Rigidity differs from spasticity in being independent of movement velocity. Various assessments of tone are discussed including observation of posture and movement, palpation of muscles, passive range of motion testing, scales like the Modified Ashworth Scale, and reflex testing.
This document provides an overview of psychopharmacological therapy. It discusses important terms, symptoms, side effects, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and half-life of drugs. The major categories of drugs covered are neuroleptics, anxiolytics, hypnotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and psychostimulants. Neuroleptics, also called antipsychotics, are used to treat psychoses and can be divided into typical and atypical categories. Side effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms like pseudoparkinsonism, akinesia, akathisia, dystonia, oculogyric crisis, tardive dyskinesia, neurole
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. The majority of childhood epilepsy is idiopathic or genetic in origin. Seizures can be generalized, arising from both hemispheres, or focal, arising from one hemisphere. Common generalized seizures include tonic-clonic, absence, and myoclonic seizures. Diagnosis involves a clinical history and may include EEG and imaging. Treatment primarily involves antiepileptic drug therapy to control seizures.
fits and siezures deffination and its typesSalmaAzeem3
This document discusses the different types of seizures. It begins by explaining that seizures are caused by disturbances in electrical brain activity. Seizures are divided into two broad categories: generalized seizures originating across the entire brain, and partial seizures originating in a small area. Generalized seizures include grand mal, absence, myoclonic, clonic, tonic, and atonic seizures. Partial seizures are further divided into simple and complex, with simple seizures maintaining awareness and complex resulting in lost awareness. Symptoms of epilepsy include repeated seizures with symptoms like convulsions, blackouts, fainting, unresponsiveness, stiffness, falling, blinking, chewing, dazedness, repetitive movements, fear, changes in senses, and jerking
A brief introduction to the topic cerebral palsy, prepared by Dr Yash Oza, PG resident in MS Orthopaedics
Etiology, Classification, assessment, diagnosis, treatment
This document provides an overview of various movement disorders including dystonia, chorea, ballismus, athetosis, tics, myoclonus, and Wilson's disease. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, etiology, clinical features, pathophysiology, investigations and treatment of each disorder. The classifications are based on factors like age of onset, distribution of symptoms, underlying etiology. Primary and secondary dystonias are described. Common types of chorea like Huntington's chorea are outlined. The document provides detailed information on different types of these movement disorders for healthcare professionals.
This document discusses various types of movement disorders including tics, chorea, dystonia, ballismus, myoclonus, tremors and ataxia. It describes the characteristics, causes and treatment of each condition. Movement disorders can have different presentations but often represent an underlying neurological or medical issue. Precise definitions can be difficult, and treatment may involve addressing the root cause in addition to specific therapies for symptom management.
This document provides information on seizures and epilepsy. It defines seizures as abnormal excessive hypersynchronous discharges from the central nervous system. Seizures can be classified as partial or generalized. Partial seizures originate in a specific area of the brain and include simple partial and complex partial seizures. Generalized seizures involve both hemispheres and include absence seizures (petit mal), tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal), tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures. The document describes the clinical features and EEG patterns associated with different seizure types.
The document discusses the neurobiology of addiction. It defines addiction and describes different typologies of substance use disorders. It then discusses genetic and environmental risk factors for addiction and how biology and environment interact. The development of addiction from initial substance use to dependence is explained, highlighting adolescent vulnerability. Key brain circuits involved in the transition from impulsive to compulsive substance use are mapped out. Finally, the document outlines various neural locations and their functions in addiction.
Current Therapeutic Approaches in Anorexia Nervosa Edited.pptxRonakPrajapati63
1) Current therapeutic approaches for anorexia nervosa discussed in the document include restricting food intake, binge eating and purging behaviors, cognitive behavioral therapy, family therapy, and medication.
2) Anorexia nervosa is defined by significantly low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a disturbed perception of body weight and shape. Diagnostic criteria include in the DSM-5 and ICD-10 are discussed.
3) Risk factors for anorexia nervosa include genetic, biological, developmental, psychological, environmental, and social factors. The etiology is complex with both biological and psychosocial components.
Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug that acts as a partial agonist at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and as an antagonist at serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT7 receptors. It is FDA approved to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, irritability associated with autism, and acute agitation related to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Common side effects include weight gain, extrapyramidal symptoms, hyperglycemia, and sedation. It is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 enzymes and can have interactions with drugs that inhibit these pathways such as ritonavir and
Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs consisting of physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Maslow proposed that people are motivated to fulfill lower level needs before progressing to meet higher level needs. Later in his career, Maslow expanded his model to include additional needs such as cognitive needs and transcendence needs. Maslow's hierarchy of needs provides a framework for understanding human motivation and behavioral drivers.
This document provides an overview of attachment theory, including definitions of secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment styles in children. It discusses John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth's seminal research in this area. Secure attachment develops when a child believes their caregiver is available and responsive to their needs. Insecure styles develop when caregivers are inconsistent, neglectful or abusive. Disorganized attachment occurs when the caregiver is both the source of fear and comfort. Long term effects of insecure attachment can include difficulties with relationships and regulating emotions. Treatment focuses on providing consistent safety, trust and support to help "reparent" children and repair their ability to form attachments.
This document discusses attachment theory and its key concepts. It begins by defining attachment as the emotional bond between children and caregivers, usually evidenced by infants seeking proximity to their mothers. John Bowlby is identified as the founder of attachment theory. His research in the 1950s emphasized the importance of the caregiver-child relationship for development. Mary Ainsworth further classified attachment styles in infants as secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized based on her Strange Situation experiments. Factors that promote secure attachment are identified as caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness to infant cues. Attachment disorders can result from maternal deprivation and lack of interaction with caregivers.
This document discusses insight and judgment in psychiatry. It defines insight as conscious awareness and understanding of one's own mental condition and symptoms, while judgment involves evaluating choices within a set of values to choose an action. Insight and judgment are interrelated, as good judgment requires adequate insight. The document describes factors that influence insight like culture, intelligence, and symptoms. It also discusses assessing levels of insight from complete denial to true emotional insight. Judgment is assessed through social situations and test questions. Various psychiatric disorders can impair insight and judgment.
Orientation refers to an individual's awareness of time, place, and person. The document discusses orientation and how it is assessed through a series of questions covering four areas: time, place, person, and space. Disorientation, or the lack of proper orientation, is commonly seen in conditions like confusion states, amnestic syndromes, and dementias. Disorientation to time typically occurs before place and then person. The document provides details on assessing and interpreting orientation and disorientation in clinical psychiatric evaluations.
The document provides an overview of impulse control disorders, including their introduction, etiology, epidemiology, disorders (oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, kleptomania), criteria, differential diagnosis, course and prognosis, treatment, and neurobiology. Key points include that impulse control disorders involve externalizing hostility and impaired inhibition, their multifactorial origins, their varying prevalence rates, evaluation involving history and collateral information, treatment involving psychosocial and pharmacological approaches, and the role of the monoamine neurotransmitter systems in their pathophysiology.
This document classifies and describes various defense mechanisms used by the ego to manage internal conflicts and modulate drive expression. It categorizes defenses as narcissistic-psychotic, immature, neurotic, or mature. Narcissistic-psychotic defenses like projection, denial, and distortion grossly reshape reality. Immature defenses seen in adolescents include acting out, blocking, hypochondriasis, and passive-aggressive behavior. Neurotic defenses like rationalization, displacement, dissociation, and repression help control anxiety in a socially acceptable way. Mature defenses such as anticipation, humor, sublimation, and suppression promote healthy adaptation and integration of needs.
This document discusses four theories of emotion:
1. James-Lange theory proposes that bodily responses generate emotions rather than vice versa.
2. Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously upon perception of a stimulus.
3. Schachter-Singer theory suggests we interpret bodily arousal based on environmental cues to experience specific emotions.
4. Cognitive appraisal theory emphasizes that cognition and evaluation of information from our environment, body and memory determine our emotional response. Reappraisal can influence the intensity of emotions we experience.
The document provides an overview of anxiety disorders, including their neurobiology, symptoms, and types. It discusses the fear and worry circuits in the brain involved in anxiety disorders. Common anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder are described in terms of their diagnostic criteria and characteristic psychological and physical symptoms. The roles of neurotransmitters like serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine in the neurobiology of anxiety are also summarized.
This document discusses disorders of speech. It begins by explaining the physiology of speech production, involving Broca's and Wernicke's areas of the brain. It then describes different types of speech disorders, including organic disorders affecting the brain or vocal cords, and functional disorders like stuttering. Specific disorders are explained in more detail, such as different types of aphasia that can result from brain lesions in different areas. Assessment of speech is also discussed.
This document discusses disorders of perception, including sensory distortions and sensory deceptions. It defines perception and divides disorders of perception into sensory distortions, where a real perceptual object is perceived in a distorted way, and sensory deceptions, where new perceptions occur that may or may not be in response to external stimuli. Specific types of sensory distortions discussed include changes in intensity, quality, spatial form, the experience of time, and splitting of perception. Sensory deceptions include illusions and hallucinations. Various causes and types of hallucinations involving different senses are also described.
This document discusses disorders of speech. It begins by explaining the physiology of speech production, involving Broca's and Wernicke's areas of the brain. It then describes different types of speech disorders, including organic disorders affecting the brain or vocal cords, and functional disorders like stuttering. Specific disorders are explained in more detail, such as different types of aphasia resulting from brain lesions. Assessment of speech is also discussed.
This document summarizes different aspects of memory, including the process of remembering, types of memory (sensory, short-term, and long-term), and memory impairments such as amnesia and distortions of memory called paramnesias. It describes various types of amnesia including psychogenic, organic, and those caused by acute or chronic brain diseases. It also discusses different types of paramnesias including false memories, confabulation, and distortions of recognition like déjà vu.
1) Speech is the process of organizing thoughts and producing sounds to convey meaning. It relies on specific areas of the brain including Wernicke's area for comprehension and Broca's area for production.
2) Disorders of speech can be organic due to brain damage or functional. Organic disorders include aphasias which can be receptive, intermediate, or expressive depending on the brain area affected. Functional disorders include stuttering, mutism, vorbeireden, neologisms, and schizophasia.
3) A comprehensive speech assessment examines coherence, relevance, spontaneity, amount, tone, tempo, reaction time, and prosody to evaluate for abnormalities.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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4. CLASSIFICATION
DISORDERS OF ADAPTIVE MOVEMENT
DISORDERS OF NONADAPTIVE MOVEMENT
MOTOR SPEECH DISTURBANCES
DISORDERS OF POSTURE
ABNORMAL COMPLEX PATTERN OF BEHAVIOUR
DRUG INDUCED MOVEMENT DISORDER
5. DISORDERS OF NON ADAPTIVE MOVEMENTS
Spontaneous Movements- Motor Habits that are not goal directed
and that tend to become more frequent during anxiety
Eg: scratching of head,stroking,putting the hand in front of mouth
clearing throat etc.
Displacement activity-Normal motor habits occurring when
individuals frustrated or is uncertain about their choice of
behaviour pattern.
6. STEREOTYPY
Repetitive nongoal directed action that is carried out in a uniform
way.
A stereotypy may be a simple movement or a stereotyped or
recurrent utterance
Stereotypies may be simple movements such as body rocking, or
complex such as self caressing, crossing and uncrossing legs and
marching in place.
7. It may be possible to discern the remnants of
a goal directed movement in stereotypy.
They are found in people with schizophrenia, intellectual
disability, autism spectrum disorders, tardive dyskinesia, and
stereotypic movement disorder
8. TICS
Sudden involuntary twitchings of small groups of muscles and are
usually reminiscent of expressive movements or defensive
reflexes.
Face is the most commonly affected part of body.
Eg: Blinking,Distortions of Forehead,nose or mouth etc.
9. They can occur after encephalitis or indicate the onset of Gilles de
la Tourette syndrome or to indicate the onset of torsion distortion,
huntington’s disease, neuroacanthocytosis
Psychogenically determined motor habit or through constitutional
predisposition that is brought to light by emotional tensions.
10. Giles de la Tourette syndrome
Childhood onset neuro developmental disorder that is
characterized by several motor and phonic tics.
Tics usually develop before 10 year of age exhibit waxing and
waning course and typically improve with age.
11. TREMORS
Tremors are rhythmic oscillatory movements involving one or
more body parts.
Most common of all involuntary movements
Can involve hands, arms, eyes, face, head, vocal cords, trunks,
legs.
Seen in anxiety disorder , conversion disorders, drug withdrawal,
parkinsonism, thyrotoxicosis.
12. POSTURAL AND ACTION TREMORS
Postural tremor refer to tremor that is present when the limbs and
trunk are actively maintained in certain positions.
Action tremor are characterised by relatievely rhythmic
outbursts of grouped motor neuron discharges that occur not
quite synchronous and simultaneously in opposing muscle
groups.
Action tremors are of several different types.
13. ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL TREMORS
Special type of action tremor
Le Febvre – D Amour and colleagues have described two different
alcohol withdrawal tremors:
>8hz, continuous activity in antagonist muscles, responsive to
propranolol
<8hz, discrete outbursts of EMG activity occuring synchronously in
antagonistic muscles
14. ENHANCED PHYSIOLOGIC TREMORS
One type of action tremor
Exaggeration of normal /physiologic tremor
Same frequency as physiologic tremor 10hz
15. STATIC TREMORS
Tremors occurring in hands,hea and upper trunk when patient is
at rest.
Anxiety,Parkinsonism,Alcohol Dependence syndrome and
Thyrotoxicosis.
It can also be Familial.
16. ORGANIC TREMORS
They vary in intensity from day to day and are made worse by
emotional disturbance.
INTENTION TREMORS
It occurs as the goal of voluntary movement is being reached and
is associated with cerebellar disorders and multiple sclerosis.
17. ESSENTIAL TREMORS
Commonest type of tremor
Lower frequency 4-8hz
Unassociated with neurologic changes
Familial/ hereditary tremor- only neurologic abnormality
Most common in late second decade
Worsened by emotion, exercise and fatigue
Begins in arms, symmetrical
Advanced cases in jaw, lips, tongue, pharynx , larynx
18. PARKINSONIAN TREMORS
Coarse rhythmic tremor with a frequency of 3 to 5 hz
Characterised by burst of activity present between opposing muscle
groups.
Localised in one or both hands and forearms and less frequently in the
feet, jaw, lips or tongue.
It occurs when limb is in an attitude of repose and is suppresses or
diminished by willed movement - resting tremors.
If the tremulous hand is completely relaxed, as it when the arm is fully
supported at the wrist and elbow, tremor usually disappears
19. Parkinsonian tremor takes the form of flexion- extension and
abduction- adduction of the fingers- pill rolling tremors.
Cog wheel effect- which is percieved by the examiner on passive
movement of the extremities (NEGRO’S SIGN)- is probably no
more than a palpable tremor superimposed on rigidity
20. HYSTERICAL TREMORS
Restricted to one single limb, gross in nature
Diminish in amplitude or disappear when the patient is distracted
“Chasing the tremor”
Exaggeration of the tremors by loading the limb
21. SPASMODIC TORTICOLLIS
Spasm of the neck muscles ,especially the sternomastoid,which
pulls the head towards the same side and twists the face in
opposite direction.
Initially it lasts for few minutes,later it becomes permanent
22. CHOREA
It is quick,irregular and predominantly distal involuntary
movement.
Seen in rest and in action.
They resemble fragments of expressive or reactive movements.
23. In Huntingtons chorea patient may attempt to disguise the choreic
movements by turning them into voluntary or habitual ones.
Eg: sudden jerking of arm may be continued into a smoothing
down of hair at the back of head.
24. ATHETOSIS
Slow writhing movements involving fingers , hands toes, feets
which can bring about strange postures in the body.
Can be seen in catatonia, cerebral palsy and vogt’s syndrome
CHOREOATHETOSIS
Movement of intermediate speed,between the quick,fleeting
movements of chorea and the slower,writhing movements of
athetosis.
25. PARAKINESIA
Seen in catatonia
Described by Kleist (1943)
Constant motion with grimaces and exaggerated smiles, twitch or
jerk continuously
Parakinetic catatonia
28. AUTOMATIC OBEDIENCE
Patient carries out every instruction regardless of consequences.
Seen in Catatonia and also in Dementia.
29. PERSEVERATION
Senseless repetition of a goal directed action that has already
served its purpose.
More obvious when speech is affected.
Two forms of perseveration:Logoclonia and Palilalia
30. LOGOCLONIA
Last syllable of the last word is repeated.
Eg: I am well today-ay-ay-ay-ay
PALILALIA
Repeats the perseverated word with increasing frequency.
31. Freeman and Gathercole described three types of perseveration
Compulsive repetition:Act is repeated until the patient receives
another instruction.
Impairement of switching:Repetition continues after the patient
has been given a new task.
Ideational perseveration:Patient repeats words and phrases during
their reply to a question.
32. Compulsive repetition is more common in inviduals with
schizophrenia
Impairement of switching is more common in individuals with
dementia.
Ideational perseveration is equally common in both groups
33. ECHOPRAXIA
Patients imitate simple actions that they see such as
handclapping, snapping fingers etc.
ECHOLALIA
Patients echoes a part or whole of what has been told to them.
Words are echoed irrespective of whether the patient
understands it or not.
34. FORCED GRASPING
Despite frequent instruction not to touch the examiners hands the
patient continues to do so.
Seen in Catatonia and Dementia
35. Grasp reflex
Patient automatically grasps all objects placed in his hand,
Magnet reaction- Examiner rapidly touches the palm of patients
hand and then withdraw, the patients hand may follow the
examiners fingers.
Seen in Catatonia and Organic brain disorders.
36. MITMACHEN (COOPERATION)
Body can be put into any position without any resistance on the
part of the patient, although they have been asked to resist all
movement
Once let go of the body part that has been moved, it returns to
the resting position
Seen in catatonia and neurological disorders affecting brain.
37. MITGEHEN
Extreme form of cooperation .
Patient moves their body in direction of slightest pressure on part
of the examiner.
38. GEGENHALTEN (OPPOSITION)
Patient will oppose all the passive movements with same degree
of force as being applied by the examiner.
39. NEGATIVISM
Accentuation of opposition.
Motiveless resisitance to all interference and may or may not be
associated with an outspoken defensive attitude.
Passive and Active Negativism
Catatonia,Severe learning disability and Dementia.
40. AMBITENDENCY
Mild variety of negativism
Patient makes a series of tentative movements that do not reach
the intended goal when they are expected to carry out a voluntary
action.
41. Based on Motor symptoms patients with chronic schizophrenia
and catatonic features are classified into syndromal groups.
Class 1 – Automatic phenomena such as automatic obedience,
mitgehen and waxy flexibility.
Class 2 – Repetative or echo phenomenon such as
stereotypy,perseveration,verbigeration,mannerisms and
grimacing.
Class 3 – withdrawal phenomena such as
immobility,mutism,staring,posturing and withdrawal
Class 4- Agitated/Resistive phenomenon such as
impulsivity,excitement,negativism and combativeness
Spontaneous movements are also called involuntary motion as they are an automatic motion very often the person may not be even aware that he is doing it.
Tics are usually preceded by an urge to move that can be suppressed voluntarily but only for short time as the urge to perfom the action builds up in patient.
Huntington disease-Autosomal dominant disorder
progressive atrophy of the basal ganglia
Onset 3 to 50 yrs, death usually after 12 yrs of onset
Neuroacanthocytosis-group of genetically defined disease characterized by association of red blood cell acanthocytosis and progressive degeneration of basal ganglia. Examples are autosomal recessive chorea acanthocytosis and x linked Mc leod syndrome
Tremors can be physiologic or pathologic.
Best elicited by holding the arms outstretched with fingers spread apart, is characteristic of intense fright and anxiety, certain metaboilc disturbances hyerthyroidism, hypercortisolism, hypglycemia, phaeochromocytoma intense physical exertion, withdrawal from alcohol, and other sedative drugs- lithium, nicotinic acid , xanthines, coticosteroids
If the affected hand and arm are restrained by the examiner the tremor may move to proximal part of the limb or to another another of the body
Brief semi directed irregular movements that are not repetitive or rhythmic, but appear to flow from one muscle to the next, associated with athetosis
For eg: sudden jerking of hands of the arm may be continued into a smoothing down of the hair at the back of the head.
In huntingtons chorea the face, uPPer trunk and arms are most affected by the coarse Jerky movements ( caudate nucleus putamen and cerebral cortex involvement). In sydenhams chorea the movemnt are less jerky and somewhat slower than huntingtons chorea. The arms and face are affected and respiration is often irregular because it is made difficult by movts of the spine and abdominal wall.
Kraepelin would ask the patient to put out their tongue and he would prick it with a pin.patients with automatic obedience continued to put their tongue out when asked to,although every time they did so their tongue was pricked.
Very often patient is unable to go beyond a phrase pr word which they go on repeating and may repeating in reply to another question.
Both palilalia and logoclonia can occur in organic brain disorders and schizophrenia.
The examineroffers his hand to patient and the patient will shake it.then examiner will explain to patient that on all future occasions when examiner offers his hand the patient should not touch it.after this examiner talks for a few minutes then again offers his hand if forced grasping is present the patient will shake th examiners hand.
Eg; if doctor applies light pressure on occiput of patient who is standing leads to bending of neck,flexing of trunk and if pressure continues patient may fall forward.
Not obvious when passive movements are carried out very gently and it may appear when the examiner attempts to produce forceful passive movements.
Passsive- when all interference is resisited and orders are not carried out
Active- command negativism –the patient does exact opposite of what they are asked to do.
Eg; whenexaminer puts his hand out to shake hands the patient moves their right hand towards examiners hand,stops, start moving hand stops and so on, until the hands fibally comes to rest without touching the examiners hands.