This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation for HIV/AIDS programs. It discusses key concepts like monitoring, evaluation, and surveillance. It also describes the different levels of measurement from inputs and processes to outcomes and impacts. The document provides examples of core indicators that can be used to monitor HIV/AIDS programs and discusses best practices for developing a strong monitoring and evaluation system, including having clear goals and objectives, a set of indicators, a data collection and analysis plan, and a dissemination plan.
Monitoring and evaluation are important for e-governance projects to track their outputs and outcomes. Monitoring relates to tracking project progress and deliverables against the project plan. Evaluation assesses achievement of objectives and provides recommendations. Outputs are tangible deliverables like processes, systems, and infrastructure. Outcomes are intended results like increased efficiency and quality services. A monitoring and evaluation framework should define indicators to measure outputs and outcomes. This allows evaluating project performance and assessing progress toward business goals.
Health Information System: Interoperability and Integration to Maximize Effec...MEASURE Evaluation
This document summarizes a presentation on health information system (HIS) interoperability and integration given by Manish Kumar and Sam Wambugu of MEASURE Evaluation. It describes issues with HIS in low and middle income countries like weak systems, lack of standards and data quality. It discusses the importance of interoperability, data standards, and collaboration. Country experiences from Liberia and Swaziland show efforts to develop HIS strategies, integrate systems, and use data for decision making. Key messages are promoting country ownership, stakeholder collaboration, agreed information architecture and standards, and institutional data use.
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for programs and interventions. It discusses what M&E is, the differences between monitoring and evaluation, why M&E is important, how to develop an M&E plan, and key components of an M&E plan. Monitoring involves routine data collection to track progress towards objectives, while evaluation assesses overall impact by comparing outcomes between program and non-program groups. Developing a strong M&E plan from the beginning is essential to demonstrate accountability and guide effective implementation.
Monitoring and Evaluation of Health ServicesNayyar Kazmi
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of health services. It discusses the key differences between monitoring and evaluation, and explains that M&E is important to assess whether health programs and services are achieving their goals and objectives. The document also outlines the main components and steps involved in conducting evaluations, including developing indicators, collecting and analyzing data, reporting findings, and implementing recommendations.
Descriptive epidemiological studies are used to:
1. Document the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations without attempting to infer causality.
2. Describe patterns of disease by person, place, and time to identify potential risk factors and generate hypotheses.
3. Provide baseline data on diseases, health conditions, and their risk factors that can be used to plan interventions and evaluate control programs.
This document provides an overview of integrating gender into monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of HIV programs. It begins with definitions of key gender-related terms like sex, gender, gender equality, and gender identity. It then discusses why gender is important to consider for HIV outcomes and programming, noting how gender inequality can increase HIV risk. The document reviews approaches to collecting gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation data, including sex-disaggregated indicators and indicators that directly measure gender attitudes, norms, and inequalities. It emphasizes integrating gender into all aspects of M&E systems and processes to help improve programs and demonstrate their impact on gender equality and HIV outcomes.
Monitoring and evaluation are important for e-governance projects to track their outputs and outcomes. Monitoring relates to tracking project progress and deliverables against the project plan. Evaluation assesses achievement of objectives and provides recommendations. Outputs are tangible deliverables like processes, systems, and infrastructure. Outcomes are intended results like increased efficiency and quality services. A monitoring and evaluation framework should define indicators to measure outputs and outcomes. This allows evaluating project performance and assessing progress toward business goals.
Health Information System: Interoperability and Integration to Maximize Effec...MEASURE Evaluation
This document summarizes a presentation on health information system (HIS) interoperability and integration given by Manish Kumar and Sam Wambugu of MEASURE Evaluation. It describes issues with HIS in low and middle income countries like weak systems, lack of standards and data quality. It discusses the importance of interoperability, data standards, and collaboration. Country experiences from Liberia and Swaziland show efforts to develop HIS strategies, integrate systems, and use data for decision making. Key messages are promoting country ownership, stakeholder collaboration, agreed information architecture and standards, and institutional data use.
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for programs and interventions. It discusses what M&E is, the differences between monitoring and evaluation, why M&E is important, how to develop an M&E plan, and key components of an M&E plan. Monitoring involves routine data collection to track progress towards objectives, while evaluation assesses overall impact by comparing outcomes between program and non-program groups. Developing a strong M&E plan from the beginning is essential to demonstrate accountability and guide effective implementation.
Monitoring and Evaluation of Health ServicesNayyar Kazmi
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of health services. It discusses the key differences between monitoring and evaluation, and explains that M&E is important to assess whether health programs and services are achieving their goals and objectives. The document also outlines the main components and steps involved in conducting evaluations, including developing indicators, collecting and analyzing data, reporting findings, and implementing recommendations.
Descriptive epidemiological studies are used to:
1. Document the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations without attempting to infer causality.
2. Describe patterns of disease by person, place, and time to identify potential risk factors and generate hypotheses.
3. Provide baseline data on diseases, health conditions, and their risk factors that can be used to plan interventions and evaluate control programs.
This document provides an overview of integrating gender into monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of HIV programs. It begins with definitions of key gender-related terms like sex, gender, gender equality, and gender identity. It then discusses why gender is important to consider for HIV outcomes and programming, noting how gender inequality can increase HIV risk. The document reviews approaches to collecting gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation data, including sex-disaggregated indicators and indicators that directly measure gender attitudes, norms, and inequalities. It emphasizes integrating gender into all aspects of M&E systems and processes to help improve programs and demonstrate their impact on gender equality and HIV outcomes.
Project monitoring and evaluation involves collecting data on project processes, outputs, and outcomes to track progress and inform stakeholders. Monitoring is continuous and internal, while evaluation is periodic and can be internal or external. The key aspects of monitoring include tracking inputs, activities, the process, and outputs, while evaluation assesses outcomes, impacts, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability. Both use qualitative and quantitative data and involve stakeholders. Participatory monitoring and evaluation engages local people and beneficiaries to better understand impacts and ensure the process is learning-focused and adaptive.
Monitoring involves the systematic collection of data on specified indicators to provide management with ongoing information about the progress and achievement of objectives of an intervention. Evaluation is defined as the systematic and objective assessment of an ongoing or completed project, program, or policy to determine its relevance, fulfillment of objectives, efficiency, effectiveness, impacts, and sustainability. The aim of evaluation is to provide credible and useful information to incorporate lessons learned into decision making.
Monotoring and evaluation principles and theoriescommochally
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) capacity in Tanzania. It notes that while M&E is important for improving development outcomes, many countries, including Tanzania, lack necessary M&E capacity at both the individual and institutional levels. Comprehensive training is needed to address gaps in M&E skills. The document outlines the differences between monitoring, which tracks project progress, and evaluation, which assesses outcomes and impacts in more depth. Both M&E are important management tools that provide useful feedback when integrated.
The document discusses indicators and monitoring and evaluation. It provides definitions of indicators from various sources and describes them as quantitative or qualitative measurements that can track achievement, changes, and performance over time. It also discusses the importance of context in indicators and notes that the same indicator may not be applicable in different situations. The document emphasizes that gender-sensitive indicators are needed to identify and address gender gaps and inequalities in access to resources and opportunities. It outlines principles of participatory monitoring and evaluation that empower local stakeholders and support joint learning and corrective actions.
Measures of association like the relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR) quantify the strength between an exposure and disease. An RR or OR of 1 means no association, above 1 means positive association, and below 1 means negative association. The RR compares outcomes between exposed and unexposed groups in cohort studies, while the OR provides an estimate of the RR using case-control studies. Confidence intervals describe the precision of a point estimate, with a narrower interval indicating a more precise estimate. Interpreting if a 95% CI includes 1 determines if there is a statistically significant association.
Urbanization has negatively impacted the diversity and health of organisms in Reservoir Creek. Upstream areas near residential development had higher temperatures, turbidity, and pollution compared to downstream areas with less development. Upstream sites contained only pollution-tolerant species like worms and midges, while downstream sites contained more sensitive species like mayflies and dragonflies. The changes in abiotic factors from urbanization, such as increased runoff, have disrupted the ecosystem by reducing suitable habitat and food sources for sensitive species. This loss of diversity upstream could impact the whole ecosystem if not addressed.
A series of modules on project cycle, planning and the logical framework, aimed at team leaders of international NGOs in developing countries.
Part 8 of 11
This document discusses health systems strengthening from a global perspective. It defines health systems strengthening as initiatives that improve the core functions or "building blocks" of a health system, with the goal of permanently improving system performance rather than just filling gaps. The document distinguishes between supporting a health system through improving inputs versus strengthening it by facilitating comprehensive changes to performance drivers. It identifies key priorities for facilitating health systems strengthening as the health workforce, cost-effective primary health care interventions and service delivery models, progressive decentralization, results-based financing, and enhanced integrated management approaches.
1. The document discusses various indicators for evaluating diagnostic tests, including sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and reproducibility.
2. It provides formulas for calculating sensitivity, specificity, predictive values from 2x2 contingency tables and provides an example calculation.
3. ROC curves are discussed as a tool for comparing tests, identifying optimal cut-off points, and calculating the area under the curve as a measure of test accuracy.
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) processes at Room to Read. It discusses key M&E concepts like indicators, data collection, and the Global Solutions Database. It also outlines Room to Read's approach to M&E, including defining goals and objectives, collecting and analyzing global and country-specific indicators, ensuring data quality, and using M&E data to track progress and improve programs. Examples of indicators for different Room to Read programs like reading rooms and girls' education are also presented.
This document discusses the importance of results-based monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in government. It defines results-based M&E as regularly collecting data on performance indicators to see if projects are achieving their goals. Traditional M&E focuses only on implementation, while results-based M&E demonstrates whether goals are being met. The document provides examples of a results chain from inputs to long-term goals and explains why selecting outcome indicators is important for monitoring progress toward outcomes. Results-based M&E helps improve management, focus interventions, demonstrate successes, and ensure accountability by showing that programs are producing benefits.
Gender issues can impact health in several ways. Biologically, men and women have differences in chromosomes, hormones, physiology and risk factors for certain diseases. Socially, gender roles and inequalities influence access to resources and health outcomes. For many diseases like heart disease, stroke and tuberculosis, prevalence and mortality rates differ between men and women. Gender also affects exposure and vulnerability to conditions like malaria, HIV and road traffic accidents. Addressing gender in health policies, programs and research is crucial to promote equality and improve health for all.
This outbreak investigation identified an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections in Michigan in June-July 1997. Initial calls reported 6 patients infected. Molecular fingerprinting of isolates found they were identical, confirming an outbreak. A case-control study identified alfalfa sprout consumption as the likely source, with an odds ratio of 25. Traceback studies traced the implicated sprouts to contaminated seed lots from Idaho alfalfa fields, possibly due to cattle manure, irrigation water, or deer feces. Further studies cultured implicated sprouts and investigated contamination routes on alfalfa farms.
This document provides guidance on developing budgets for industry-sponsored clinical research studies. It outlines key steps like reading the study protocol to identify expenses, determining recruitment needs, categorizing different budget items, and considering various costs. Examples of budget categories and costs that should be included are given, such as start-up fees, staff salaries, data collection, indirect costs, and closing costs. The document advises negotiating with sponsors and building a payment schedule that allows full cost recovery. Overall approval from the institution is required before finalizing any study budget or contract terms.
The document discusses concepts related to participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E). It defines key terms like participation, monitoring, evaluation, and PM&E. It describes the importance of stakeholder engagement in planning, designing, and implementing PM&E. The document also outlines the typical PM&E process, including planning the process, gathering data through both quantitative and qualitative methods, analyzing data, and sharing results to define actions. Finally, it provides examples of PM&E frameworks from the Philippines.
This document provides an overview of case-control studies, including their key features, steps, and potential biases. Case-control studies compare exposures in individuals with an outcome (cases) to those without the outcome (controls) to identify potential risk factors. Steps include selecting cases and controls, measuring exposures through questionnaires/interviews, and analyzing data to estimate disease risk associated with exposures. Potential biases include selection, information, and confounding biases. Case-control studies are useful for rare diseases and identifying multiple risk factors, though they only estimate relative risk.
This document discusses different risk measures used in epidemiology, including relative risk, odds ratio, and attributable risk. Relative risk measures the strength of association between an exposure and disease based on prospective studies. Odds ratio is used similarly in case-control studies when relative risk cannot be directly calculated. Attributable risk determines how much disease can be attributed to a specific exposure by comparing disease rates in exposed and unexposed groups. These measures provide important information for evaluating disease causation and determining potential disease prevention through reducing exposures.
1. The document summarizes key concepts in diagnostic test accuracy including sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, prevalence, and likelihood ratios.
2. It discusses ROC curves and how they are used to compare diagnostic tests by assessing the area under the curve.
3. Issues around bias in studies of diagnostic accuracy are covered such as spectrum, verification, and incorporation bias.
This document discusses sources of error and bias in epidemiological studies. It describes how selection bias can occur when the study population is not representative of the target population, due to factors like differential participation rates or loss to follow up. Selection bias can lead the study to produce either overestimates or underestimates of exposure-disease relationships. The document provides examples to illustrate how selection bias may influence both cohort and case-control study designs.
Monitoring and Evaluation for Project management.Muthuraj K
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a set of techniques used in project management to establish controls and ensure a project stays on track to achieve its objectives. Monitoring involves systematically collecting, analyzing, and using information for management decisions and control. It provides information to identify and solve problems and assess progress. Evaluation determines the effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, impact, and sustainability of a project. Both monitoring and evaluation are important for project management and should be integrated throughout the project cycle.
I had an opportunity to lead morning seminars on social media on Monday and Tuesday in San Diego. With a longer time allotted for the presentations, I was able to go into more depth than is usual. It also was the first presentation my wife Lisa got to see, so she is featured early. Here are the slides.
This document summarizes the municipal departments under study in Himmatnagar, Gujarat, including water supply, sewage, public toilets, and solid waste management. It describes using GIS applications to generate complaint databases, identify issues through network analysis, and resolve complaints. It also discusses solid waste collection efficiency, proposed criteria for landfill site selection, and developing a geo-portal and complaint database for solid waste management.
Project monitoring and evaluation involves collecting data on project processes, outputs, and outcomes to track progress and inform stakeholders. Monitoring is continuous and internal, while evaluation is periodic and can be internal or external. The key aspects of monitoring include tracking inputs, activities, the process, and outputs, while evaluation assesses outcomes, impacts, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability. Both use qualitative and quantitative data and involve stakeholders. Participatory monitoring and evaluation engages local people and beneficiaries to better understand impacts and ensure the process is learning-focused and adaptive.
Monitoring involves the systematic collection of data on specified indicators to provide management with ongoing information about the progress and achievement of objectives of an intervention. Evaluation is defined as the systematic and objective assessment of an ongoing or completed project, program, or policy to determine its relevance, fulfillment of objectives, efficiency, effectiveness, impacts, and sustainability. The aim of evaluation is to provide credible and useful information to incorporate lessons learned into decision making.
Monotoring and evaluation principles and theoriescommochally
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) capacity in Tanzania. It notes that while M&E is important for improving development outcomes, many countries, including Tanzania, lack necessary M&E capacity at both the individual and institutional levels. Comprehensive training is needed to address gaps in M&E skills. The document outlines the differences between monitoring, which tracks project progress, and evaluation, which assesses outcomes and impacts in more depth. Both M&E are important management tools that provide useful feedback when integrated.
The document discusses indicators and monitoring and evaluation. It provides definitions of indicators from various sources and describes them as quantitative or qualitative measurements that can track achievement, changes, and performance over time. It also discusses the importance of context in indicators and notes that the same indicator may not be applicable in different situations. The document emphasizes that gender-sensitive indicators are needed to identify and address gender gaps and inequalities in access to resources and opportunities. It outlines principles of participatory monitoring and evaluation that empower local stakeholders and support joint learning and corrective actions.
Measures of association like the relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR) quantify the strength between an exposure and disease. An RR or OR of 1 means no association, above 1 means positive association, and below 1 means negative association. The RR compares outcomes between exposed and unexposed groups in cohort studies, while the OR provides an estimate of the RR using case-control studies. Confidence intervals describe the precision of a point estimate, with a narrower interval indicating a more precise estimate. Interpreting if a 95% CI includes 1 determines if there is a statistically significant association.
Urbanization has negatively impacted the diversity and health of organisms in Reservoir Creek. Upstream areas near residential development had higher temperatures, turbidity, and pollution compared to downstream areas with less development. Upstream sites contained only pollution-tolerant species like worms and midges, while downstream sites contained more sensitive species like mayflies and dragonflies. The changes in abiotic factors from urbanization, such as increased runoff, have disrupted the ecosystem by reducing suitable habitat and food sources for sensitive species. This loss of diversity upstream could impact the whole ecosystem if not addressed.
A series of modules on project cycle, planning and the logical framework, aimed at team leaders of international NGOs in developing countries.
Part 8 of 11
This document discusses health systems strengthening from a global perspective. It defines health systems strengthening as initiatives that improve the core functions or "building blocks" of a health system, with the goal of permanently improving system performance rather than just filling gaps. The document distinguishes between supporting a health system through improving inputs versus strengthening it by facilitating comprehensive changes to performance drivers. It identifies key priorities for facilitating health systems strengthening as the health workforce, cost-effective primary health care interventions and service delivery models, progressive decentralization, results-based financing, and enhanced integrated management approaches.
1. The document discusses various indicators for evaluating diagnostic tests, including sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and reproducibility.
2. It provides formulas for calculating sensitivity, specificity, predictive values from 2x2 contingency tables and provides an example calculation.
3. ROC curves are discussed as a tool for comparing tests, identifying optimal cut-off points, and calculating the area under the curve as a measure of test accuracy.
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) processes at Room to Read. It discusses key M&E concepts like indicators, data collection, and the Global Solutions Database. It also outlines Room to Read's approach to M&E, including defining goals and objectives, collecting and analyzing global and country-specific indicators, ensuring data quality, and using M&E data to track progress and improve programs. Examples of indicators for different Room to Read programs like reading rooms and girls' education are also presented.
This document discusses the importance of results-based monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in government. It defines results-based M&E as regularly collecting data on performance indicators to see if projects are achieving their goals. Traditional M&E focuses only on implementation, while results-based M&E demonstrates whether goals are being met. The document provides examples of a results chain from inputs to long-term goals and explains why selecting outcome indicators is important for monitoring progress toward outcomes. Results-based M&E helps improve management, focus interventions, demonstrate successes, and ensure accountability by showing that programs are producing benefits.
Gender issues can impact health in several ways. Biologically, men and women have differences in chromosomes, hormones, physiology and risk factors for certain diseases. Socially, gender roles and inequalities influence access to resources and health outcomes. For many diseases like heart disease, stroke and tuberculosis, prevalence and mortality rates differ between men and women. Gender also affects exposure and vulnerability to conditions like malaria, HIV and road traffic accidents. Addressing gender in health policies, programs and research is crucial to promote equality and improve health for all.
This outbreak investigation identified an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections in Michigan in June-July 1997. Initial calls reported 6 patients infected. Molecular fingerprinting of isolates found they were identical, confirming an outbreak. A case-control study identified alfalfa sprout consumption as the likely source, with an odds ratio of 25. Traceback studies traced the implicated sprouts to contaminated seed lots from Idaho alfalfa fields, possibly due to cattle manure, irrigation water, or deer feces. Further studies cultured implicated sprouts and investigated contamination routes on alfalfa farms.
This document provides guidance on developing budgets for industry-sponsored clinical research studies. It outlines key steps like reading the study protocol to identify expenses, determining recruitment needs, categorizing different budget items, and considering various costs. Examples of budget categories and costs that should be included are given, such as start-up fees, staff salaries, data collection, indirect costs, and closing costs. The document advises negotiating with sponsors and building a payment schedule that allows full cost recovery. Overall approval from the institution is required before finalizing any study budget or contract terms.
The document discusses concepts related to participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E). It defines key terms like participation, monitoring, evaluation, and PM&E. It describes the importance of stakeholder engagement in planning, designing, and implementing PM&E. The document also outlines the typical PM&E process, including planning the process, gathering data through both quantitative and qualitative methods, analyzing data, and sharing results to define actions. Finally, it provides examples of PM&E frameworks from the Philippines.
This document provides an overview of case-control studies, including their key features, steps, and potential biases. Case-control studies compare exposures in individuals with an outcome (cases) to those without the outcome (controls) to identify potential risk factors. Steps include selecting cases and controls, measuring exposures through questionnaires/interviews, and analyzing data to estimate disease risk associated with exposures. Potential biases include selection, information, and confounding biases. Case-control studies are useful for rare diseases and identifying multiple risk factors, though they only estimate relative risk.
This document discusses different risk measures used in epidemiology, including relative risk, odds ratio, and attributable risk. Relative risk measures the strength of association between an exposure and disease based on prospective studies. Odds ratio is used similarly in case-control studies when relative risk cannot be directly calculated. Attributable risk determines how much disease can be attributed to a specific exposure by comparing disease rates in exposed and unexposed groups. These measures provide important information for evaluating disease causation and determining potential disease prevention through reducing exposures.
1. The document summarizes key concepts in diagnostic test accuracy including sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, prevalence, and likelihood ratios.
2. It discusses ROC curves and how they are used to compare diagnostic tests by assessing the area under the curve.
3. Issues around bias in studies of diagnostic accuracy are covered such as spectrum, verification, and incorporation bias.
This document discusses sources of error and bias in epidemiological studies. It describes how selection bias can occur when the study population is not representative of the target population, due to factors like differential participation rates or loss to follow up. Selection bias can lead the study to produce either overestimates or underestimates of exposure-disease relationships. The document provides examples to illustrate how selection bias may influence both cohort and case-control study designs.
Monitoring and Evaluation for Project management.Muthuraj K
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a set of techniques used in project management to establish controls and ensure a project stays on track to achieve its objectives. Monitoring involves systematically collecting, analyzing, and using information for management decisions and control. It provides information to identify and solve problems and assess progress. Evaluation determines the effectiveness, efficiency, relevance, impact, and sustainability of a project. Both monitoring and evaluation are important for project management and should be integrated throughout the project cycle.
I had an opportunity to lead morning seminars on social media on Monday and Tuesday in San Diego. With a longer time allotted for the presentations, I was able to go into more depth than is usual. It also was the first presentation my wife Lisa got to see, so she is featured early. Here are the slides.
This document summarizes the municipal departments under study in Himmatnagar, Gujarat, including water supply, sewage, public toilets, and solid waste management. It describes using GIS applications to generate complaint databases, identify issues through network analysis, and resolve complaints. It also discusses solid waste collection efficiency, proposed criteria for landfill site selection, and developing a geo-portal and complaint database for solid waste management.
Presentation by Maria Elena Sierra Galindo, Mexico at the WCO and OECD Region...OECD Governance
Presentation by Maria Elena Sierra Galindo, Mexico at the WCO and OECD Regional Policy Dialogue, 7-8 November 2016, Brussels. For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/risk/oecdtaskforceoncounteringillicittrade.htm
In nearly every country women and men are routinely denied their reproductive and sexual rights under the pretext of religious beliefs and cultural and traditional practices. As a result, men and women suffer unnecessarily because they lack access to the health care services they need – family planning and contraception, safe sex methods, comprehensive sexuality education and safe abortion.
The document discusses eProperty Management System (ePMS), a property management software developed by Galadari Infotech. ePMS provides a comprehensive and integrated system for managing all aspects of real estate business. It offers features like property listing, customer relationship management, sales cycle management, accounting and payment management, contract generation, and reporting. The system aims to bring efficiency, automation and insights to help real estate businesses optimize operations and sales.
As the pace of innovation and customer expectation continues to accelerate, the role of every marketer is becoming exponentially more challenging. The key to success for marketers in this rapidly evolving digital world is one thing: engagement.
Join our guest Lori Wizdo, Principal Analyst with Forrester Research, and Hally Pinaud, Sr. Manager, Product Marketing at Marketo, for a webinar on the key principles of engagement marketing and how marketers are leveraging them to create meaningful interactions with people continuously over time.
This document discusses a presentation given by David Czeszewski on product design. It outlines 18 key points made during the presentation about how design is a process and the final product is the result of many steps and iterations. The presentation focused on getting the design process right to achieve the best product outcome.
Introducing the first marketing calendar to fuse campaign planning and execution, Marketing Calendar from Marketo. Marketing Calendar enables campaign building through a familiar calendar view empowering marketing teams to coordinate better, be more productive, and move faster than ever before.
Want to see it in action? Join us for a live demonstration to experience firsthand how Marketo’s new calendar product can help teams plan, organize and communicate marketing plans across the organization. Attend to learn how to:
- Streamline and coordinate - avoid unwanted conflicts and gaps in planning
- Move faster - spend less time setting up campaigns and managing schedules
- Get better results - improve engagement and conversions across channels
This document summarizes several major terrestrial biomes: tropical forest, tropical savanna, desert, shrublands, chaparral, temperate forest, grasslands, conifer forest (boreal forest). It describes the characteristic climate, vegetation layers, common plant and animal species, and productivity levels of each biome. Clements and Shelford introduced the concept of classifying terrestrial ecosystems into biomes based on patterns of plant distribution and climate. There are eight major biomes described in the document.
Selling Marketing Automation to the C-SuiteMarketo
A marketing automation platform can be instrumental in helping you achieve business goals, work more efficiently, and increase the return on your marketing campaigns. But how do you make the case for marketing automation to your executive team?
Check out this presentation to discover how to create a strategy for getting your C-suite on board with marketing automation.
CSS workshop created for internal delivery @ OutSystems.
“For most people CSS is like a mystical art that nobody truly understands... Sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn’t (unexplainably) “.
Not solely introductory, but also covering more advanced topics, embark in this fantastic adventure that is CSS.
There you have it, all you must know about CSS in a NutShell.
See the videos of the workshop @ http://goo.gl/NJ3n6J
Workshop created by Marco Costa, Miguel Ventura and Rúben Gonçalves
Unit IV_Monitoring_and_Evaluation.pptxMusondaMofu2
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for a nutrition program. It discusses the purpose and components of an M&E plan, including defining goals, indicators, data collection methods, roles and responsibilities, analysis plans, and reporting. Developing a comprehensive M&E plan is important to track progress, evaluate outcomes, and ensure data is used to improve program implementation and effectiveness.
This document discusses planning, monitoring, and evaluating health services. It defines monitoring and evaluation as key functions to improve performance and determine whether programs are achieving their goals. Monitoring involves systematic observation of activities, while evaluation assesses achievement against criteria. Both use indicators and data collection to analyze inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes, and impacts. Evaluation can be conducted internally or externally. The evaluation process involves planning, method selection, data collection and analysis, reporting, and dissemination. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used. The goal is to improve programs and determine their effectiveness, efficiency, and relevance in improving health.
The document discusses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of health programs, defining monitoring as the routine collection of data to track progress towards objectives, while evaluation assesses the impact of a program by measuring outcomes at baseline and endline using a control group. It provides guidance on developing M&E plans, including describing programs and expected outcomes, identifying indicators, data collection sources and schedules, and disseminating findings to inform decision-making.
Monitoring and evaluation are important for public works programs to demonstrate results and accountability. Key goals include measuring income gains for workers and their households, skills acquired, and the utility of projects created. Evaluations assess processes, targeting, and impacts using descriptive, normative, and causal methods. Impact evaluations estimate net program effects using control or comparison groups to determine what outcomes would have been in the absence of the program. Careful planning is needed to identify valid comparison groups and measure appropriate indicators at different points over time.
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation concepts for designing M&E frameworks and plans. It discusses the key components of an M&E framework including objectives, indicators, data collection, responsibilities and frequency. Examples are provided of frameworks for different public health programs addressing problems like maternal mortality and fertility. Participants are guided through exercises to identify health problems, program objectives, and indicators for sample case studies. The document emphasizes establishing valid, reliable and timely indicators that are consistent with program design and aid management and evaluation of progress toward objectives. It also covers developing a full M&E framework with defined indicators, data sources and collection responsibilities.
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation concepts for designing M&E frameworks and plans. It discusses the difference between program frameworks and M&E frameworks, and how to identify appropriate indicators. Participants are guided through exercises to develop a program logic model and select indicators for a sample public health case study. Key aspects of M&E frameworks like data sources, collection methods and responsibilities are reviewed. The document emphasizes setting realistic expectations and adapting the M&E plan if funding is reduced.
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of nutrition programs during emergency situations. It covers the purpose and components of M&E, including monitoring, evaluation, inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes, and indicators. Key points include:
- Monitoring is the ongoing collection and review of program implementation data to track progress and identify needed changes, while evaluation assesses program effectiveness and impact.
- Components of M&E include inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes at both intermediate and long-term levels.
- Indicators are variables that measure different aspects of a program and should be selected based on criteria like validity, sensitivity, and practicality of data collection.
- An M&E plan outlines the
This document outlines monitoring and evaluation of health services. It discusses that monitoring and evaluation are key to improve performance and show if a service is achieving its goals. M&E identify strengths, weaknesses, and areas needing revision. The document distinguishes between monitoring, which assesses progress against criteria, and evaluation, which determines if needs and results are being achieved. Evaluation can focus on various aspects like inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes and impacts. It also discusses prospective versus retrospective evaluation, internal versus external evaluation, and provides guidelines for planning and conducting an evaluation including developing questions, indicators, collecting and analyzing data.
This document provides an introduction to monitoring and evaluation (M&E) concepts. It defines M&E as collecting, analyzing, and using data to make informed decisions to improve programs and policies. Monitoring involves routine data collection on implementation, while evaluation determines effectiveness and impact through controlled studies. The document differentiates monitoring from evaluation and outlines why M&E is important for accountability, improving programs, and convincing donors of a project's value.
This document discusses key concepts and terms related to education indicators, including inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts. It defines indicators as tools that measure phenomena and should be relevant, easy to understand, reliable, and based on accessible data. Good indicators can provide information to assess progress, identify areas for improvement, and determine necessary changes, but cannot set goals, evaluate entire programs, or develop comprehensive analyses. The document also outlines various types of education indicators and techniques for computing common indicators related to enrollment, repetition, efficiency, expenditures, and other metrics.
The document discusses monitoring, evaluation, indicators, and data quality in the context of management information systems (MIS). It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
Monitoring is the regular tracking of project inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes and impacts. Evaluation determines the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of a project. Good indicators for monitoring and evaluation should be useful, valid, reliable, and understandable. Both quantitative and qualitative data and methods can be used. Ensuring high quality data involves clear goals, training, checks and addressing errors. Together, monitoring, evaluation and quality data support effective project management through information systems.
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation principles for development projects. It defines monitoring as the regular collection and analysis of information to track progress, verify standards, and make decisions. Evaluation is defined as systematically and objectively measuring a project's achievement of objectives and attributing changes to the project. Key differences between monitoring and evaluation are discussed. The project cycle and results-based management approach are also reviewed. Challenges in monitoring and evaluating advocacy work are addressed, including developing appropriate indicators and accounting for multiple contributors to outcomes.
Three key points from the document:
1. The document discusses results-based monitoring and reporting for a case management annual review. It defines results and different levels of results from inputs to impacts.
2. It provides guidance on formulating good results by making them specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound. It also discusses developing good performance indicators to measure progress toward results.
3. The document outlines how to effectively monitor and report on results. It emphasizes using agreed indicators and additional context to assess progress, highlight achievements and challenges, and plan future work to achieve intended results.
Identifying the basic purposes and scope of M&E. Describing the functions of an M&E plan. Identifying and understanding the main components of an M&E plan
8 strategic planning linking analysis with results anti-corruption anga re...PACDE
RBM helps connect activities to goals and determine if goals are achieved. It focuses on results instead of activities and improves transparency, accountability, and performance measurement. While challenging to apply due to issues attributing outcomes to specific interventions, RBM can be effective for anti-corruption work if the right country-level indicators are selected and qualitative data supports quantitative findings. UNDAFs should include anti-corruption outputs and outcomes when relevant and use a mix of global perception indices and national surveys to track anti-corruption results over time.
Planning the Evaluation
Impact models
Types of inference and choice of design
Defining the indicators and obtaining the data
Carrying out the evaluation
Disseminating evaluation findings
Working in large-scale evaluations
The Basics of Monitoring, Evaluation and Supervision of Health Services in NepalDeepak Karki
This presentation has made to health workers who have more than two decades of experience of managing/implementing public health programs in Nepal, especially at district level and below.
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of projects and programs. It defines controlling, monitoring and evaluation, and describes the relationship between them. The stages of controlling are established, including establishing standards, measuring actual performance, comparing to standards, and taking corrective action. The types of controls - feed forward, concurrent, and feedback - are also defined. The three forms of management control - monitoring, supervision, and evaluation - are then described in more detail. Key characteristics of good indicators for M&E are also provided.
A series of modules on project cycle, planning and the logical framework, aimed at team leaders of international NGOs in developing countries.
Part 7 of 11.
There are two handouts to go with this module, Population Indicators, and a Logframe with blanks. http://www.slideshare.net/Makewa/population-indicators-handout and http://www.slideshare.net/Makewa/exercise-watsan-logframe-with-blanks
This document discusses the importance of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for programs and projects. It defines monitoring as an ongoing process of collecting and analyzing data to track progress and make adjustments, while evaluation assesses relevance, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. The key aspects of building an M&E system are agreeing on outcomes to measure, selecting indicators, gathering baseline data, setting targets, monitoring implementation and results, reporting findings, and sustaining the system long-term. A strong M&E system provides evidence of achievements and challenges, enables learning and improvement, and helps ensure resources are allocated to effective programs.
2. Monitoring AND Evaluation
Monitoring: What are we doing?
Tracking inputs and outputs to assess whether
program are performing according to plans
(e.g. people trained, condoms distributed)
Evaluation: What have we achieved?
Assessment of impact of the programme on
behaviour or health outcome
(e.g. condom use at last risky sex, HIV incidence)
Surveillance: monitoring disease
Spread of HIV/STD
(e.g. HIV prevalence among pregnant women)
3. Program Components
• Program inputs refer to the set of resources (i.e.,
financial, policies, personnel, facilities, space, equipment
and supplies) that are the basic materials of the
program.
• Program processes refer to the set of activities in which
program inputs are utilized to achieve the results
expected from the program.
• Program outputs are the results obtained at the program
level through the execution of program activities using
program resources.
• These may be divided into the following three
components: functional outputs, service outputs and
service utilization.
4. Program outputs
• Functional outputs are the direct result of program activities
in six key functional areas: policy, training, management,
commodities and logistics, research and evaluation, and
information, education, and communication (IEC).
Examples of
• Functional outputs include the number of people trained in
the last year, number of IEC messages aired on the radio over
the last quarter, and existence of a management information
system.
• Service outputs are the results of program activities aimed at
improving the service delivery system. These are measured in
terms of quality, accessibility of services, and program image
and acceptability.
• Service utilization is the result of making services more
accessible and satisfactory to potential clients. This result is
generally measured at the program level.
5. Program outcomes and impacts
• Program outcomes and impacts are the set of
intermediate and longer term results expected to
occur at the population level due to program
activities and the generation of program outputs.
• Program outcomes are the intermediate results at
the population level that are closely linked to
program activities and program-level results. These
intermediate results, or outcomes, are generally
achieved in two to five years.
• Program impacts are the results at the population
level that are long term in nature and are produced
only through the action of intermediate
6. Levels of Measurement
• Inputs, process, and outputs relate to
activities and results at the program level and
are usually measured with program-based or
facility-based data.
• Program-based data come from routine data
collection (e.g., service statistics, client and
other clinic records, administrative records,
commodities shipments, sales) as well as
information that is collected on site whether
services are delivered (e.g., provider surveys,
observation of provider-client interaction,
retail audits, mystery clients) or from a follow-
7. Program Outcomes
• Outcomes are usually measured with population-
based biological and behavioral data.
• Population-based data refer to information obtained
from a probability sample of the target population in
the catchment area for the program.
• This may be a country, a region, or a particular
subgroup of the population.
• The data are generally collected from surveys, such
as the Demographic and Health Survey, Behavioral
Surveillance Survey or the Young Adult Reproductive
Health Survey.
• Biological-based data are generally collected through
sentinel surveillance systems.
8. SELECTING AND USING INDICATORS
• Good indicators for the monitoring and evaluation of
HIV/AIDS/STI programs should be clear about the
purpose they are to serve. Once this is established,
efforts should be made to ensure that the indicator
is well defined, feasible to collect, easy to interpret,
and able to track changes over time.
Selecting Indicators
Features of a good indicator, more specifically,
• should actually measure the phenomenon it is
intended to measure (valid),
• produce the same results when used more than once
to measure precisely the same phenomenon
(reliable)
9. Cont’
• measure only the phenomenon it is intended to
measure (specific),
• reflect changes in the state of the phenomenon
under study (sensitive), and
• be measurable or quantifiable with developed and
tested definitions and reference standards
(operational).
• Most importantly, an indicator should be relevant. If
one cannot make decisions based on an indicator or
group of indicators, there is no point in collecting the
information.
10. Using Indicators
Criteria to consider in choosing among performance
indicators at the program level:
•Is the indicator oriented toward the targeted results
(objective) and is it at the appropriate level?
•It is important to include at least one indicator relating
to the desired results, appropriate to the scale of the
intervention.
• How easy is it to obtain the information, how often is
the information updated, and what are the sources of
the information?
11. • What is the quality of the data?
Effort should be given to design or select
indicators of high priority which involve
minimal difficulty in measurement.
Naturally, priority should be given to indicators
based on measures of known quality (i.e.,
strong reliability and validity).
12. • How comparable are the results from the
indicator?
Because of the need to monitor the
performance of health interventions across a
number of programs simultaneously
and given the new evaluation methods for
HIV/AIDS/STI programs, priority should be
given to those indicators that offer
comparable results
13. • How responsive to change is the indicator?
An indicator should change in response to program
interventions. Indicators that are responsive to
underlying intervention efforts in a short period of
time (3-5 years) are to be preferred over, but should
not displace, those requiring a longer lag time (e.g.,
HIV prevalence).
14. Responsiveness also depends on sample size,
confidence intervals, and normal variation over
time.
This last factor, together with the expected
change due to the intervention, should
determine the frequency of data collection.
For example, if an indicator is only expected to
change over a five-year period, it does not make
sense to measure it every year.
It is necessary to first obtain a baseline value on
the indicator so that subsequent values can be
compared to determine if change or
improvement has occurred.
15. Input Process Output Outcome Impact
A FRAMEWORK for Monitoring and Evaluation
People
money
equipment
policies
etc. Training
Logistics
Management
IEC/BCC
etc.
Services
Service use
Knowledge
Behaviour;
Safer
practices
(population
level)
HIV/STI
transmission
Reduced
HIV impact
16. Input Process Output Outcome Impact
DATA COLLECTION for Monitoring and Evaluation
HIV/STI
surveillance
Household
Surveys
Facility
surveys
Programme Monitoring
17. Input Process Output Outcome Impact
Did the National Response Make the Difference?
1
HIV
prevalence
changing!2
Can the changes
in HIV prevalence
be attributed
to changes in
behaviour??
3
Can the changes in
behaviour be attributed to
interventions / programs?
18. Input Process Output Outcome Impact
The components of AIDS programmes
Voluntary counselling and testing
Reduction of mother-to-child transmission
IEC programs: knowledge, attitudes
Condom promotion and distribution
School programs: adolescent KAP
Targeted interventions
Control of STDs
Blood safety, prevention nosocomial transmission
Care & support programs (including ARV)
19. Lesson Learned: 5 Elements of a Good
Monitoring and Evaluation System
1 Presence Monitoring and Evaluation unit
2 Clear goals and objectives of the program
3 A core set of indicators and targets
4 A plan for data collection and analysis
5 A plan for data dissemination
20. Clear goals and objectives
• National strategic plan has
no specific goals and
objectives
• No system of ongoing
assessment with programs
reviews and built-in
evaluation
• Limited coordination with
districts and regions
• Limited coordination
between sectors
• Donor-driven M&E system
• Well-defined national
programme goals and
targets - M&E plan
• Regular reviews/evaluations
of the progress of the
implementation of the
national programme plans
• Guidelines and guidance to
districts and regions or
provinces for M&E
• Guidelines for linking M&E to
multiple sectors
• Co-ordination of national and
donor M&E needs
Not so
good
GOOD
21. A set of indicators (and targets)
• No indicators or indicators
that cannot be measured
• Indicators that cannot be
compared with past
indicators or with other
countries
• Indicators are only used for
donors and each donor has
its own set of indicators
• Indicators are irrelevant to
those who collect the data
• Each district or sector uses
its own indicator
• A set of priority indicators and
additional indicators that cover
programme monitoring,
programme outcomes and
impact - M&E plan
• Selection of indicators through
process of involving multiple
stakeholders and maintaining
relevance and comparability
• Utilization of past and existing
data collection efforts to assess
national trends (e.g. DHS)
Not so
good
GOOD
22. Data collection and analysis plan
• M&E is an ad hoc activity
without a plan, mostly driven
by donors
• Data are collected but not
analysed sufficiently / utilized
• There is no systematic
monitoring of programme
inputs and outputs
• An overall national level data
collection and analysis plan,
linked to the national
strategic plan
•
• A plan to collect data and
analyse indicators at
different levels of M&E
(programme monitoring)
• Second generation
surveillance, where
behavioural data are linked
to HIV/STI surveillance data
Not so
good
GOOD
23. Data dissemination plan
• Dissemination is ad hoc and
not planned or coordinated
• Annual surveillance report is
much delayed not user
friendly and not well
disseminated
• Dissemination to the districts
and regions is not done
• Dissemination activities are
donor driven
• Overall national level data
dissemination plan
• Well-disseminated
informative annual report of
the M&E unit
• Annual meetings to
disseminate and discuss
M&E and research findings
with policy-makers and
planners
• Clearinghouse / Resource
centre at national level
Not so
good
GOOD
24. Overview of Indicators
Bi-annualBi-annualProgrammeProgramme
reportsreports
/modelling/modelling
CS3CS3 The number and percent of persons with advanced HIVThe number and percent of persons with advanced HIV
infection receiving ART (UNGASS)infection receiving ART (UNGASS)
AnnualAnnualProgrammeProgramme
reportsreports
CS2CS2 The percent of districts with at least one health facilityThe percent of districts with at least one health facility
providing ARTproviding ART
AnnualAnnualProgrammeProgramme
reportsreports
CS1CS1 The number of individuals receiving HIV testing andThe number of individuals receiving HIV testing and
counselling in the last 12 monthscounselling in the last 12 months
a)a) The number of individuals who received HIV testingThe number of individuals who received HIV testing
b)b) Percent of those tested who received pre-test counsellingPercent of those tested who received pre-test counselling
c)c) Percent of those tested who were positivePercent of those tested who were positive
d)d) Percent of those tested who received their resultsPercent of those tested who received their results
through post-test counselling servicesthrough post-test counselling services
FrequencyFrequencyMethodsMethodsCore IndicatorsCore Indicators
25. Overview of Indicators, con’t...
Every otherEvery other
yearyear
Interviews /Interviews /
recordrecord
reviewreview
CS4CS4 The existence of comprehensive HIV/AIDS care andThe existence of comprehensive HIV/AIDS care and
support policies, strategies and guidelinessupport policies, strategies and guidelines
Every 2-4 yearsEvery 2-4 yearsHealthHealth
facilityfacility
surveysurvey
CS7CS7 Percent of health facilities that have the capacity andPercent of health facilities that have the capacity and
conditions to provide advanced level HIV care andconditions to provide advanced level HIV care and
support services, including provision and monitoring ofsupport services, including provision and monitoring of
ARTART
Every 2-4 yearsEvery 2-4 yearsHealthHealth
facilityfacility
surveysurvey
CS6CS6 Percent of health facilities that have the capacity andPercent of health facilities that have the capacity and
conditions to provide basic level HIV testing and HIV/AIDSconditions to provide basic level HIV testing and HIV/AIDS
clinical managementclinical management
Every 2-4 yearsEvery 2-4 yearsHealthHealth
facilityfacility
surveysurvey
CS5CS5 The percent of facilities that either provideThe percent of facilities that either provide
comprehensive care and support services onsite forcomprehensive care and support services onsite for
people living with HIV or through an effective referralpeople living with HIV or through an effective referral
systemsystem
FrequencyFrequencyMethodsMethodsCore IndicatorsCore Indicators
26. Overview of Indicators, con’t...
To beTo be
determineddetermined
HealthHealth
facilityfacility
survey /survey /
special labspecial lab
studystudy
CS8CS8 The percent of designated laboratories with theThe percent of designated laboratories with the
capacity to monitor ART according tocapacity to monitor ART according to
national/international guidelinesnational/international guidelines
Every 2-4 yearsEvery 2-4 yearsHouseholdHousehold
surveysurvey
CS10CS10 The percent of orphans and vulnerable children lessThe percent of orphans and vulnerable children less
than 18 years whose households received free basicthan 18 years whose households received free basic
external support in caring for the childexternal support in caring for the child
Every 2-4 yearsEvery 2-4 yearsHouseholdHousehold
surveysurvey
CS9CS9 The percent of persons aged 15-59 who have beenThe percent of persons aged 15-59 who have been
chronically ill for 3 or more months in the last 12 monthschronically ill for 3 or more months in the last 12 months
whose households received free basic external support inwhose households received free basic external support in
caring for the chronically ill personcaring for the chronically ill person
FrequencyFrequencyMethodsMethodsCore IndicatorsCore Indicators
27. Overview of Indicators, con’t...
Every otherEvery other
yearyear
Interview /Interview /
recordrecord
reviewsreviews
CS-A1CS-A1 The existence of national monitoring andThe existence of national monitoring and
evaluation capacity for HIV/AIDS care and supportevaluation capacity for HIV/AIDS care and support
programmesprogrammes
Every 2-4 yearsEvery 2-4 yearsHealthHealth
facilityfacility
surveysurvey
CS-A2CS-A2 The percent of health facilities with record keepingThe percent of health facilities with record keeping
systems for monitoring of HIV/AIDS care and supportsystems for monitoring of HIV/AIDS care and support
FrequencyFrequencyMethodsMethodsAdditional IndicatorsAdditional Indicators
Editor's Notes
Overall there are 10 core indicators covering a broaf range of areas including:
Testing and counselling (CS+)
Coverage (CS 2 and 5)
UNGASS (CS3)
Areas, con’t…
Existence of policies and guidelines (CS4)
Capacity (CS 7,8,9)
ART (CS2 and 5- coverage, 3- UNGASS, and capacity- CS7)
Areas, con’t…
OVCs (CS10)
Two additional indicators are also included that look at M&E capacity and record keeping systems