The Federal Reserve (Fed) is the central bank of the United States and uses monetary policy to influence interest rates and the money supply. The Fed has three main tools: open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate. Through open market operations, the Fed buys and sells government bonds to influence bond prices and interest rates. Lowering the reserve requirement or discount rate makes it easier for banks to lend, expanding the money supply. Raising them has the opposite tightening effect. The Fed aims to balance economic growth and inflation by loosening or tightening monetary policy as needed.
The document discusses several topics related to money and economics:
1. It defines money and describes its main functions as a medium of exchange, store of value, and standard of value. Throughout history, various commodities have served as money.
2. Modern fiat money is no longer backed by gold or silver but is accepted due to trust in governments. The money supply includes currency as well as checkable deposits and other liquid assets.
3. Banks play a key role in money creation through fractional reserve banking by lending out deposits. The Federal Reserve influences monetary policy through tools like open market operations and interest rates.
This document discusses monetary policy and the role of the Federal Reserve. It defines monetary policy as how the Federal Reserve influences the money supply to bring the country out of recession or inflation. It describes the Federal Reserve as the national system of banks that controls the money supply and economy. The Federal Reserve uses three tools - the reserve requirement, discount rate, and open market operations - to adjust the money supply and influence interest rates. Raising the money supply through lowering reserve requirements, rates, and buying bonds can help stimulate the economy during a recession, while lowering the money supply through the opposite actions can help curb inflation.
This document discusses monetary policy and the role of the Federal Reserve. It defines monetary policy as how the Federal Reserve influences the money supply to bring the country out of recession or inflation. It describes the Federal Reserve as the national system of banks that controls the money supply and economy. The Federal Reserve uses three tools - the reserve requirement, discount rate, and open market operations - to expand or contract the money supply and thus influence economic growth or slowdown. During recessions, the Fed engages in easy money policies like decreasing the reserve requirement and discount rate and buying bonds to increase the money supply. During inflation, it does the reverse through tight money policies.
This document discusses monetary policy and the role of the Federal Reserve. It defines monetary policy as how the Federal Reserve influences the money supply to bring the country out of recession or inflation. It describes the Federal Reserve as the national system of banks that controls the money supply and economy. The Federal Reserve uses three tools - the reserve requirement, discount rate, and open market operations - to expand or contract the money supply and thus influence interest rates and spending levels in the economy. Raising the reserve requirement and discount rate and selling bonds decreases the money supply to curb inflation, while lowering them and buying bonds increases the money supply to boost a recession-plagued economy.
Money, banking, and financial institutionssajal islam
The document discusses several key concepts related to money and banking:
1. It defines money as having three main functions: medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
2. It explains the different measures of money supply (M1, M2, M3) and what types of assets are included in each measure.
3. It discusses what gives money its value, including acceptability, being declared legal tender, and maintaining relative scarcity through central bank management of the supply.
The document discusses several topics related to money and economics:
1. It defines money and describes its main functions as a medium of exchange, store of value, and standard of value. Throughout history, various commodities have served as money.
2. Modern fiat money is no longer backed by gold or silver but is accepted due to trust in governments. The money supply includes currency as well as checkable deposits and other liquid assets.
3. Banks play a key role in money creation through fractional reserve banking by lending out deposits. The Federal Reserve influences monetary policy through tools like open market operations and interest rates.
This document discusses monetary policy and the role of the Federal Reserve. It defines monetary policy as how the Federal Reserve influences the money supply to bring the country out of recession or inflation. It describes the Federal Reserve as the national system of banks that controls the money supply and economy. The Federal Reserve uses three tools - the reserve requirement, discount rate, and open market operations - to adjust the money supply and influence interest rates. Raising the money supply through lowering reserve requirements, rates, and buying bonds can help stimulate the economy during a recession, while lowering the money supply through the opposite actions can help curb inflation.
This document discusses monetary policy and the role of the Federal Reserve. It defines monetary policy as how the Federal Reserve influences the money supply to bring the country out of recession or inflation. It describes the Federal Reserve as the national system of banks that controls the money supply and economy. The Federal Reserve uses three tools - the reserve requirement, discount rate, and open market operations - to expand or contract the money supply and thus influence economic growth or slowdown. During recessions, the Fed engages in easy money policies like decreasing the reserve requirement and discount rate and buying bonds to increase the money supply. During inflation, it does the reverse through tight money policies.
This document discusses monetary policy and the role of the Federal Reserve. It defines monetary policy as how the Federal Reserve influences the money supply to bring the country out of recession or inflation. It describes the Federal Reserve as the national system of banks that controls the money supply and economy. The Federal Reserve uses three tools - the reserve requirement, discount rate, and open market operations - to expand or contract the money supply and thus influence interest rates and spending levels in the economy. Raising the reserve requirement and discount rate and selling bonds decreases the money supply to curb inflation, while lowering them and buying bonds increases the money supply to boost a recession-plagued economy.
Money, banking, and financial institutionssajal islam
The document discusses several key concepts related to money and banking:
1. It defines money as having three main functions: medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
2. It explains the different measures of money supply (M1, M2, M3) and what types of assets are included in each measure.
3. It discusses what gives money its value, including acceptability, being declared legal tender, and maintaining relative scarcity through central bank management of the supply.
The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy.pptPadmaN24
The Federal Reserve uses monetary policy tools to influence the money supply and interest rates in order to stabilize and grow the economy. Its main tools are open market operations, adjusting reserve requirements, and setting the discount rate. Increasing the money supply through actions like bond purchases and rate cuts pursues an "easy money" policy aimed at stimulation, while decreasing the money supply through bond sales and rate hikes constitutes a "tight money" policy aimed at slowing growth. Proper timing is important, as there are lags before monetary policy takes full effect.
The FED and its influence on Money and CreditCha Almaida
The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States. It was created in 1913 to provide a safer and more stable monetary and financial system. The Fed has several key functions including conducting monetary policy, promoting financial stability, and overseeing banks. It uses various tools like open market operations, adjusting reserve requirements and interest rates to influence the money supply and achieve its goals of maximum employment, stable prices and moderate long-term interest rates.
The document discusses monetary policy and how it affects the economy. It defines money and describes the different components that make up the money supply. Commercial banks engage in fractional reserve banking by keeping only a percentage of deposits on hand while lending out the rest. The Federal Reserve System acts as the central bank that implements monetary policy tools, such as open market operations and reserve requirements, to influence the money supply and control inflation. Expanding the money supply through more accommodative monetary policy can stimulate the economy by increasing aggregate demand, while contracting the money supply through restrictive policy reduces demand and prices.
Money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value in an economy. Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) regulates Malaysia's monetary system and controls the money supply through various tools, though its control is imperfect as it cannot directly determine deposit and lending amounts by banks and households. BNM was established in 1959 and oversees currency issuance, monetary policy, and payment systems in Malaysia.
- Money refers to assets that are regularly used to purchase goods and services, and serves three main functions: as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value.
- There are two main kinds of money: commodity money, which has intrinsic value, and fiat money, which derives its value by government decree.
- In the US, money includes currency in circulation as well as demand deposits that can be accessed through checks or ATM withdrawals. The Federal Reserve oversees and regulates the US monetary system and money supply through tools like open market operations and setting reserve requirements.
Money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. The Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system and controls the money supply through open market operations and by adjusting reserve requirements and interest rates. Banks increase the money supply by lending out deposits, though the Fed has imperfect control as it cannot dictate lending or deposit amounts.
The document summarizes key concepts about money, the money supply, and monetary policy in the United States. It explains that the US dollar is issued by the Federal Reserve and backed by the US government. It describes how the Federal Reserve, made up of the Board of Governors and regional banks, implements monetary policy to control interest rates through managing the money supply. It also outlines how money serves important functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value in the US economy.
The document discusses the relationship between a country's Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) and corporate performance. It explains that the MPR is the official interest rate set by a country's central bank to influence economic growth and price stability. Lowering the MPR makes borrowing cheaper for businesses, which can spur investment and economic activity. However, raising rates makes borrowing more expensive and can discourage business investment and cause stock prices to fall. The document analyzes how changes to the MPR impact factors like business borrowing, strategic planning, and stock market performance.
This document discusses central banking and the conduct of monetary policy. It covers topics such as the structure and functions of central banks, the tools used to conduct monetary policy including interest rates, reserve requirements, and open market operations, and how central banks influence monetary conditions in an economy. It also discusses the money supply process, determinants of money supply, and classification of monetary policy multipliers.
The foreign exchange market involves the daily global purchase and sale of national currencies totaling $4 trillion per day. It has experienced huge growth recently and vastly exceeds other financial markets in size. While the forex market includes spot transactions, it is largely composed of derivatives contracts used to hedge currency risk. For more information on trading in this massive market, the document recommends visiting the website FX-Arabia.
The document discusses the functions and types of money, including how money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It describes the different components that make up the US money supply, such as currency, demand deposits, savings deposits, and money market funds. The document also provides an overview of the Federal Reserve System, including its structure with the Board of Governors and regional Federal Reserve Banks. It explains how the Federal Reserve uses open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates to influence the US money supply and achieve its monetary policy goals.
The document discusses monetary policy in the Philippines. It describes how the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), as the country's central bank, implements monetary policy through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. It also outlines the BSP's objectives to promote price stability and economic growth. The BSP governs monetary policy under the guidance of its Monetary Board and Governor.
This document discusses the monetary system and the role of money and central banking. It explains that the Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system and controls the money supply through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. Commercial banks also influence the money supply through fractional-reserve banking, where they hold a portion of deposits as reserves and lend out the rest, expanding the overall money supply through the money multiplier effect.
This document discusses the monetary system and the role of money and central banking. It explains that the Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system and controls the money supply through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. Commercial banks also influence the money supply through fractional-reserve banking, where they hold a portion of deposits as reserves and lend out the rest, expanding the overall money supply through the money multiplier effect.
This document discusses the monetary system and the role of money and central banking. It explains that the Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system and controls the money supply through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. Commercial banks also influence the money supply through fractional-reserve banking, where they hold a portion of deposits as reserves and lend out the rest, expanding the overall money supply through the money multiplier effect.
The document provides an overview of money and banking concepts including the functions of money, types of money, and properties of money. It also summarizes the role of the Federal Reserve in regulating the US money supply through tools like open market operations, changing reserve requirements, and adjusting interest rates. The Federal Reserve aims to promote price stability and maximum employment through its monetary policy decisions.
The document discusses the monetary system and the role of money and central banking. It describes how money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It explains how the Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system by controlling the money supply through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. It also discusses how fractional-reserve banking allows banks to create money when they issue loans.
The document discusses key aspects of the economic environment that influence business performance. It covers economic resources like land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship that are inputs for production. It also describes different economic systems such as capitalist, socialist, and mixed economies. Additionally, it discusses economic conditions in countries based on factors like per capita income. Economic output and business cycles, inflation, unemployment, and important economic policies that impact businesses are also summarized.
This document discusses the nature, scope, and objectives of business. It defines business and outlines the business system/process, which includes entrepreneurial activity, production, and marketing. It also categorizes businesses into those that produce goods, services, distribute goods, facilitate distribution, and deal in finance. Industries are classified based on their nature of activity and competitive structure, including monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition.
The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy.pptPadmaN24
The Federal Reserve uses monetary policy tools to influence the money supply and interest rates in order to stabilize and grow the economy. Its main tools are open market operations, adjusting reserve requirements, and setting the discount rate. Increasing the money supply through actions like bond purchases and rate cuts pursues an "easy money" policy aimed at stimulation, while decreasing the money supply through bond sales and rate hikes constitutes a "tight money" policy aimed at slowing growth. Proper timing is important, as there are lags before monetary policy takes full effect.
The FED and its influence on Money and CreditCha Almaida
The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States. It was created in 1913 to provide a safer and more stable monetary and financial system. The Fed has several key functions including conducting monetary policy, promoting financial stability, and overseeing banks. It uses various tools like open market operations, adjusting reserve requirements and interest rates to influence the money supply and achieve its goals of maximum employment, stable prices and moderate long-term interest rates.
The document discusses monetary policy and how it affects the economy. It defines money and describes the different components that make up the money supply. Commercial banks engage in fractional reserve banking by keeping only a percentage of deposits on hand while lending out the rest. The Federal Reserve System acts as the central bank that implements monetary policy tools, such as open market operations and reserve requirements, to influence the money supply and control inflation. Expanding the money supply through more accommodative monetary policy can stimulate the economy by increasing aggregate demand, while contracting the money supply through restrictive policy reduces demand and prices.
Money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value in an economy. Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) regulates Malaysia's monetary system and controls the money supply through various tools, though its control is imperfect as it cannot directly determine deposit and lending amounts by banks and households. BNM was established in 1959 and oversees currency issuance, monetary policy, and payment systems in Malaysia.
- Money refers to assets that are regularly used to purchase goods and services, and serves three main functions: as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value.
- There are two main kinds of money: commodity money, which has intrinsic value, and fiat money, which derives its value by government decree.
- In the US, money includes currency in circulation as well as demand deposits that can be accessed through checks or ATM withdrawals. The Federal Reserve oversees and regulates the US monetary system and money supply through tools like open market operations and setting reserve requirements.
Money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. The Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system and controls the money supply through open market operations and by adjusting reserve requirements and interest rates. Banks increase the money supply by lending out deposits, though the Fed has imperfect control as it cannot dictate lending or deposit amounts.
The document summarizes key concepts about money, the money supply, and monetary policy in the United States. It explains that the US dollar is issued by the Federal Reserve and backed by the US government. It describes how the Federal Reserve, made up of the Board of Governors and regional banks, implements monetary policy to control interest rates through managing the money supply. It also outlines how money serves important functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value in the US economy.
The document discusses the relationship between a country's Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) and corporate performance. It explains that the MPR is the official interest rate set by a country's central bank to influence economic growth and price stability. Lowering the MPR makes borrowing cheaper for businesses, which can spur investment and economic activity. However, raising rates makes borrowing more expensive and can discourage business investment and cause stock prices to fall. The document analyzes how changes to the MPR impact factors like business borrowing, strategic planning, and stock market performance.
This document discusses central banking and the conduct of monetary policy. It covers topics such as the structure and functions of central banks, the tools used to conduct monetary policy including interest rates, reserve requirements, and open market operations, and how central banks influence monetary conditions in an economy. It also discusses the money supply process, determinants of money supply, and classification of monetary policy multipliers.
The foreign exchange market involves the daily global purchase and sale of national currencies totaling $4 trillion per day. It has experienced huge growth recently and vastly exceeds other financial markets in size. While the forex market includes spot transactions, it is largely composed of derivatives contracts used to hedge currency risk. For more information on trading in this massive market, the document recommends visiting the website FX-Arabia.
The document discusses the functions and types of money, including how money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It describes the different components that make up the US money supply, such as currency, demand deposits, savings deposits, and money market funds. The document also provides an overview of the Federal Reserve System, including its structure with the Board of Governors and regional Federal Reserve Banks. It explains how the Federal Reserve uses open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates to influence the US money supply and achieve its monetary policy goals.
The document discusses monetary policy in the Philippines. It describes how the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), as the country's central bank, implements monetary policy through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. It also outlines the BSP's objectives to promote price stability and economic growth. The BSP governs monetary policy under the guidance of its Monetary Board and Governor.
This document discusses the monetary system and the role of money and central banking. It explains that the Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system and controls the money supply through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. Commercial banks also influence the money supply through fractional-reserve banking, where they hold a portion of deposits as reserves and lend out the rest, expanding the overall money supply through the money multiplier effect.
This document discusses the monetary system and the role of money and central banking. It explains that the Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system and controls the money supply through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. Commercial banks also influence the money supply through fractional-reserve banking, where they hold a portion of deposits as reserves and lend out the rest, expanding the overall money supply through the money multiplier effect.
This document discusses the monetary system and the role of money and central banking. It explains that the Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system and controls the money supply through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. Commercial banks also influence the money supply through fractional-reserve banking, where they hold a portion of deposits as reserves and lend out the rest, expanding the overall money supply through the money multiplier effect.
The document provides an overview of money and banking concepts including the functions of money, types of money, and properties of money. It also summarizes the role of the Federal Reserve in regulating the US money supply through tools like open market operations, changing reserve requirements, and adjusting interest rates. The Federal Reserve aims to promote price stability and maximum employment through its monetary policy decisions.
The document discusses the monetary system and the role of money and central banking. It describes how money serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It explains how the Federal Reserve regulates the US monetary system by controlling the money supply through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. It also discusses how fractional-reserve banking allows banks to create money when they issue loans.
The document discusses key aspects of the economic environment that influence business performance. It covers economic resources like land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship that are inputs for production. It also describes different economic systems such as capitalist, socialist, and mixed economies. Additionally, it discusses economic conditions in countries based on factors like per capita income. Economic output and business cycles, inflation, unemployment, and important economic policies that impact businesses are also summarized.
This document discusses the nature, scope, and objectives of business. It defines business and outlines the business system/process, which includes entrepreneurial activity, production, and marketing. It also categorizes businesses into those that produce goods, services, distribute goods, facilitate distribution, and deal in finance. Industries are classified based on their nature of activity and competitive structure, including monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition.
A business plan outlines a business idea, goals, objectives, and how they will be achieved. It is important for managing the business, obtaining financial support, securing contracts, and communicating with professionals. A typical business plan includes an executive summary, business overview, products, industry overview, marketing strategy, management, regulatory issues, risks, implementation plan, and financial plan. It should be based on research and realistic projections to convince readers.
This document discusses production decisions made by firms. It covers:
1. A firm's production technology can be represented by a production function that shows how inputs like labor and capital can be transformed into outputs.
2. In the short run, a firm may vary only one input like labor while capital is fixed, facing diminishing marginal returns.
3. In the long run, a firm can vary both inputs and their combinations are shown on isoquants maps, with marginal rate of technical substitution measuring the tradeoff between inputs.
4. Returns to scale describes how output changes when all inputs are increased proportionately, with possibilities being increasing, constant, or decreasing.
There are several main forms of business ownership including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, franchises, and cooperatives. Sole proprietorships involve single owner management and unlimited liability, while partnerships have multiple owners who share risks and profits. Corporations separate owners from management and provide limited liability. Franchises allow businesses to use another's proven systems through contractual agreements. Cooperatives are owned and operated by their members. Entrepreneurs must understand the characteristics of each to select the best fit for their needs.
This document discusses risk management in banks. It defines risk and risk management, noting that risk management aims to reduce risks to an acceptable level. It outlines some key risk management strategies like risk identification, measurement, and control. It then discusses several types of risks that banks face, including credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, foreign exchange risk, regulatory risk, technological risk, and strategic risk. It provides brief explanations and examples of each type of risk.
Poverty in Indonesia has halved in the last 15 years but reduction is slowing as the remaining poor are harder to reach. While much of the population lives just above the poverty line, many remain vulnerable to economic shocks. Research is needed to address challenges across the lifecycle from birth to old age to promote opportunities and protect the vulnerable. Key areas for research include improving child nutrition and education, expanding access to good jobs, reducing maternal mortality, and ensuring social security for the elderly.
Risk management in banks is important as banks are exposed to various risks in the changing Indian economy. The key risks include credit risk, market risk, operational risk, and legal risk. Effective risk management involves identifying risks, measuring them quantitatively and qualitatively, monitoring exposures, and taking steps to mitigate risks. Banks must have robust policies, processes, and systems to properly identify, measure, control, and manage the various risks they face.
The document discusses monetary policy in India. It defines monetary policy as how the central bank controls money supply and interest rates to achieve objectives like price stability and economic growth. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) controls monetary policy through tools like open market operations, bank rate policy, cash reserve ratio, and statutory liquidity ratio. The objectives of monetary policy include price stability, controlling credit expansion, and promoting exports. The document also outlines some limitations of monetary policy like time lags and difficulties in economic forecasting.
The main objectives of monetary policy are economic growth, full employment, price stability, neutrality of money, and exchange rate stability. There are expansionary and contractionary monetary policies. Expansionary policy aims to increase aggregate demand through increasing the money supply and lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy reduces economic activity by raising interest rates. The tools of monetary policy include quantitative measures like open market operations and changing reserve requirements, as well as qualitative measures like moral suasion and direct action.
This document discusses the importance of resource mobilization for starting a business. It defines resources as the financial and non-financial inputs needed to operate a business. The most important resource is the entrepreneur themselves. Other key resources mentioned include human resources, business guidelines, facilities, materials, and funds.
The document outlines qualities needed to mobilize resources, such as passion, curiosity, optimism, prudence, competitiveness, risk-taking, confidence, persistence, frugality, and self-belief. Sources of resources discussed include banks, relatives and friends, microcredit organizations, equipment suppliers, and government agencies. A few steps for effective resource mobilization are preparing a business plan, examining funding prospects, creating an action plan,
This document discusses the functions and roles of central banks. It defines a central bank as the bank responsible for a country's financial and economic stability. Central banks regulate other commercial banks, formulate monetary policies, and advise governments. The first central bank was the Bank of England in 1694. Now central banks play key roles like controlling money supply, credit levels, foreign exchange reserves, public debt, and developing other financial institutions. Central banks also provide services to commercial banks like acting as a lender of last resort and managing clearinghouse activities. The document examines different methods that central banks use to issue currencies.
Central banks serve important functions in regulating currency, credit, and monetary policy. Some key functions of central banks include acting as a banker, agent and advisor to governments; controlling money supply through tools like interest rates, reserve requirements, and open market operations; acting as a lender of last resort to banks; and regulating credit allocation. Central banks aim to achieve economic stability through proper monetary management. The Reserve Bank of India operates as India's central bank and performs traditional central banking functions like currency regulation as well as development functions to support financial systems.
This document provides an introduction and overview of project management. It outlines the course objectives, which are for participants to be able to design, plan, implement, monitor and evaluate projects using practical tools. It defines what a project and project management are, and discusses key aspects like the work breakdown structure, stakeholders, planning, scheduling and risk management. The importance of proper planning, identifying risks and taking mitigation actions is emphasized.
Securities firms act as brokers, executing transactions between parties for a fee. They also act as dealers, adjusting inventories of securities to make markets. Pension funds periodically contribute funds from employees and employers. Securities with over one year maturity are traded in capital markets like bonds, mortgages, and stocks. Financial markets facilitate the flow of funds from surplus units like households to deficit units like firms.
The document discusses measuring gross domestic product (GDP), which is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. GDP can be measured using the expenditure approach, income approach, and output approach. The expenditure approach sums consumer spending, investment, government spending, and net exports. The income approach sums compensation to employees, rental income, corporate profits, and other incomes. The output approach sums the total value of goods and services produced. GDP growth rates can be calculated by measuring percentage changes in GDP over time. Nominal GDP values output at current prices, while real GDP uses constant prices to remove inflation.
This document discusses the advantages of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial traits. Some key advantages of entrepreneurship discussed are self-sufficient life, providing employment to others, unlimited opportunities for development, freedom and flexibility to implement one's own ideas. Entrepreneurial traits that were assessed in a behavior test include the need to achieve, willingness to take risks, self-control, initiative, problem-solving abilities, optimism about the future, constantly searching for opportunities, and being time-conscious. The document provides an overview of the benefits of entrepreneurship and characteristics common in entrepreneurs.
This document defines quality of life and discusses how it is measured. It contains the following key points:
1) Quality of life refers to an individual's well-being and includes physical, mental, social, and environmental factors. It represents how satisfied they are with their level of functioning in life.
2) Components of quality of life include physical health, psychological state, social relationships, environment, and spirituality.
3) Quality of life is assessed using valid, reliable questionnaires to evaluate things like burden of disease, impact of health policies, and patient outcomes after treatment. Common measures are quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
This document discusses different forms of business ownership, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. It describes sole proprietorships as businesses owned and run by one person, who takes all profits but also bears all losses and responsibilities alone. Partnerships are owned by two or more individuals who share profits, losses, and management responsibilities according to a partnership agreement. There are general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships. Corporations are independent legal entities owned by shareholders, who elect directors to manage the company and share profits through dividends but have limited liability for debts.
This document discusses the importance of positive thinking for entrepreneurial success. It states that one's outlook and attitude determine one's limitations and ability to achieve success despite challenges and risks. Positive thinking means expecting to succeed and seeing opportunities rather than problems. It also involves taking responsibility for mistakes and focusing on possibilities rather than pain. The document provides examples contrasting positive thinking, which sees learning opportunities and finds solutions, with negative thinking, which makes excuses and believes problems can't be solved.
How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
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Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
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2. MONEY
• Task!
–What is money?
–What is the function of money?
–What has served as money
throughout history?
3. Money
• Money has Three Basic
Functions:
– 1. Medium of Exchange- enables
us to carry out trade and
commerce easily
– 2. Standard of Value- allows us to
measure and compare value using
one scale
– 3. Store of Value- it (usually) holds
its value over time
4. Money
• Money also has Six Main
Characteristics:
– 1. Acceptability- in order for you to buy something,
the seller must be willing to accept what you offer as
payment
– 2. Scarcity- needs to be scarce enough to be
valued by buyers and sellers
5. – 4. Durability- if money is
to serve as a store of
value, it must be durable
• 3. Portability- in order to
be convenient as a medium
of exchange it must be
portable
6. – 5. Divisibility- to be useful
as a medium of exchange,
money must be easily
divided into smaller
amounts
– 6. Uniformity- a dollar is a
dollar is a dollar. We take
for granted that each dollar
is the same as the next.
7. What Serves as Money?
– Throughout history, many items such as: salt,
shells, cattle, beads, fur, tobacco, gold, and silver
have served as money
– These are examples of commodity money– form of money that
has some intrinsic value or alternate use
• Gold and silver have generally been preferred because they hold many of
the characteristics of money
8. What about today?
• However, our money is no longer backed by precious
metals such as gold and silver
• Fiat money- paper money decreed as legal tender, but
not representing anything of intrinsic worth
– Rather, money is accepted solely
because we believe that it is worth
something, and is backed by the
“full faith and credit” of the United States
government
Trust me!
9. What is Currency and Money Supply?
• Currency- the bills and coins
currently in circulation in the
economy
• However, currency is only a
part of the total money
supply in the country
• Money Supply – total
amount of currency,
loans/credit, and other liquid
instruments available in the
economy at a given time
10. M1& M2 Money Supply
• M1 Money Supply is made
up of:
– Coins and bills (currency)
– Checkable deposits (liquid
assets)
– Travelers Checks
• M2 Money Supply is made
up of:
– All of M1
– Less liquid assets such as
savings deposits, money
market accounts, etc.
Discussion: Do we want a
larger or smaller total
money supply?
11. • So how is that money (M1 and M2)
transferred between people and managed?
– By banks!
12. The Regional Banks of the Federal
Reserve
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Hq5zw4Y
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5drSk6E
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13. The Banking System in a Nutshell:
• Fractional Reserve Banking- a system
whereby banks keep a fraction of deposits in
reserves but loan out the rest to businesses
and consumers
• System allows our MONEY SUPPLY TO
EXPAND!
14. Federal Reserve Reading
• Pg. 282-285 – Read 14.4 “What Tools Does
Monetary Policy Use to Stabilize the
Economy”
• Complete Sections A-D of “The Federal
Reserve” Notes
15. Follow-Up Questions – Reread Pgs.
282-284
• What is the Federal Reserve System?
• What is monetary policy?
• Why does the Fed use…
– An easy-money policy?
– A tight-money policy?
16. Catch Me If You Can
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCOm4os
fWn8
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dK2LZarp
Nek
17. Monetary Policy- what is it?
• Monetary Policy-
central bank policy
aimed at regulating
interest rates and the
amount of money in
circulation to influence
the health and
direction of the
economy
18. The Federal Reserve (Fed)
• The Federal Reserve is America’s central bank,
established in 1913
• Congress gave the Fed enough power to act
independently in regards to monetary policy
19. Structure of the Fed
• 1. Board of Governors
– 7 member board that oversees the Fed from
Washington D.C.
– Appointed by the president and confirmed by the
Senate for one 14 year term in office
– President selects one governor to serve as
chairman for 4 years
– Responsible for the overall direction of monetary
policy
20. Structure of the Fed
• 2. Regional Federal
Reserve Banks
– 12 regional banks
– Carry out many of
the day-to-day
duties
– Each regional bank
overseen by a
president
21. Structure of the Fed
• 3. Federal Open Market
Committee (FOMC)
– Consists of:
• All 7 governors from the Board
of Governors
• 5 rotating regional fed
presidents
– **But always New York’s
president
– FOMC is the policymaking body
of the Fed
– Study economic information
and decide what changes (if
any) to make to monetary
policy
22. Policies followed by Fed
• Easy Money Policy (Expansionary)
– Fed expands the money supply trying to cause cheaper lending
to stimulate economic growth
– Interest rates lower but too much easy money policy leads to
INFLATION
• Tight Money Policy (Contractionary)
– Fed shrinks the money supply trying to cause lending to be
more expensive to slow the economy
– Interest rates rise but too much tight money policy leads to a
RECESSION
23. Federal Reserve Reading
• Pg. 286-288 – Read the rest of14.4 “What
Tools Does Monetary Policy Use to Stabilize
the Economy”
• Complete Section E & F of “The Federal
Reserve” Notes
24. Follow-Up Questions
• What are open-market operations?
• What is the reserve requirement?
• What is the discount rate?
• What is the purpose of these tools?
25. 3 Main Tools of the Fed
• 1. Open Market Operations-
the buying and selling of
government securities in the
bond market (most used tool)
– Easy-Money Policy:
• Fed bond traders BUY
government securities, which
increases the money supply
– Tight-Money Policy:
• Fed bond traders SELL
government securities, which
decreases the money supply
26. • 2. Reserve requirement- the
minimum percentage of
deposits that banks must
keep in reserve at all times
(least used tool)
– Easy-Money Policy:
• Fed LOWERS REQUIREMENT,
which increases the money
supply
– Tight-Money Policy:
• Fed INCREASES
REQUIREMENT, which
decreases the money supply
27. • 3. The Discount Rate- the interest rate
the Fed charges on loans to private banks
(last tool in their toolbox)
– This tool leads to the Fed being known as the
“lender of last resort”
– Controlled by the Board of Governors
– Easy-Money Policy:
• Fed LOWERS rate, which increases the money supply
– Tight-Money Policy:
• Fed RAISES rate, which decreases the money supply
28. The Fourth “Tool”
• 4. Federal Funds Rate- the interest rate that banks
charge one another for quick (overnight) loans
• Banks set this rate, so this is NOT a monetary policy
tool
• HOWEVER, the Fed sets a target rate based on its view
of the economy & uses OMO to nudge the rate
towards the target!
– The Federal Funds Rate affects the interest rate on
everything: credit cards, mortgages, savings accounts,
bonds, etc.
31. UNIT #5 Fed REVIEW:
• Define monetary policy in your own words.
• If the Fed wanted to increase the money supply using the discount rate, what
would they do? Would the Fed be attempting to stimulate or slow down the
economy?
• If the Fed wanted to decrease the money supply using reserve requirement,
what would they do? What would happen to interest rates?
• If the Fed wanted to increase the money supply using open market
operations, what would they do? Would this be considered easy or tight
money policy?
• What is the relationship between interest rates and the amount of credit
demanded?
32. How much do banks need to keep on
reserves?
Pat’s $1000
Deposited
Pat’s $1000 -
$200 in reserve
LOAN
Kim’s $800 for
School books
Pat’s $1000 –
$200 in reserve
PSU deposits
$800 –
$160 in reserve
LOAN
Dave’s $640 for
New TV
**In a sense, as banks continuously lend
money that is not in reserves, they are
“creating money” in the money supply. This
lending is increasing the flow of money that
ordinarily wouldn’t be able to happen!**
Editor's Notes
THE BANKS OF BANKS!
Why so many banks – no one bank could be all-powerful, regional structure more responsive to local needs
1913: Congress decides that there is a need to create The Fed
Lacking the money to create The Fed, Congress asks banks in each district to contribute money to est. the institution (so member banks –banks belonging to the Fed – own it), they get stock in Fed back (Fed pays dividends to member banks)
As a result, the private banks own the Fed and elect a board of directors to run in
CONGRESS DOES NOT APPROPRIATE FUNDS (Fed is SELF-SUFFICIENT)
FOMC – 8 meetings a year where they release their feelings/projections about economy & set the target fed funds rate (rate banks charge each other for overnight loans of reserve balances to each other)
Prime Rate – set by banks, lowest interest rate charged to best customers
Board of Governors – Elects a chairman for 4 years (this person reports to Congress twice a year)
The Fed is an independent monetary authority, but it comes under political pressure to raise or lower interest rates.
The president and Congress can affect the Board of Governors by appointing new members when governors’ terms expire.
GOAL IS TO INCREASE MONEY SUPPLY FAST ENOUGH TO KEEP UP WITH GROWTH BUT NO FASTER!
Easy money – consumers spend too much, increase in demand causes demand-pull inflation
Tight money – deflation results with low levels of investment & spending
THREE TOOLS ARE USED TO INFLUENCE THE TARGET FEDERAL FUNDS RATE!
RR – change requirement for savings & checking accounts, powerful tool but very rarely used to influence monetary policy (CHANGED BY GOVERNORS)
DR (rate charged by individual banks for loans obtained from the Fed Central Banks (set by Fed at anytime)– why getting loan from Fed.
1. Reserves could have dropped which shrinks excess reserves = less loans
2. Banks could face seasonal demand for loans (bank in agricultural area might have high loan demand during planting)
3. many withdrawals
Banks shy away from borrowing from Fed because usually means they are in trouble, instead they borrow from fellow banks
DR has been as high as 7.0% to low of 0.75% from 1990-2008
If lower rate then “opens window” for lending (LOOSE MONETARY POLICY)
If high then “closes” window for lending (TIGHT MONETARY POLICY)
OMO
Want to increase money supply
Fed buys gov’t securities from dealer who specializes in large volume transactions
Fed writes a check to pay for it
Dealer deposits check in his/her bank
Bank forwards check to Fed & Fed “pays” check by increasing the bank’s reserves
RESULT – Any time the Fed writes a check, reserves are pumped into banks (therefore more loans can be given)
Shrink money supply
Instructs Fed bond traders to Sell billions of $ of securities to dealers
Dealers pay for securities with checks withdrawing from bank
Fed processes checks by reducing reserves from bank
Fewer reserves = less money to loan = less money supply
Required to get quick loans if they don’t have enough reserves
Why this rate? = easiest rate to change using OMO, affects interest rates for mortgages/credit cards/savings accounts/bonds
The FOMC Policy Decision
"The Committee will maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 0 to 1/4 percent and continues to anticipate that economic conditions, including low rates of resource utilization, subdued inflation trends, and stable inflation expectations, are likely to warrant exceptionally low levels of the federal funds rate for an extended period. The Committee will continue to monitor the economic outlook and financial developments and will employ its policy tools as necessary to promote economic recovery and price stability."
Again, the FOMC opted for no change in the target federal funds rate, essentially repeating the March policy statement. 'The fed funds rate can't be used effectively to help the member banks, who borrow reserves at the fed funds rate from other member banks. With the target so low, monetary policy, especially open market operations, is not an effective stimulatory tool.
The demand for money consists of consumers borrowing for such items as cars and homes, firms borrowing for such items as factories and equipment, and the government borrowing to finance the national debt. The supply of money is set by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, the central banking system for the United States. The supply and demand for money determine the interest rate that must be paid for the use of borrowed money. So if the Federal Reserve increases the money supply, interest rates will fall, making it less expensive to borrow money. In that case, those wishing to borrow money will be more likely to do so-- and be more likely to spend that money on products. If the Federal Reserve reduces the money supply, interest rates will rise, so less will be borrowed and spent (because of the higher cost of borrowing).
With every deposit, there is an increase in the lending power of the bank
Thus, the monetary value of one deposit will have lending power well beyond its value