The document discusses monetary policy in the Philippines. It describes how the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), as the country's central bank, implements monetary policy through tools like open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rates. It also outlines the BSP's objectives to promote price stability and economic growth. The BSP governs monetary policy under the guidance of its Monetary Board and Governor.
This describes the Philippine Monetary Policy. This slideshow contains a brief history of the Philippine Monetary System and of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. This also contains the functions of money and how the BSP uses it to the Philippines' advantage.
risk and return. Defining Return, Return Example, Defining Risk,Determining Expected Return , How to Determine the Expected Return and Standard Deviation, Determining Standard Deviation (Risk Measure), Portfolio Risk and Expected Return Example, Determining Portfolio Expected Return, Determining Portfolio Standard Deviation, Summary of the Portfolio Return and Risk Calculation, Total Risk = Systematic Risk + Unsystematic Risk,
This describes the Philippine Monetary Policy. This slideshow contains a brief history of the Philippine Monetary System and of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. This also contains the functions of money and how the BSP uses it to the Philippines' advantage.
risk and return. Defining Return, Return Example, Defining Risk,Determining Expected Return , How to Determine the Expected Return and Standard Deviation, Determining Standard Deviation (Risk Measure), Portfolio Risk and Expected Return Example, Determining Portfolio Expected Return, Determining Portfolio Standard Deviation, Summary of the Portfolio Return and Risk Calculation, Total Risk = Systematic Risk + Unsystematic Risk,
Central Banking.
My Presentation Report.
THROUGH ITS VARIOUS MONETARY TOOLS
It can regulate the monetary and credit conditions of the country
Increase investments
…production
…employments
…incomes
It can stabilize, together with fiscal policies.
In the Formulation and Implementation of Monetary Policies
CENTRAL BANK requires…
High degree of competence
Integrity
Central Bank must demonstrate an unquestionable independence from any political considerations which affect adversely its functions.
Envisioned primarily to promote economic growth for the welfare of the people.
Not to serve the interests of the elite and those who are in power.
Central Bank may be referred to as a body corporate entrusted with the responsibility of administering the monetary, banking, and credit system of the country with due regard to the availability, use, and cost of money and credit for attainment of a balanced and sustainable growth of the economy, as well as, the maintenance of internal and external monetary stability in the country.
-R.A No. 265, Sec. 1,2, 64 and 67
Before 20th century
There had been a loose and vague of central banking.
Banking institutions that substantially performed the role of central bankers in many banks of the world, referred to as “banks of issue” or “national banks”.
Indian Financial System : Monetary And Fiscal Policy,Economic Trends, Price Policy,Stock Exchange Of
India,Role of regulatory instituions in Indian financial system – RBI and SEBI , National Income,Role of
Industry in Economic Development, Foreign Trade and Balance of Payment,Poverty in India, Unemployment
in India, Inflation, Human Development, Rural Development, Problems of Growth
I. About The Bank Of Japan
1. General Information
2. History
3. Organizational Chart
4. The Bank's Officers
5. Regulations of the bank organization
II. Functions of the bank
III. Price stability and monetary policies
1. Price stability
2. Monetary Policies
IV. The activity of the bank- maintain the negative interest rate
V. Japan serious recession due to the impact of the global crisis
VI. References
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
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Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
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US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
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The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
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Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
1. MONETARY POLICY
The concept of
Monetary Policy
Monetary Policy consists
of the actions and decisions
made by the government to
create appropriate monetary
conditions.
2. •It is usually based on the
country’s fiscal policy.
•In the Philippines, the
monetary policy is
implemented by the
Monetary Board through
the Central Bank of the
Philippines
5. Tools of Monetary Policy
The central bank or
the monetary authorities
of a country have three(3)
instruments or tools by
which they can influence
the money supply.
6. First Tool: Open Market
Operation
In this tool, the central
bank may buy or sell
government bonds or
securities or instruments in
the open market.
7. Second Tool: Changing the
Reserve Ratio
Banks are required by the
government to have reserves,
which means that they should
set aside a certain percentage
of the amount of deposits
they have.
8. This percentage is called
reserve ratio.
Third Tool: The Discount Rate
Commercial banks also
borrow money, but not
only from the central bank.
13. During inflation, the
central bank may sell
securities to reduce the
reserves of commercial
banks, increase the reserve
ratio to further decrease
theirs reserves,
14. and raise the discount
rate so that commercial
banks will not be
encouraged to borrow
from the central bank.
15. Philippines Monetary Policy
As mandated by R.A. 7653,
the main objective of this is to
promote a low and stable
inflation and price stability to a
balanced and sustainable
growth of the economy.
16. The Inflation Target
The inflation target set
by the BSP is based on the
average year-on-year
change in the consumer
price index (CPI) over the
calendar year.
17. The Monetary And
Financial Sectors
The Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas is only the central
financial authority in the
country.
18. However, it is not the only
financial institution that
offers monetary and
financial services. There
are also institutions called
banks, which are also a
main component of the
country’s monetary sector.
19. The Philippines Banking System
Universal and Commercial
banks
-These have the largest
resources and offer the
widest services.
20. Thrift Banks
- consist of savings and
mortgage banks, private
development banks, stock
savings and loan
associations and
microfinance thrift banks.
21. Rural and Cooperative
Banks
- these are very
popular in the provinces
and in rural areas.
22. Microfinance Banks
-are the latest in the
banking system and focus on
providing loans and financial
services for the microenterprises of low-income
individuals and families
23. Aside from those, there are
also other financial institutions
that provide financing. First is
Cooperatives, which are
organized by the people
themselves who become partowners or shareholders.
24. Pawnshops also provide small
loans to people on the basis of
a physical collateral or
guarantee, such as jewelry or
household appliances.
26. What is money?
In economics, money may be
defined as follows:
Money is any common
medium of exchange
acceptable in payment for
goods/services/for the
settlement of debts.
27. Money is what we use to buy
things with.
Money is anything generally
acceptable as a medium of
exchange.
28. Although money may not
be used in all economic
activities, it is money which
makes economic
transactions easier.
29. Functions of Money
Medium of Exchange
-this is the foremost
function of money.
-it serves as a convenient
tool for the exchange of
goods.
30. Measure of Value
-people use money as a
standard in measuring the
value or worth of goods and
services.
31. Store of Value
-money is a good way to
store wealth because it is
very liquid, meaning the
moment you have it you can
immediately spend it.
32. Features of Money
General Acceptability
- individuals and businesses
accept money as part of long
business practice, and
generally trust its
value, anywhere.
33. Legal Tender
- money is declared as a
legal tender by
government, which means
that its acceptability and
legality are derived from
the law.
34. Divisibility
- money, even when
divided into
denominators, has the
quality of divisibility.
35. Recognizable
- part of the acceptability
of money is its being
recognizable by all sectors of
the economy.
36. Money in the Philippines
The basic unit of
monetary value in the
Philippines is the peso,
represented by the letter P
traversed by an equal sign.
37. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
As part of the
country’s monetary policy,
the money supply is
controlled and managed
by the central bank.
38. Highlights of Central Banking
History
• 1990 – The First Philippine
Commission placed all banks
under the Bureau of Treasury.
• 1929 – The Bureau of
Banking under the
Department of Finance
39. • 1939 – Under the
Commonwealth government
• 1946 – a joint PhilippineAmerican Finance
Commission
• 1947 – Central Bank
council was formed.
40. • 1948 – a bill establishing
the Central Bank of the
Philippines was submitted to
Congress by Pres. Roxas.
• 1949 – The Central Bank of
the Philippines was formally
inaugurated.
41. • 1972 – Presidential Decree
No. 72 was issued.
• 1981 – Presidential Decree
No. 1771 was issued
• 1986 – composition of the
Monetary Board was
amended.
42. • 1993 – The Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas was
formally established.
43. Vision and Mission of the BSP
VISION
The BSP, imbued with
the values of integrity,
excellence and patriotism,
aims to be a world-class
monetary authority
44. And a catalyst for a globally
competitive economy and
financial system that
delivers a high quality of
life for all Filipinos.
45. MISSION
BSP is committed to promote
and maintain price stability and
provide proactive leadership in
bringing about a strong financial
system conductive to a balanced
and sustainable growth of the
economy.
46. Towards this end, it shall
conduct sound monetary
policy and effective
supervision over
financial institutions
under its jurisdiction.
47. Overview of BSP Functions
and Operations
• Liquidity Management
• Currency Issue
• Lender of Last Resort
• Financial Supervision
•Management of Foreign
Currency Reserves
49. The Monetary Board
Chairman: Amando M.
Tetangco, Jr.
Members: Cesar V. Purisima
Alfredo C. Antonio
Ignacio R. Bunye
Peter B. Favila
Felipe M. Medalla
Armando L. Suratos
50. Major Functions:
1. Issue rules and regulations.
2. Direct management,
operations, and
administration of BSP…
3. Establish a human
resources management
system…
51. 4. Adopt an annual budget
and authorize such
expenditures by BSP…
5. Indemnify its members
and other officials of
BSP…
52. The Governor
The governor is the chief
executive officer of BSP and
is required to direct and
supervise the operations and
internal administration of
BSP.
53. Governor's duties and
responsibilities:
1. Prepares the agenda…
2. Executes and administers
policies and measures…
3. Appoints and fixes the
remunerations and other
emoluments…
54. 4. Renders
opinion, decisions, or
rulings…
5. Exercises such other
powers…
6. Represents the Monetary
Board and BSP…
7. Signs contracts…
55. Advocacies of the BSP
The BSP has advocated
projects on poverty
alleviation, anti-money
laundering, and public
financial literacy.
56. International Financial Bodies
And Foreign Aid
Efforts to better economies
of nations are also made by
international financial bodies,
which put a great deal into
helping, particularly on the
development side through
foreign aid.
57. Some of these international
financial bodies are the
following:
• World Bank- an international
institution that provides
financial aid and technical
assistance to developing
countries all over the world.
58. • International Monetary Fund
-this is actually a specialized
agency of the UN, the objective
of which is to promote
international monetary
cooperation and the growth of
world trade, and coordinate
multilateral payment among
member states.
59. • Foreign Loan Providers
- these are countries
which provide development
loans or credits to less
developed countries or LCDs.
60. Among the criticisms of
foreign aid are the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Too much dependency
Too much intrusion
Too much bureaucracy
Too much corruption