computer spec

3. COMPUTER SYSTEM PROCESSOR

4. What Does Processor Mean?
 A processor is an integrated electronic circuit that performs
the calculations that run a computer.A processor performs
arithmetical, logical, input/output (I/O) and other basic
instructions that are passed from an operating system (OS).
Most other processes are dependent on the operations of a
processor.

5. What Does Processor Mean?
Processors are found in many modern electronic devices, including PCs, smartphones, tablets, and
other handheld devices.Their purpose is to receive input in the form of program instructions and
execute trillions of calculations to provide the output that the user will interface with.
A processor includes an arithmetical logic and control unit (CU), which measures capability in terms
of the following:
 Ability to process instructions at a given time.
 Maximum number of bits/instructions.
 Relative clock speed.
Every time that an operation is performed on a computer, such as when a file is changed or an
application is open, the processor must interpret the operating system or software’s instructions.
Depending on its capabilities, the processing operations can be quicker or slower, and have a big
impact on what is called the “processing speed” of the CPU.
Each processor is constituted of one or more individual processing units called “cores”. Each core
processes instructions from a single computing task at a certain speed, defined as “clock speed” and
measured in gigahertz (GHz). Since increasing clock speed beyond a certain point became
technically too difficult, modern computers now have several processor cores (dual-core, quad-core,
etc.).They work together to process instructions and complete multiple tasks at the same time.

6. What is RAM on a computer?
 RAM (random access memory) is a computer's
short-term memory, where the data that the
processor is currently using is stored.Your
computer can access RAM memory much
faster than data on a hard disk, SSD, or other
long-term storage device, which is why RAM
capacity is critical for system performance.

7.  RAM stands for random access memory, and it’s one of the most
fundamental elements of computing. RAM is a temporary
memory bank where your computer stores data it needs to
retrieve quickly. RAM keeps data easily accessible so your
processor can quickly find it without having to go into long-
term storage to complete immediate processing tasks.

8.  Every computing device has RAM, whether it’s a desktop
computer (runningWindows, MacOS, or Linux), a tablet or
smartphone (runningAndroid or iOS), or even an IoT
computing device (like a smartTV). Nearly all computers
have a way of storing information for longer-term access,
too. But the memory needed to run the process you’re
currently working on is stored and accessed in your
computer’s RAM.

9.  What does RAM do?
 RAM is a form of temporary storage that gets wiped when you turn
your computer off. RAM offers lightning-fast data access, which makes
it ideal for the processes, apps, and programs your computer is
actively working on, such as the data needed to surf the internet
through your web browser.
 To understand RAM, let’s use the analogy of a physical desk.Your
working space is the top of the desk.That’s where you keep everything
you frequently use within arm’s reach, so you won’t waste time
searching through your drawers. By contrast, anything you don’t use
that much or that you want to save for later goes into a desk drawer.
 On your computer, your RAM is like the top of your desk, where you
keep everything you need quick access to.And the data that you don’t
use much or want to save for later is stored on a hard disk, either
locally in your device or in the cloud.

10.  What does RAM do?
 RAM is a form of temporary storage that gets wiped when you turn your
computer off. RAM offers lightning-fast data access, which makes it ideal
for the processes, apps, and programs your computer is actively working
on, such as the data needed to surf the internet through your web browser.
 To understand RAM, let’s use the analogy of a physical desk.Your working
space is the top of the desk.That’s where you keep everything you
frequently use within arm’s reach, so you won’t waste time searching
through your drawers. By contrast, anything you don’t use that much or
that you want to save for later goes into a desk drawer.
 On your computer, your RAM is like the top of your desk, where you
keep everything you need quick access to.And the data that you don’t use
much or want to save for later is stored on a hard disk, either locally in
your device or in the cloud.

11. RAM

13. HARD DRIVE
 The hard drive is the computer’s primary storage area. It
stores the applications and programs that run on the PC, as
well as any work created by users. From a school’s
perspective, the capacity of the hard drive, measured in
gigabytes (GB), is a key criterion and should be given due
consideration when reviewing PC specifications.A hard drive
capacity of at least 80GB is recommended for general
purpose PCs.A hard drive capacity of 200GB or more is
recommended if working with multimedia applications
where large graphics and digital audio/video files are being
created and stored.

15.  Other Specifications MonitorsThe older Cathode RayTube
(CRT) have been largely replaced by Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) flat-screens.A 15”
LCD/LED has the same viewing area as the older 17” CRT.
Average entry-level PCs usually come with a 17” flat-screen
and this is adequate for most general purpose applications.
Larger 19” flat-screens are available and may be appropriate if
video editing and advanced graphics work is being carried
out.Teachers of students with special needs may want to
consider using larger monitors with their students.

16. MONITOR

17. Graphics and Sound Cards
 Graphics and Sound CardsThese cards are installed inside a PC
and are responsible for determining the quality of the audio and
visuals (graphics and video) output by the computer.They hold
their own memory (in MB), which is why they add to a
computer’s capability.An integrated graphics card with 256MB
of memory is recommended for general purpose PCs.
Computers running high-end applications generally require a
separate 256MB graphics card.A sound card generally comes as
standard in most PCs purchased today. If students intend to work
extensively with digital music, the school should consider getting
a high-end sound card as this will create greater depth,
complexity and realism of sound.

19. Speakers and Headphones
 Speakers and Headphones Most computers come with either
built-in or external speakers. Schools may also consider
buying headphones to control sound levels within a
classroom or computer room. Cheap‘headphone splitters’
can also be purchased — these enable two sets of headphones
to be used per computer

21. Network Interface Card (NIC)
 It is recommended that all PCs be
purchased with a suitable network interface
card (NIC).A network card allows a
computer to be connected to a network.A
10/100/1000 Mbps (Megabits per second)
card is the standard network card today.
Few school networks currently operate at
speeds higher than 100Mbps.

23. Operating Systems (OS
 PCs are generally purchased with an operating system pre-installed. It is worth checking that your existing
software will still work with the operating system of any new systems being purchased. It may be possible to
choose a particular operating system and, if so, this may help standardize new machines with existing school PCs.
At present, Microsoft’s newer OS isVista, which generally performs the same functions asWin XP. Microsoft XP
Professional is still the most common and recommended OS found in schools that meets their general needs very
well and is recommended for schools.AsVista operating system can come in various types and configurations,
schools should check that the version ofVista will be suitable and compatible for the software and network
infrastructure of the school.Vista Home or XP home versions are not recommended for use in schools, however
when ordering computers schools need to specify a base operating system.The choice of base operating system
should be made along with their choice of operating system license. Operating system license costs depend on a
number of factors including type of school, or type of license, example once off purchase via Microsoft’s select
agreement or purchasing software per year via Microsoft’s schools agreement. Linux is an open source free
operating system which is not widely used by schools at present, though it may be suitable for schools who are
aware of its capabilities.The most widely used open source data base is Ubuntu. It is a Linux based operating
system and is distributed free along with the source code. Its desktop looks somewhat similar to that ofWindows,
with window controls and icons.There is reasonable large software support available on Ubuntu; the common
applications include Mozilla Firefox web browser, LibreOffice office application suite, GIMP image editor.
OpenSolaris is a computer operating system developed by Sun Microsystems. It runs well on desktops, laptops,
servers and data centers. OpenSolaris is GUI based like Ubuntu and has rich graphical desktop and windows for
easy navigation. It is now available in version 11 and can be downloaded without any cost from the Oracle website.

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