This document presents the results of a survey conducted by Molecular Plant Pathology to determine the top 10 most important plant viruses as voted on by plant virologists associated with the journal. The top 10 viruses were: 1) Tobacco mosaic virus, 2) Tomato spotted wilt virus, 3) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, 4) Cucumber mosaic virus, 5) Potato virus Y, 6) Cauliflower mosaic virus, 7) African cassava mosaic virus, 8) Plum pox virus, 9) Brome mosaic virus, and 10) Potato virus X. The article provides a brief overview of each virus in the top 10 and their scientific and economic significance. It also mentions several other important viruses that just
The document discusses Rauthschild's research on their EVA-10 Complex, which is a proprietary broad spectrum anti-microbial and anti-viral platform. EVA-10 is composed of four theaflavin isomers (EVA-10a-c) that have shown effectiveness against SARS, influenza, herpes, HIV, and certain cancers. Research indicates EVA-10 inhibits viral replication and uptake in cells. It may be effective against avian influenza (H5N1) and less likely to lead to viral resistance due to its effect on an ancient and conserved microbial feature.
This document discusses the evolution of HIV and resistance to treatment over time. It explains that HIV has a high mutation rate which allows it to quickly evolve resistance to individual drugs. While highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was able to suppress viral loads, it did not reduce them to zero, allowing HIV to rebound once treatment is stopped. This ongoing ability of HIV to evolve resistance presents ethical challenges and ensures that a cure will not be easily achieved.
The document summarizes the history of plant virology, beginning with Adolf Mayer's discovery in 1886 that sap from tobacco mosaic disease plants could transmit the disease. It then discusses the contributions of other scientists such as Ivanovsky, Beijerinck, Stanley, and Frankel who helped identify viruses as filterable agents and determine their protein and nucleic acid composition. The document also covers the economic importance of several major plant viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, potato leaf roll virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and banana bunchy top virus which can cause significant crop yield losses and damage industries.
This document provides an overview of plant viruses, including their diversity and significance. It begins with definitions of viruses and their classification. Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide variety of crop and ornamental plants, causing economic losses. Their genetic material can be RNA or DNA configured in various ways. Plant viruses are transmitted horizontally by vectors like insects or nematodes, or vertically through seeds. They cause a diversity of symptoms in infected plants. Important plant viruses discussed in more detail include Tobacco mosaic virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Cucumber mosaic virus. Control methods include using virus-free seeds and crops, controlling vectors, and temperature treatments. Plant viruses also play roles in cross-protection and improving host tolerance to stresses.
This document discusses the identification and classification of plant viruses that can be transmitted through seeds. It provides background on how inadequate identification early on led to confusion, but the establishment of standardized criteria and rules by the ICTV has helped create order. Over 200 virus diseases are known to be seed-transmitted. The document lists the taxonomic positions of many seed-transmitted viruses and viroids according to the latest ICTV classification, organized by order, family, and genus. It also discusses the identification process for seed-transmitted viruses and how classification assessments are made.
The Edge of Tomorrow — Plant Health in the 21st CenturySophien Kamoun
Presented at the ICPP2018 International Congress of Plant Pathology Plenary Session - Plant Health is Earth’s Wealth, Monday, July 30, 2018. See notes and acknowledgments at http://kamounlab.tumblr.com/post/176385835530/the-edge-of-tomorrow-plant-health-in-the-21st
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium. Tests that focus on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[6]
This document provides compiled lecture notes on plant disease epidemiology for a graduate program at Haramaya University in Ethiopia. It covers various topics related to plant disease epidemiology including factors of epidemics, modeling and temporal analysis of epidemics, and spatial analysis of epidemics. The introduction defines plant disease epidemiology and discusses its relevance to disease management. Subsequent sections discuss factors that influence epidemics including host, pathogen, environmental, and human factors. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring and quantifying these different factors. Later sections cover modeling temporal and spatial changes in epidemics and assessing crop losses.
The document discusses Rauthschild's research on their EVA-10 Complex, which is a proprietary broad spectrum anti-microbial and anti-viral platform. EVA-10 is composed of four theaflavin isomers (EVA-10a-c) that have shown effectiveness against SARS, influenza, herpes, HIV, and certain cancers. Research indicates EVA-10 inhibits viral replication and uptake in cells. It may be effective against avian influenza (H5N1) and less likely to lead to viral resistance due to its effect on an ancient and conserved microbial feature.
This document discusses the evolution of HIV and resistance to treatment over time. It explains that HIV has a high mutation rate which allows it to quickly evolve resistance to individual drugs. While highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was able to suppress viral loads, it did not reduce them to zero, allowing HIV to rebound once treatment is stopped. This ongoing ability of HIV to evolve resistance presents ethical challenges and ensures that a cure will not be easily achieved.
The document summarizes the history of plant virology, beginning with Adolf Mayer's discovery in 1886 that sap from tobacco mosaic disease plants could transmit the disease. It then discusses the contributions of other scientists such as Ivanovsky, Beijerinck, Stanley, and Frankel who helped identify viruses as filterable agents and determine their protein and nucleic acid composition. The document also covers the economic importance of several major plant viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, potato leaf roll virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and banana bunchy top virus which can cause significant crop yield losses and damage industries.
This document provides an overview of plant viruses, including their diversity and significance. It begins with definitions of viruses and their classification. Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide variety of crop and ornamental plants, causing economic losses. Their genetic material can be RNA or DNA configured in various ways. Plant viruses are transmitted horizontally by vectors like insects or nematodes, or vertically through seeds. They cause a diversity of symptoms in infected plants. Important plant viruses discussed in more detail include Tobacco mosaic virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Cucumber mosaic virus. Control methods include using virus-free seeds and crops, controlling vectors, and temperature treatments. Plant viruses also play roles in cross-protection and improving host tolerance to stresses.
This document discusses the identification and classification of plant viruses that can be transmitted through seeds. It provides background on how inadequate identification early on led to confusion, but the establishment of standardized criteria and rules by the ICTV has helped create order. Over 200 virus diseases are known to be seed-transmitted. The document lists the taxonomic positions of many seed-transmitted viruses and viroids according to the latest ICTV classification, organized by order, family, and genus. It also discusses the identification process for seed-transmitted viruses and how classification assessments are made.
The Edge of Tomorrow — Plant Health in the 21st CenturySophien Kamoun
Presented at the ICPP2018 International Congress of Plant Pathology Plenary Session - Plant Health is Earth’s Wealth, Monday, July 30, 2018. See notes and acknowledgments at http://kamounlab.tumblr.com/post/176385835530/the-edge-of-tomorrow-plant-health-in-the-21st
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium. Tests that focus on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[6]
This document provides compiled lecture notes on plant disease epidemiology for a graduate program at Haramaya University in Ethiopia. It covers various topics related to plant disease epidemiology including factors of epidemics, modeling and temporal analysis of epidemics, and spatial analysis of epidemics. The introduction defines plant disease epidemiology and discusses its relevance to disease management. Subsequent sections discuss factors that influence epidemics including host, pathogen, environmental, and human factors. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring and quantifying these different factors. Later sections cover modeling temporal and spatial changes in epidemics and assessing crop losses.
This document provides a review of Potato virus Y (PVY). It discusses that PVY is a positive single-stranded RNA virus that infects potato and other solanaceous crops. The virus has a worldwide distribution and consists of three main strains (PVYO, PVYN, PVYC). PVY is transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner and can also be transmitted through grafting and sap inoculation. The virus causes significant losses in potato crops and is an important pathogen.
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium. Tests that focus on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[6]
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant to many antibiotics and causes difficult-to-treat infections. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s after methicillin was introduced. It has since spread worldwide and is a major public health concern. MRSA infections present with symptoms like skin abscesses or boils and can become life-threatening. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected sites and testing bacterial growth with antibiotics. Treatment options are limited since MRSA is resistant to many drugs.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document discusses trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on Salmonella, including its classification and the historical perspectives of its discovery. It then discusses definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotics, and the mechanisms by which Salmonella develops resistance to various classes of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Resistance occurs through modification or destruction of antibiotics, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability.
A PROPOSAL ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Stap...Shrezjana Mainali
This document presents a proposal to study biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. It provides background on S. aureus as a common pathogen and discusses the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains like MRSA. The proposal aims to determine the prevalence of biofilm formation among S. aureus isolates from clinical samples and identify associations between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance profiles. It justifies the study by noting the lack of research on biofilm-producing MRSA in Nepal and the potential for findings to improve treatment. The proposal acknowledges limitations from the short study period and lack of extensive prior research and optimal laboratory facilities in Nepal.
LIVING WITH THE EARTHCHAPTER 7EMERGING DISEASES.docxcroysierkathey
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 7
EMERGING DISEASES
Esherichia coli on EMB plate
Objectives for this chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Differentiate the emerging infectious diseases in the United States and those occurring worldwide.
2. List and recognize the 6 major reasons associated with the emergence of infectious diseases.
3. Explain the likely reasons for the emergence of specific infectious diseases.
Objectives for this chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
4. Identify, list, and explain the etiological agents, the epidemiology, and the disease characteristics of the major emerging infectious diseases including: influenza, hanta virus, dengue fever, ebola, AIDs, Cryptosporidiosis, Malaria, Lyme disease, Tuberculosis, Streptococcal infections, and E. coli infections.
Objectives for this chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
5.Recognize and explain the practical approaches to limiting the emergence of infectious diseases.
EMERGING DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases continue to be the foremost cause of death worldwide.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a 58 percent rise in deaths from infectious diseases since 1980.
Emerging Diseases in the United States
Cryptosporidium
AIDS
Escherichia coli
Hanta Virus
Lyme Disease
Group A Strep
Emerging Diseases Worldwide
What is an Emerging Infectious Disease
The term "emerging infectious diseases" refers to diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has either increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future.
REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
There are a number of specific explanations responsible for disease emergence that can be identified in most all cases (Table 7-1a-d).
Table 7-1a
Viral
Viral diseases that have been identified since 1973
1977 Ebola, Marburg
Origin undetermined. (Importation of monkeys associated with outbreaks in these primates in Europe and the United States)
1980 HTLV Influenza (pandemic)
Pig-duck agriculture thought to contribute to reassortment of avian and mammalian influenza viruses
1983 HIV
Transmission by intimate contact as in sexual transmission, contaminated hypodermic needles, transfusions, organ transplants. Contributing condition that spread the disease include war or civil conflict, urban decay, migration to cities and travel
1989 Hepatitis C
Transmission in infected blood such as by transfusions, contaminated hypodermic needles, and sexual transmission
1993 Hantaviruses
Increased contact with rodent hosts because of ecological or environmental changes
Adapted from Morse.24
Table 7-1b
Viral Diseases that have re-emerged
Argentine, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Agricutural changes that promote growth of rodents
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (cattle)
Alterations in the rendering of meat products
Dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever
...
This document provides a detailed review of the outbreak of the coronavirus. It discusses the virus's genome structure, life cycle, clinical features, diagnosis, complications/fatality rates, and preventive measures. The key points are:
- Coronavirus is a large family of RNA viruses that originated in China and has become a global pandemic.
- It has a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to multi-organ failure. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue.
- Diagnosis is made through PCR testing of respiratory samples. Complications can include pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction.
- Preventive measures focus on infection control, isolation, hand washing, and
Sci am special online issue 2003.no09 - germ warsDholon Paul
This document summarizes the advances in antiviral drugs that have occurred due to viral genomics and new drug discovery techniques. It describes how sequencing viral genomes has allowed researchers to identify new targets for antiviral drugs, such as specific viral proteins. It provides examples of drug discovery strategies that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, such as attachment to cells or viral replication. The document indicates that dozens of new antiviral therapies have been developed and hundreds more are in development to treat viruses like HIV, hepatitis, and herpes.
Key question:
Could the plague ever re-emerge on a similar level in the twenty-first century?
Due to the potential seriousness of the disease this is a subject worthy of epidemiological consideration and research.
This study compared the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on root-knot nematode infection in two tomato cultivars, Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker and cv. Monita. Tomato plants were inoculated with AMF and later infected with root-knot nematodes. AMF colonization of plant roots was confirmed. The study found that AMF promoted early growth in both cultivars but inhibited growth initially. Later, cv. Monita showed longer stem lengths, suggesting it is a more robust cultivar. Infection rates will be determined and compared between cultivars with and without AMF to study their interaction.
This document discusses the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the role that drug and therapeutics committees (DTCs) can play in containing AMR. It outlines the global spread of drug-resistant pathogens and infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both human and animal settings is a major cause of growing AMR. DTCs can help address this by developing antibiotic policies and formularies, educating on appropriate use, and monitoring antibiotic consumption and resistance patterns. Examples from Kenya and Thailand demonstrate how DTCs have successfully implemented strategies like antibiotic order forms to improve antibiotic use.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major threat to global health. Infection caused by Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the well-recognized global public health problem globally. In some regions, as many as
90% of S. aureus infections are reported to be MRSA, which cannot be treated with standard antibiotics. WHO reports indicated that
MRSA is circulating in every province worldwide, significantly increasing the risk of death by 64% compared to drug-sensitive forms
of the infection which is attributed to its antibiotic resistance. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant MRSA strains have
contributed to its increased prevalence in both healthcare and community settings. The resistance of S. aureus to methicillin is due to
expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which renders it impervious to the action of β-lactam antibiotics including
methicillin. The other is through the production of beta-lactamases. Although the treatment options for MRSA are limited, there are
promising alternatives to antibiotics to combat the infections. Innovative therapeutic strategies with wide range of activity and modes
of action are yet to be explored. The review highlights the global challenges posed by MRSA, elucidates the mechanisms underlying
its resistance development, and explores mitigation strategies. Furthermore, it focuses on alternative therapies such as bacteriophages,
immunotherapy, nanobiotics, and antimicrobial peptides, emphasizing their synergistic effects and efficacy against MRSA. By
examining these alternative approaches, this review provides insights into the potential strategies for tackling MRSA infections and
combatting the escalating threat of AMR. Ultimately, a multifaceted approach encompassing both conventional and novel interventions
is imperative to mitigate the impact of MRSA and ensure a sustainable future for global healthcare.
The dynmics of covid 19 in africa compare to the rest of the worldoyepata
1. The document analyzes data from 187 countries to compare the impact of COVID-19 on African countries versus other parts of the world.
2. It finds that with the exception of South Africa, African countries appear to be least affected by the virus in terms of total cases and mortality rates.
3. The lower impact in Africa may be due to factors like a more robust immune response, though more research is needed to understand the reasons.
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) is a serious antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has encouraged the emergence of resistant strains like VRSA. VRSA was first identified in the 1990s and cases have been reported worldwide since then. VRSA poses a major health risk as it can be difficult to treat and has the potential to spread rapidly internationally through human travel and contact. Proper infection control practices and antibiotic stewardship are important to prevent the further emergence and spread of VRSA.
This document provides course materials for a plant pathology epidemiology course, including:
- 7 topics that will be covered in the course ranging from introduction to epidemiology to forecasting plant diseases.
- Details on course materials which will include recent books, journal articles, and PowerPoint presentations.
- Evaluation criteria including analyzing disease parameters, article reviews, and a written examination.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread through animal bites that kills over 50,000 people per year globally. While vaccination can prevent rabies in exposed people, there are currently no effective antiviral treatments for human rabies infections. This study evaluated two methods, cytopathic effect inhibition and MTT assay, for screening potential anti-rabies drugs in vitro, and found that only cytopathic effect inhibition was suitable for detecting antiviral activity against rabies in infected McCoy cells.
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 globally. It results in over 500,000 child deaths annually, mostly in developing countries. Two live, oral rotavirus vaccines have been developed and recommended by WHO for inclusion in national immunization programs worldwide due to their safety and efficacy in trials. Vaccination has significantly reduced the burden of severe rotavirus diarrhea in countries that have adopted routine childhood immunization against rotavirus. Further research is still needed to optimize vaccine benefits in developing countries where the impact could be greatest.
―Study of Ligand Based Virtual Screening Tools in Computer Aided Drug Designi...iosrjce
Insilico potential drug target identification involves chemical compounds for inhibiting or promoting
chemical reactions in living organism computational methods are needed for screening through large database
of these to identify a inhibitor for receptor 0ral Multi-AGC Kinase was employed for docking.We investigated
the detailed pharmacology and antitumour activity of the novel clinical drugs and natural ligand. It is
associated with Oral Multi-AGC kinase protein. The various ZINC analogs on basis of 99%, 95%, 90%
similarity for best docking results with protein for predicting a ZINC analog which can be identified under the
category of becoming a potential drug candidate in future. The best mol dock score were for ZINC analog ZINC
ID 72131268 for Irinotecan is -169.087 kcl/mol, ZINC ID 04166028 for Teniposide is -178.235 kcl/mol, ZINC
ID 30731084 for Topotecan is -166.939 kcl/mol and ZINC ID 00899824 for Curcumin is -141.537 kcl/mol.
The two parameter for toxicity properties i.e. Oral LD50 and Mutagenicity were calculated. Oral LD50 and
Mutagenicity values are found.
This document provides a review of Potato virus Y (PVY). It discusses that PVY is a positive single-stranded RNA virus that infects potato and other solanaceous crops. The virus has a worldwide distribution and consists of three main strains (PVYO, PVYN, PVYC). PVY is transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner and can also be transmitted through grafting and sap inoculation. The virus causes significant losses in potato crops and is an important pathogen.
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, and sometimes calcium. Tests that focus on cholesterol levels can determine LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.[6]
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant to many antibiotics and causes difficult-to-treat infections. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s after methicillin was introduced. It has since spread worldwide and is a major public health concern. MRSA infections present with symptoms like skin abscesses or boils and can become life-threatening. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected sites and testing bacterial growth with antibiotics. Treatment options are limited since MRSA is resistant to many drugs.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document discusses trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on Salmonella, including its classification and the historical perspectives of its discovery. It then discusses definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotics, and the mechanisms by which Salmonella develops resistance to various classes of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Resistance occurs through modification or destruction of antibiotics, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability.
A PROPOSAL ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Stap...Shrezjana Mainali
This document presents a proposal to study biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. It provides background on S. aureus as a common pathogen and discusses the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains like MRSA. The proposal aims to determine the prevalence of biofilm formation among S. aureus isolates from clinical samples and identify associations between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance profiles. It justifies the study by noting the lack of research on biofilm-producing MRSA in Nepal and the potential for findings to improve treatment. The proposal acknowledges limitations from the short study period and lack of extensive prior research and optimal laboratory facilities in Nepal.
LIVING WITH THE EARTHCHAPTER 7EMERGING DISEASES.docxcroysierkathey
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 7
EMERGING DISEASES
Esherichia coli on EMB plate
Objectives for this chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Differentiate the emerging infectious diseases in the United States and those occurring worldwide.
2. List and recognize the 6 major reasons associated with the emergence of infectious diseases.
3. Explain the likely reasons for the emergence of specific infectious diseases.
Objectives for this chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
4. Identify, list, and explain the etiological agents, the epidemiology, and the disease characteristics of the major emerging infectious diseases including: influenza, hanta virus, dengue fever, ebola, AIDs, Cryptosporidiosis, Malaria, Lyme disease, Tuberculosis, Streptococcal infections, and E. coli infections.
Objectives for this chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
5.Recognize and explain the practical approaches to limiting the emergence of infectious diseases.
EMERGING DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases continue to be the foremost cause of death worldwide.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a 58 percent rise in deaths from infectious diseases since 1980.
Emerging Diseases in the United States
Cryptosporidium
AIDS
Escherichia coli
Hanta Virus
Lyme Disease
Group A Strep
Emerging Diseases Worldwide
What is an Emerging Infectious Disease
The term "emerging infectious diseases" refers to diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has either increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future.
REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
There are a number of specific explanations responsible for disease emergence that can be identified in most all cases (Table 7-1a-d).
Table 7-1a
Viral
Viral diseases that have been identified since 1973
1977 Ebola, Marburg
Origin undetermined. (Importation of monkeys associated with outbreaks in these primates in Europe and the United States)
1980 HTLV Influenza (pandemic)
Pig-duck agriculture thought to contribute to reassortment of avian and mammalian influenza viruses
1983 HIV
Transmission by intimate contact as in sexual transmission, contaminated hypodermic needles, transfusions, organ transplants. Contributing condition that spread the disease include war or civil conflict, urban decay, migration to cities and travel
1989 Hepatitis C
Transmission in infected blood such as by transfusions, contaminated hypodermic needles, and sexual transmission
1993 Hantaviruses
Increased contact with rodent hosts because of ecological or environmental changes
Adapted from Morse.24
Table 7-1b
Viral Diseases that have re-emerged
Argentine, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Agricutural changes that promote growth of rodents
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (cattle)
Alterations in the rendering of meat products
Dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever
...
This document provides a detailed review of the outbreak of the coronavirus. It discusses the virus's genome structure, life cycle, clinical features, diagnosis, complications/fatality rates, and preventive measures. The key points are:
- Coronavirus is a large family of RNA viruses that originated in China and has become a global pandemic.
- It has a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to multi-organ failure. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue.
- Diagnosis is made through PCR testing of respiratory samples. Complications can include pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction.
- Preventive measures focus on infection control, isolation, hand washing, and
Sci am special online issue 2003.no09 - germ warsDholon Paul
This document summarizes the advances in antiviral drugs that have occurred due to viral genomics and new drug discovery techniques. It describes how sequencing viral genomes has allowed researchers to identify new targets for antiviral drugs, such as specific viral proteins. It provides examples of drug discovery strategies that target different stages of the viral lifecycle, such as attachment to cells or viral replication. The document indicates that dozens of new antiviral therapies have been developed and hundreds more are in development to treat viruses like HIV, hepatitis, and herpes.
Key question:
Could the plague ever re-emerge on a similar level in the twenty-first century?
Due to the potential seriousness of the disease this is a subject worthy of epidemiological consideration and research.
This study compared the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on root-knot nematode infection in two tomato cultivars, Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker and cv. Monita. Tomato plants were inoculated with AMF and later infected with root-knot nematodes. AMF colonization of plant roots was confirmed. The study found that AMF promoted early growth in both cultivars but inhibited growth initially. Later, cv. Monita showed longer stem lengths, suggesting it is a more robust cultivar. Infection rates will be determined and compared between cultivars with and without AMF to study their interaction.
This document discusses the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the role that drug and therapeutics committees (DTCs) can play in containing AMR. It outlines the global spread of drug-resistant pathogens and infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both human and animal settings is a major cause of growing AMR. DTCs can help address this by developing antibiotic policies and formularies, educating on appropriate use, and monitoring antibiotic consumption and resistance patterns. Examples from Kenya and Thailand demonstrate how DTCs have successfully implemented strategies like antibiotic order forms to improve antibiotic use.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major threat to global health. Infection caused by Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the well-recognized global public health problem globally. In some regions, as many as
90% of S. aureus infections are reported to be MRSA, which cannot be treated with standard antibiotics. WHO reports indicated that
MRSA is circulating in every province worldwide, significantly increasing the risk of death by 64% compared to drug-sensitive forms
of the infection which is attributed to its antibiotic resistance. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant MRSA strains have
contributed to its increased prevalence in both healthcare and community settings. The resistance of S. aureus to methicillin is due to
expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which renders it impervious to the action of β-lactam antibiotics including
methicillin. The other is through the production of beta-lactamases. Although the treatment options for MRSA are limited, there are
promising alternatives to antibiotics to combat the infections. Innovative therapeutic strategies with wide range of activity and modes
of action are yet to be explored. The review highlights the global challenges posed by MRSA, elucidates the mechanisms underlying
its resistance development, and explores mitigation strategies. Furthermore, it focuses on alternative therapies such as bacteriophages,
immunotherapy, nanobiotics, and antimicrobial peptides, emphasizing their synergistic effects and efficacy against MRSA. By
examining these alternative approaches, this review provides insights into the potential strategies for tackling MRSA infections and
combatting the escalating threat of AMR. Ultimately, a multifaceted approach encompassing both conventional and novel interventions
is imperative to mitigate the impact of MRSA and ensure a sustainable future for global healthcare.
The dynmics of covid 19 in africa compare to the rest of the worldoyepata
1. The document analyzes data from 187 countries to compare the impact of COVID-19 on African countries versus other parts of the world.
2. It finds that with the exception of South Africa, African countries appear to be least affected by the virus in terms of total cases and mortality rates.
3. The lower impact in Africa may be due to factors like a more robust immune response, though more research is needed to understand the reasons.
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) is a serious antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has encouraged the emergence of resistant strains like VRSA. VRSA was first identified in the 1990s and cases have been reported worldwide since then. VRSA poses a major health risk as it can be difficult to treat and has the potential to spread rapidly internationally through human travel and contact. Proper infection control practices and antibiotic stewardship are important to prevent the further emergence and spread of VRSA.
This document provides course materials for a plant pathology epidemiology course, including:
- 7 topics that will be covered in the course ranging from introduction to epidemiology to forecasting plant diseases.
- Details on course materials which will include recent books, journal articles, and PowerPoint presentations.
- Evaluation criteria including analyzing disease parameters, article reviews, and a written examination.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread through animal bites that kills over 50,000 people per year globally. While vaccination can prevent rabies in exposed people, there are currently no effective antiviral treatments for human rabies infections. This study evaluated two methods, cytopathic effect inhibition and MTT assay, for screening potential anti-rabies drugs in vitro, and found that only cytopathic effect inhibition was suitable for detecting antiviral activity against rabies in infected McCoy cells.
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 globally. It results in over 500,000 child deaths annually, mostly in developing countries. Two live, oral rotavirus vaccines have been developed and recommended by WHO for inclusion in national immunization programs worldwide due to their safety and efficacy in trials. Vaccination has significantly reduced the burden of severe rotavirus diarrhea in countries that have adopted routine childhood immunization against rotavirus. Further research is still needed to optimize vaccine benefits in developing countries where the impact could be greatest.
―Study of Ligand Based Virtual Screening Tools in Computer Aided Drug Designi...iosrjce
Insilico potential drug target identification involves chemical compounds for inhibiting or promoting
chemical reactions in living organism computational methods are needed for screening through large database
of these to identify a inhibitor for receptor 0ral Multi-AGC Kinase was employed for docking.We investigated
the detailed pharmacology and antitumour activity of the novel clinical drugs and natural ligand. It is
associated with Oral Multi-AGC kinase protein. The various ZINC analogs on basis of 99%, 95%, 90%
similarity for best docking results with protein for predicting a ZINC analog which can be identified under the
category of becoming a potential drug candidate in future. The best mol dock score were for ZINC analog ZINC
ID 72131268 for Irinotecan is -169.087 kcl/mol, ZINC ID 04166028 for Teniposide is -178.235 kcl/mol, ZINC
ID 30731084 for Topotecan is -166.939 kcl/mol and ZINC ID 00899824 for Curcumin is -141.537 kcl/mol.
The two parameter for toxicity properties i.e. Oral LD50 and Mutagenicity were calculated. Oral LD50 and
Mutagenicity values are found.
Similar to Molecular Plant Pathology - 2011 - SCHOLTHOF - Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology.pdf (20)
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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(
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−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.