PET-MRI is a hybrid imaging technique that was approved by the FDA in 2011. It provides both the anatomical details from MRI and the functional and metabolic information from PET. There are two main types of PET-MRI scanners: simultaneous and sequential. Implementation of PET-MRI presents challenges related to PET detector elements, attenuation correction, and system corrections. PET-MRI shows potential for use in neurology, oncology, pediatrics, cardiology, and musculoskeletal imaging by providing more biological and functional data than PET-CT without radiation exposure. Examples of clinical applications include detecting tumor recurrence, evaluating treatment response, and replacing painful bone marrow biopsies for lymphoma.
PET imaging is useful for cancer diagnosis and management. It provides functional information about glucose metabolism in tumors that can help establish prognosis, guide treatment decisions, and assess response. PET using 18F-FDG has high sensitivity and specificity for detecting cancer. It has applications in staging, restaging, and monitoring treatment response for many cancer types including lung cancer, lymphoma, and head and neck cancers. PET can identify tumor involvement that may be missed by anatomical imaging alone.
Hybrid imaging refers to the fusion of images from two or more imaging modalities to provide complementary anatomical and functional information. PET/CT was the first widely used hybrid imaging technique, combining the functional imaging of PET with the anatomical details of CT. This allows clinicians to more accurately localize tracer uptake and stage diseases like cancer. More recently, PET/MRI has also emerged as a hybrid technique, offering soft tissue contrast superior to CT while avoiding additional radiation exposure. Both hardware-based scanners that acquire data simultaneously and software-based techniques that co-register images are used to generate hybrid images.
Clinacal applications of PET/CT vs PET/MRIWalid Rezk
FDG PET provides functional information but lacks anatomical detail, while CT provides anatomical detail but not soft tissue contrast. Integrating PET and CT using a combined PET-CT scanner improves localization of areas of abnormal radiotracer uptake and differentiation of pathological from normal uptake. PET-MRI offers improved soft tissue contrast compared to CT, allowing better definition of anatomy and characterization of disease processes involving soft tissues like the brain, breast, liver and musculoskeletal system. Simultaneous PET-MRI acquisition also improves image registration compared to sequential PET-CT imaging.
PET-MRI is a hybrid imaging technology that combines the functional PET imaging with the high soft tissue contrast of MRI. Early prototypes combined a brain-only PET scanner with MRI, but now full-body scanners exist from Siemens, GE, and Philips. MRI uses hydrogen protons' magnetic properties to generate images, and the human body contains large percentages of hydrogen atoms. PET-MRI provides synergistic molecular and anatomical information without ionizing radiation compared to PET-CT. Clinical uses especially benefit oncology, cardiology, and neurology evaluations where soft tissue detail is important.
This document provides an overview of PET/MRI technology, including its current and future status. It discusses:
1. The history and evolution of PET and MRI from the 1960s onwards, leading to the development of simultaneous PET/MRI systems in the late 1990s.
2. Examples of whole-body PET/MRI images from 2011 demonstrating the technique's ability to provide molecular and anatomical data.
3. The paradigm shift brought by PET/MRI's ability to provide integrated information on structure, function and tissue environment for applications in oncology, neurology and other areas.
4. Future directions for PET/MRI including 'whole body mapping' to characterize metastatic disease, improved data analysis techniques, and
This document discusses fusion imaging, which combines images from different modalities to create a hybrid image. It describes fusion imaging techniques like PET-CT and SPECT-CT that merge functional imaging data with anatomical images. The primary advantage of fusion imaging is that it allows correlation of findings from two concurrent imaging modalities, providing both anatomical and functional/metabolic information in a single exam. Specifically, PET-CT fusion improves diagnostic accuracy and lesion localization by overcoming the limitations of each individual modality. In conclusion, combined PET-CT exams are more effective than PET alone for localizing lesions and differentiating normal variants from tumors.
This document discusses radiopharmaceutical imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. It begins by defining neuroendocrine tumors and their most common sites of origin. It then discusses the radiopharmaceuticals used in imaging NETs, including somatostatin analogues that target somatostatin receptors, catecholamine analogues that target sympathetic nervous system tumors, and FDG that targets glucose metabolism. The document provides examples of different radiopharmaceutical scans and their findings in common NETs like carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas, and paragangliomas. It also discusses the added value of SPECT/CT in image interpretation.
PET-MRI is a hybrid imaging technique that was approved by the FDA in 2011. It provides both the anatomical details from MRI and the functional and metabolic information from PET. There are two main types of PET-MRI scanners: simultaneous and sequential. Implementation of PET-MRI presents challenges related to PET detector elements, attenuation correction, and system corrections. PET-MRI shows potential for use in neurology, oncology, pediatrics, cardiology, and musculoskeletal imaging by providing more biological and functional data than PET-CT without radiation exposure. Examples of clinical applications include detecting tumor recurrence, evaluating treatment response, and replacing painful bone marrow biopsies for lymphoma.
PET imaging is useful for cancer diagnosis and management. It provides functional information about glucose metabolism in tumors that can help establish prognosis, guide treatment decisions, and assess response. PET using 18F-FDG has high sensitivity and specificity for detecting cancer. It has applications in staging, restaging, and monitoring treatment response for many cancer types including lung cancer, lymphoma, and head and neck cancers. PET can identify tumor involvement that may be missed by anatomical imaging alone.
Hybrid imaging refers to the fusion of images from two or more imaging modalities to provide complementary anatomical and functional information. PET/CT was the first widely used hybrid imaging technique, combining the functional imaging of PET with the anatomical details of CT. This allows clinicians to more accurately localize tracer uptake and stage diseases like cancer. More recently, PET/MRI has also emerged as a hybrid technique, offering soft tissue contrast superior to CT while avoiding additional radiation exposure. Both hardware-based scanners that acquire data simultaneously and software-based techniques that co-register images are used to generate hybrid images.
Clinacal applications of PET/CT vs PET/MRIWalid Rezk
FDG PET provides functional information but lacks anatomical detail, while CT provides anatomical detail but not soft tissue contrast. Integrating PET and CT using a combined PET-CT scanner improves localization of areas of abnormal radiotracer uptake and differentiation of pathological from normal uptake. PET-MRI offers improved soft tissue contrast compared to CT, allowing better definition of anatomy and characterization of disease processes involving soft tissues like the brain, breast, liver and musculoskeletal system. Simultaneous PET-MRI acquisition also improves image registration compared to sequential PET-CT imaging.
PET-MRI is a hybrid imaging technology that combines the functional PET imaging with the high soft tissue contrast of MRI. Early prototypes combined a brain-only PET scanner with MRI, but now full-body scanners exist from Siemens, GE, and Philips. MRI uses hydrogen protons' magnetic properties to generate images, and the human body contains large percentages of hydrogen atoms. PET-MRI provides synergistic molecular and anatomical information without ionizing radiation compared to PET-CT. Clinical uses especially benefit oncology, cardiology, and neurology evaluations where soft tissue detail is important.
This document provides an overview of PET/MRI technology, including its current and future status. It discusses:
1. The history and evolution of PET and MRI from the 1960s onwards, leading to the development of simultaneous PET/MRI systems in the late 1990s.
2. Examples of whole-body PET/MRI images from 2011 demonstrating the technique's ability to provide molecular and anatomical data.
3. The paradigm shift brought by PET/MRI's ability to provide integrated information on structure, function and tissue environment for applications in oncology, neurology and other areas.
4. Future directions for PET/MRI including 'whole body mapping' to characterize metastatic disease, improved data analysis techniques, and
This document discusses fusion imaging, which combines images from different modalities to create a hybrid image. It describes fusion imaging techniques like PET-CT and SPECT-CT that merge functional imaging data with anatomical images. The primary advantage of fusion imaging is that it allows correlation of findings from two concurrent imaging modalities, providing both anatomical and functional/metabolic information in a single exam. Specifically, PET-CT fusion improves diagnostic accuracy and lesion localization by overcoming the limitations of each individual modality. In conclusion, combined PET-CT exams are more effective than PET alone for localizing lesions and differentiating normal variants from tumors.
This document discusses radiopharmaceutical imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. It begins by defining neuroendocrine tumors and their most common sites of origin. It then discusses the radiopharmaceuticals used in imaging NETs, including somatostatin analogues that target somatostatin receptors, catecholamine analogues that target sympathetic nervous system tumors, and FDG that targets glucose metabolism. The document provides examples of different radiopharmaceutical scans and their findings in common NETs like carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas, and paragangliomas. It also discusses the added value of SPECT/CT in image interpretation.
PET scans use small amounts of radioactive tracers injected into the body to produce images showing how organs and tissues are functioning. A PET scan works by detecting gamma rays emitted by the tracers, allowing visualization of processes like blood flow, metabolic activity, and biochemical processes. PET scans are used to diagnose and manage conditions like cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders.
1-definition of SPECT :Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography.
2-differs from BET scan and SPECT.
3-divaice of SPECT.
4-SPECT scan for brain.
5-clinical application
6-patient preparation
7-ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
This document provides information about image reconstruction in multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). It begins with an overview of the basic principles of CT imaging, including image formation steps and reconstruction methods. It then describes the principles of helical CT scanning and how this enables volumetric data acquisition. Finally, it discusses image reconstruction techniques for MDCT, including interpolation methods needed to reconstruct images from the helical scan data. In particular, it notes that multi-detector arrays allow acquisition of multiple slices with each rotation, significantly increasing scan speed and coverage compared to earlier single-detector row CT.
Molecular imaging uses radiotracers and imaging modalities like PET and SPECT to non-invasively image biological processes at the molecular and cellular level. It has applications in both diagnostic imaging to locate targeted molecules involved in disease, as well as therapy to treat disease targets. PET provides higher resolution images while SPECT requires less equipment but has lower resolution. Both modalities detect emissions from radiotracers to construct 2D or 3D images showing the distribution of chemicals in the body.
PET-CT and PET-MR provide functional imaging through PET as well as anatomical imaging through CT or MRI. PET involves radiolabeling molecules like FDG with positron emitters, injecting them into patients, and using coincident detection of annihilation photons to construct 3D images. PET-CT provides accurate localization of functional abnormalities and distinction of normal from pathological tracer uptake. Whole-body PET-MRI is an emerging technique that combines the molecular imaging of PET with the excellent soft tissue contrast of MRI.
Tomography involves measuring gamma ray attenuation along lines of sight at different angles in order to reconstruct the internal structure of an object. Filtered back projection enhances edges in the projection data through filtering and backprojects the filtered data to form an image. Iterative reconstruction accounts for physical factors like attenuation, scatter, and noise by comparing projections of a patient model to actual data and updating the model. Quality control ensures proper system operation through tests of the center of rotation, uniformity, and ability to detect small objects.
This document discusses advances in oncological PET imaging. It begins by outlining limitations of current PET/CT imaging related to false positives, false negatives, and radiation exposure. It then describes several advances in PET imaging including new radiotracers for tumor characterization, instrumentation improvements, software enhancements to reduce radiation dose, and hybrid PET/MRI imaging. The document provides examples of how various new radiotracers beyond FDG can provide clinical benefits for tumor imaging and characterization.
Positron emission tomography pet scan and its applicationsYashawant Yadav
Slides contains physic about the PET scan that is positron emission tomography , its principle , detector configuration types , clinical application of PET Scan and advancement with CT and MRI
The document describes the CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery system. It provides sub-millimeter accuracy for treating tumors throughout the body with precise radiation beams. Key features include its robotic ability to track and correct for tumor movement during treatment in real-time without needing invasive head/body frames. It has treated over 16,000 patients worldwide for conditions like brain, lung, prostate and spine tumors.
This document provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It discusses the timeline of MRI development, how an MRI machine works, MRI principles regarding proton spin and magnetic fields, T1- and T2-weighted images, and common indications, advantages, disadvantages, and contraindications of MRI. MRI utilizes proton spin and magnetic fields to generate detailed images of internal structures without using ionizing radiation.
A PET scan uses radioactive tracers to detect disease in the body at a cellular level. It works by injecting a small amount of radioactive sugar molecule called FDG into the bloodstream. Cancer cells absorb more FDG than normal cells, allowing cancers to be seen as hot spots on PET images. PET scans are useful for detecting cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and evaluating treatment response. While exposing patients to radiation, PET scans provide metabolic imaging to detect diseases earlier than other scans.
This document discusses various MRI sequences. It describes spin echo sequences, inversion recovery sequences, gradient echo sequences, and echo planar imaging. Free induction decay is discussed as a short-lived signal appearing after a 90 degree RF pulse that does not contribute to image formation. Parameters, modifications, and uses of different sequences are outlined.
This document summarizes the process of simulation for radiation therapy treatment planning from CT imaging to treatment verification. It describes how patient positioning is done using lasers during CT scanning and how the CT images are imported into the treatment planning system. It also explains how the treatment planning system localizes CT markers and defines the isocenter in machine coordinates for treatment. Finally, it summarizes the verification process of aligning the patient using digital reconstructed radiographs and portal images to ensure accurate treatment delivery.
1. Nuclear medicine involves using radioactive substances to diagnose and treat disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radiotracers like fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to detect cancer cells and investigate their metabolism.
2. Cancer cells have altered metabolism and proliferation compared to normal cells. The Warburg effect shows they rely more on glycolysis than oxidative phosphorylation. This increased glycolysis can be detected on PET scans using FDG.
3. PET scans have many clinical applications, including cancer staging, detecting metastases, assessing treatment response, and distinguishing tumor recurrence from treatment effects. They provide functional information to guide diagnosis and management.
The document contains questions and answers about various topics related to CT scans. It includes definitions and explanations of ring artifacts, HRCT techniques, image reconstruction methods, CT numbers, scintillation detectors, pixels, radiation profile width in CT collimators, CT number, resolution types, mass attenuation coefficient, parallel multi-hole collimators, low dose CT scans, CT guided biopsies, and CT artifacts. The document consists of questions from several students on technical aspects of computed tomography imaging.
SPECT involves injecting a radiopharmaceutical that emits gamma rays. Detectors rotate around the body to acquire data from multiple angles and produce 3D images. It allows visualization of organ function. A gamma camera detects gamma rays and includes a collimator, scintillation detector, photomultiplier tubes, and computer. SPECT is used for heart, brain, and tumor imaging. It has lower resolution than PET but is commonly used to detect coronary artery disease.
Role Of Integrated Pet-Ct In Cancer of Unknown PrimaryApollo Hospitals
1. The study evaluated the role of integrated PET-CT in detecting the primary tumor in 69 patients with cancer of unknown primary.
2. PET-CT was able to detect the primary tumor in 49 patients (71%), with the most common sites being the lung (31%) and head and neck (26%).
3. PET-CT identified the primary tumor or provided additional useful information in staging in about half of the cases compared to CT alone.
The document discusses rare types of genital cancers. It mentions that rare genital cancers make up around 1% of cases, and includes cancers like sertoli cell tumors, granulosa cell tumors, and von Leydig cell tumors. It provides some key details about each type of rare cancer, including typical patient demographics, associated symptoms, treatment approaches, and prognosis.
PET scans use small amounts of radioactive tracers injected into the body to produce images showing how organs and tissues are functioning. A PET scan works by detecting gamma rays emitted by the tracers, allowing visualization of processes like blood flow, metabolic activity, and biochemical processes. PET scans are used to diagnose and manage conditions like cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders.
1-definition of SPECT :Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography.
2-differs from BET scan and SPECT.
3-divaice of SPECT.
4-SPECT scan for brain.
5-clinical application
6-patient preparation
7-ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
This document provides information about image reconstruction in multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). It begins with an overview of the basic principles of CT imaging, including image formation steps and reconstruction methods. It then describes the principles of helical CT scanning and how this enables volumetric data acquisition. Finally, it discusses image reconstruction techniques for MDCT, including interpolation methods needed to reconstruct images from the helical scan data. In particular, it notes that multi-detector arrays allow acquisition of multiple slices with each rotation, significantly increasing scan speed and coverage compared to earlier single-detector row CT.
Molecular imaging uses radiotracers and imaging modalities like PET and SPECT to non-invasively image biological processes at the molecular and cellular level. It has applications in both diagnostic imaging to locate targeted molecules involved in disease, as well as therapy to treat disease targets. PET provides higher resolution images while SPECT requires less equipment but has lower resolution. Both modalities detect emissions from radiotracers to construct 2D or 3D images showing the distribution of chemicals in the body.
PET-CT and PET-MR provide functional imaging through PET as well as anatomical imaging through CT or MRI. PET involves radiolabeling molecules like FDG with positron emitters, injecting them into patients, and using coincident detection of annihilation photons to construct 3D images. PET-CT provides accurate localization of functional abnormalities and distinction of normal from pathological tracer uptake. Whole-body PET-MRI is an emerging technique that combines the molecular imaging of PET with the excellent soft tissue contrast of MRI.
Tomography involves measuring gamma ray attenuation along lines of sight at different angles in order to reconstruct the internal structure of an object. Filtered back projection enhances edges in the projection data through filtering and backprojects the filtered data to form an image. Iterative reconstruction accounts for physical factors like attenuation, scatter, and noise by comparing projections of a patient model to actual data and updating the model. Quality control ensures proper system operation through tests of the center of rotation, uniformity, and ability to detect small objects.
This document discusses advances in oncological PET imaging. It begins by outlining limitations of current PET/CT imaging related to false positives, false negatives, and radiation exposure. It then describes several advances in PET imaging including new radiotracers for tumor characterization, instrumentation improvements, software enhancements to reduce radiation dose, and hybrid PET/MRI imaging. The document provides examples of how various new radiotracers beyond FDG can provide clinical benefits for tumor imaging and characterization.
Positron emission tomography pet scan and its applicationsYashawant Yadav
Slides contains physic about the PET scan that is positron emission tomography , its principle , detector configuration types , clinical application of PET Scan and advancement with CT and MRI
The document describes the CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery system. It provides sub-millimeter accuracy for treating tumors throughout the body with precise radiation beams. Key features include its robotic ability to track and correct for tumor movement during treatment in real-time without needing invasive head/body frames. It has treated over 16,000 patients worldwide for conditions like brain, lung, prostate and spine tumors.
This document provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It discusses the timeline of MRI development, how an MRI machine works, MRI principles regarding proton spin and magnetic fields, T1- and T2-weighted images, and common indications, advantages, disadvantages, and contraindications of MRI. MRI utilizes proton spin and magnetic fields to generate detailed images of internal structures without using ionizing radiation.
A PET scan uses radioactive tracers to detect disease in the body at a cellular level. It works by injecting a small amount of radioactive sugar molecule called FDG into the bloodstream. Cancer cells absorb more FDG than normal cells, allowing cancers to be seen as hot spots on PET images. PET scans are useful for detecting cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and evaluating treatment response. While exposing patients to radiation, PET scans provide metabolic imaging to detect diseases earlier than other scans.
This document discusses various MRI sequences. It describes spin echo sequences, inversion recovery sequences, gradient echo sequences, and echo planar imaging. Free induction decay is discussed as a short-lived signal appearing after a 90 degree RF pulse that does not contribute to image formation. Parameters, modifications, and uses of different sequences are outlined.
This document summarizes the process of simulation for radiation therapy treatment planning from CT imaging to treatment verification. It describes how patient positioning is done using lasers during CT scanning and how the CT images are imported into the treatment planning system. It also explains how the treatment planning system localizes CT markers and defines the isocenter in machine coordinates for treatment. Finally, it summarizes the verification process of aligning the patient using digital reconstructed radiographs and portal images to ensure accurate treatment delivery.
1. Nuclear medicine involves using radioactive substances to diagnose and treat disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radiotracers like fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to detect cancer cells and investigate their metabolism.
2. Cancer cells have altered metabolism and proliferation compared to normal cells. The Warburg effect shows they rely more on glycolysis than oxidative phosphorylation. This increased glycolysis can be detected on PET scans using FDG.
3. PET scans have many clinical applications, including cancer staging, detecting metastases, assessing treatment response, and distinguishing tumor recurrence from treatment effects. They provide functional information to guide diagnosis and management.
The document contains questions and answers about various topics related to CT scans. It includes definitions and explanations of ring artifacts, HRCT techniques, image reconstruction methods, CT numbers, scintillation detectors, pixels, radiation profile width in CT collimators, CT number, resolution types, mass attenuation coefficient, parallel multi-hole collimators, low dose CT scans, CT guided biopsies, and CT artifacts. The document consists of questions from several students on technical aspects of computed tomography imaging.
SPECT involves injecting a radiopharmaceutical that emits gamma rays. Detectors rotate around the body to acquire data from multiple angles and produce 3D images. It allows visualization of organ function. A gamma camera detects gamma rays and includes a collimator, scintillation detector, photomultiplier tubes, and computer. SPECT is used for heart, brain, and tumor imaging. It has lower resolution than PET but is commonly used to detect coronary artery disease.
Role Of Integrated Pet-Ct In Cancer of Unknown PrimaryApollo Hospitals
1. The study evaluated the role of integrated PET-CT in detecting the primary tumor in 69 patients with cancer of unknown primary.
2. PET-CT was able to detect the primary tumor in 49 patients (71%), with the most common sites being the lung (31%) and head and neck (26%).
3. PET-CT identified the primary tumor or provided additional useful information in staging in about half of the cases compared to CT alone.
The document discusses rare types of genital cancers. It mentions that rare genital cancers make up around 1% of cases, and includes cancers like sertoli cell tumors, granulosa cell tumors, and von Leydig cell tumors. It provides some key details about each type of rare cancer, including typical patient demographics, associated symptoms, treatment approaches, and prognosis.
This document provides a summary of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs):
- NETs arise from neuroendocrine cells throughout the body and can be functional or nonfunctional. Gastroenteropancreatic NETs are the most prevalent.
- NET incidence has increased 5-fold over the past 30 years. They are often advanced at diagnosis due to nonspecific symptoms and long diagnostic delays.
- Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapies like somatostatin analogues, interferon, and newer agents inhibiting angiogenesis and mTOR pathways. Clinical trials are evaluating these targeted agents.
- The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently deregulated in cancers including NETs and represents a
Francisca Mulero-'La visión computacional se encuentra con la medicina'Fundación Ramón Areces
El 14 de noviembre de 2016, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó un Simposio Internacional sobre tecnología aplicada al mundo de la medicina de la mano del Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts (MIT) y de la Fundación mVision. Este encuentro llevó por título 'La visión computacional se encuentra con la medicina'. Durante esta jornada, se analizó el impacto que están teniendo las nuevas técnicas de imagen en alta resolución para el diagnóstico de todo tipo de enfermedades.
The document discusses endometrial cancer including its classification, epidemiology, pathology, staging, risk categories, and treatment approaches. It notes that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in Western countries. Surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries is the main treatment, with additional therapies depending on risk factors like tumor grade and stage. Hormonal therapies, chemotherapy, and targeted molecular therapies are discussed as adjuvant or recurrent disease options.
PET/CT for Patients with Breast Cancer: Ductal and Lobular MalignanciesAmandaRussell40
FDG PET/CT is useful for staging and restaging breast cancer, especially ductal carcinoma, though it has limitations for lobular carcinoma which may not accumulate FDG. It can identify distant metastases in approximately 15-30% of stage 2B-3A patients and changes treatment in a significant portion. While not FDA-approved, new molecularly targeted radiotracers show promise for imaging lobular carcinoma and selecting personalized treatment based on tumor biomarkers.
The document summarizes current diagnosis and treatment strategies for neuroendocrine tumors. It discusses the classification and grading of neuroendocrine tumors based on primary tumor site and biomarkers like Ki67. Imaging techniques like octreoscan, MIBG scintigraphy, and PET using tracers like 18F-DOPA and 68Ga-DOTA-octreotide are described. Treatment options discussed include surgery, medical therapies like somatostatin analogs, chemotherapy, targeted radionuclide therapy using 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.
This document summarizes key information about cervical and endometrial cancers, including epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, treatment approaches, and ongoing clinical trials. It discusses that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in Western countries. Treatment depends on cancer stage and risk factors, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Ongoing research is evaluating the roles of lymphadenectomy, PET imaging, targeted agents, and optimal systemic therapies for advanced disease.
This document summarizes key information about cervical and endometrial cancers, including epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, treatment approaches, and ongoing clinical trials. It discusses that endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in Western countries. Treatment depends on cancer stage and risk factors, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Ongoing research is evaluating the roles of lymphadenectomy, PET imaging, targeted agents, and optimal systemic therapies for advanced disease.
Positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) has expanded for clinical oncology applications. PET provides metabolic tumor imaging, which can complement anatomical imaging from computed tomography (CT). F-18 FDG uptake is increased in cancer cells due to higher glucose metabolism. Combined PET/CT imaging provides precise anatomical localization of metabolic abnormalities seen on PET. PET can help characterize tumors, detect recurrence, and assess treatment response in ways that CT cannot by directly measuring cellular activity levels. Standard protocols involve patient preparation, intravenous F-18 FDG injection, and imaging after uptake and clearance periods.
1. FDG PET/CT is a valuable tool for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring treatment response in head and neck cancers. It provides both functional imaging of glucose metabolism from PET and anatomic details from CT.
2. PET/CT is especially useful for detecting oral cavity tumors when CT and MRI are limited by dental artifacts, and for identifying unknown primary tumors that are otherwise not detectable with other imaging.
3. A negative PET/CT scan after treatment indicates a high likelihood of complete response, but non-cancerous inflammatory changes can sometimes mimic residual tumor on PET scans. Patient preparation and protocol are important for accurate PET/CT interpretation.
Dr. José Baselga - Simposio Internacional 'Terapias oncológicas avanzadas'Fundación Ramón Areces
Los días 15 y 16 de octubre de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces y la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia, en colaboración con la Fundación de la Innovación Bankinter, reunieron en Madrid a algunos de los mayores expertos mundiales en nuevas terapias contra el cáncer. El Simposio Internacional, coordinado por la profesora y académica María José Alonso, analizó el momento actual de la lucha contra esta enfermedad. También fue un punto de encuentro para científicos de los más innovadores institutos de investigación en oncología, quienes debatieron sobre tres grandes temas: la Medicina Personalizada contra el cáncer, los nanomedicamentos en la terapia del cáncer y las terapias basadas en la inmunomodulación.
This document discusses genomic oncology and personalized medicine, using lung cancers as a model. It summarizes several key technologies that enable genomic oncology like cDNA microarrays, array CGH, and next generation sequencing. It provides examples of how these technologies have been used to classify cancers like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndrome, and identify genetic mutations that can guide targeted therapies for cancers like EGFR-mutated lung cancer.
PET SCAN IN UROLOGY
Molecular imaging such as PET scans allow visualization of biochemical processes in the body. PET scans using radiotracers like 18F-FDG have various applications in urology including detecting cancers of the prostate, kidney, bladder, testes, and penis. 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in particular has high sensitivity for detecting prostate cancer, even at low PSA levels. PET scans provide diagnostic information and can guide treatment planning and monitoring.
Supraglottic Paraganglioma in Type IV Paraganglioma Syndrome Treated with CO2...semualkaira
Paragangliomas are benign tumors derived from extra-adrenal paraganglia. They are rarely asymptomatic and may involve the head and neck region in 3% of cases. Asymptomatic supraglottic paraganglioma associated with paraganglioma syndrome is described in this case report. A
35-year-old woman affected by papillary thyroid cancer, was referred to our Unit for preoperative
evaluation for total thyroidectomy. D
The document discusses how cancer genomics is transforming cancer diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing technologies are enabling whole genome and exome sequencing of tumors at lower costs. This allows comprehensive genomic profiling of cancers to detect mutations, rearrangements, and biomarkers that provide diagnostic, prognostic and treatment information. However, challenges remain around technology, costs, data analysis and clinical integration. Pathologists will need to adapt training and integrate genomic data into diagnostic reporting to realize the potential of cancer genomics.
1. The document provides guidelines for diagnostic evaluation and treatment of testicular tumours, including clinical examination, imaging, tumour markers, inguinal exploration, pathological examination, and screening.
2. Diagnostic tools include assessing tumour marker kinetics, lymph node status via CT imaging, and chest CT to evaluate thorax and mediastinal nodes.
3. Clinical staging systems and prognostic classification systems are outlined. Treatment approaches are provided for stage 1 and metastatic seminoma. Fertility impacts and options are also discussed.
Head and neck cancer accounts for 5-6% of all cancers, with over 90% being squamous cell carcinomas. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and HPV. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or combinations. While early stage cancer has a good prognosis with single modality treatment, advanced stages generally require combined modality treatment, though 5-year survival remains below 35%. New targeted therapies and improved radiation techniques have provided benefits in recent years.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
2. Molecular imaging
offers unique insights into the
human body that enable
physicians to personalize
patient care. In terms of
diagnosis, molecular imaging is
able to:
provide information that is
unattainable with other imaging
technologies or that would
require more invasive
procedures such as biopsy or
surgery
identify disease in its earliest
stages and determine the exact
location of a tumor, often before
symptoms occur or
abnormalities can be detected
with other diagnostic tests
SNMI
12. PET
TRACERS
PET PROBE BIOMARKER USE
18 F
18 F- FDG GLUCOSE
METABOLISM
Lymphoma
Head & Neck ca
NSCLC, melanoma,
colon ca, Cardiac
Viability
18-F-FET AMINO ACID
METABOLISM
CANCER
(BRAIN- glioma)
18 F- FLT TISSUE
PROLIFERATION
CANCER
(BRAIN)
18-F- FMISO/FAZA TISSUE HYPOXIA CANCER
(GIST/SARCOMA)
18-F- FCH STEROL
PROLIFERATION
CANCER
(Prostate)
68 Ga 68-Ga- Octreotate TUMOUR RECEPTOR
OVEREXPRESSION
CANCER
(NET)
82-Rb ( PERFUSION) Myocardial Perfusion
14. Semiquatitative marker: SUV
– = tracer activity / injected dose normalized to
body weight.
• SUV was a significant and independent
predictor of local control and disease-free
survival . Tatsuo Torizuka et al AJR 2009; 192:W156-W160
15. Tumour FDG roles SUVmax
(FDG)
Published study
Colorectal metastasis Prognostic marker 10.0 Christopher C.R. et al.J
Nuc Med 2007 - (5)
Non-small lung
carcinoma
Predictor for
recurrent tumour
4.5 Shiono et al. J. of
Thoracic
Oncology.2011- (6)
Thymic tumour Predictor for
malignancy
8.5 Reimer SE et al. J Nucl
Med (1998)- (7)
Thymoma Predictor for tumour
aggressiveness
10.0 Yon et al. J Nucl
Med (2006) - (8)
Liposarcoma Predictor for disease
- free survival
3.6 Winfried B. et al.
European Journal of
Nuclear Medicine and
Molecular Imaging.
2006- (23)
Invasive ductal breast
cancer
Predictor for
progression-free
disease survival
6.6 Bong-Il S et al. Nucl
Med Mol Imaging.
(2011) – (32)
Phaechromocytoma/
Paraganglioma
recurrence
Predictor for tumour
aggressiveness
9.1 Fathinul F et al
(unpublished) –(39)
16. UTILITY OF FDG -PET AS A BIOMARKER
• LOCALISATION
• PRE-TREATMENT STAGING
• TREATMENT MONITORING
• PREDICTION OF TUMOUR
RECURRENCE/AGGRESSIVENESS
• PROGNOSTIC FACTOR
23. The critical need for Surrogate Biomarker
•Relative rare, NET cause substantial morbidity in
community
•Symptoms are innocuous
•Survival is long, suffering can be protracted
•Slow growth , low response rates using concentional
treatment
•Use of the structural imaging :
Detection of secondary deposits are poor
•NET: clonal heterogeneity-
discrimination of benign from malignant is difficult on
histology
•WHO: malignant disease is solely based on the basis of
metastasis/retrospective analysis
24. Introduction
•>13 known neuroendocrine cells that
can undergo malignant transformation
[Rindi G, Kloppel G. Endocrine tumors of the gut and
pancreas tumor biology and classification.
Neuroendocrinology 2004; 80(Suppl 1): 1215]
•Hormonal excess to constituitional
symptoms
•Peptide hormones bind to stimulatory or
inhibitory cell surface receptors (SSTR)
•NET express SSTR (subtype 2)
S
2
25. NEUROENDOCRINE
TUMOUR
• BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Malignant NET
constitutes a rare
heterogenous group
of tumour
NET adrenal,
endocrine Islets
(thyroid , pancreas)
Digestive and
respiratoyr tracts
Indolent
Growth
• Well
differentiated
aggressive
• Poorly
differentiated
Malignant
potential
• De-
differentiated
26. 600 × 411 - ... progression to a higher grade of de-
differentiation and malignancy
FDG-PET: Prediction of aggressiveness
27. Imaging Biomarkers!
In this patient with metastatic NET, co-registered
image in transaxial planes demonstrate sites (cross-
hairs) of high FDG uptake on PET (left panels) lacking
in somatostatin receptor expression based on In-111
octreotide SPECT (right panels) scanning.
….unlike most tumours, no
molecular or cellular markers
can identify a PCC/PGL as
malignant. Vascular invasion
and cellular atypia, do not
definitively identify a
PCC/PGL as malignant
29. FDG-PET : Tumour Localisation
• ? Reliability of FDG-PET
– : useful marker in localising
metastatic/recurrent PCC/PGL
Timmers HJ, et al.
Superiority of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to other functional imaging
techniques in the evaluation of metastatic SDHB-associated pheochromocytoma and
paraganglioma. J.Clin.Oncol. 2007 Jun 1;25(16):2262-2269
32. Factor No of Patients p
Local control
(n=9)
Metastasis
(n=14)
Tumour SUVmax
<9.2
>9.2
9
0
6
8
**0.03
Tumour size
<2.0cm
>2.0cm
9
0
9
5
0.14
Serum
catecholamine
positive
negative
2
7
12
2
0.18
Predictors for localcontrol/metastasis
** : Fischer’s exact test : significant value P<0.05
33. •The problem with molecular heterogeneity
•Tumour with indistinguishable histology
demonstrated quite different response to therapy
FDG-PET: Pre-treatment staging: