Module 4 Understanding energy effeciency provisions class 2 to 9

National Construction Code
Training Program
MODULE FOUR
Understanding
Energy Efficiency
Provisions for Class
2 to 9 Buildings

Introduction to Module Four
• This training module is one of a series produced by the Australian
Building Codes Board; the organisation responsible for the
development and maintenance of the National Construction Code
(NCC)
• For the purposes of this presentation it is assumed that participants
have a general understanding of the content of ABCB training
Modules One and Two
Scope of the BCAIntroduction to Module 4 Methods of Compliance

Building Code
Volume Three
Guide to
Volume One
Volume One
Appendices
Volume TwoVolume One
Plumbing
Code
National Construction Code Series

Recap on Module One
• Module One was titled: An Introduction to the Building Code of
Australia – Volume One and Two of the NCC Series
• The object of Module One was to provide information on-
− the background to the development of the BCA
− the operation of the BCA, and
− the application of the BCA

The Building Code of Australia
• The BCA established minimum standards for new building work
• The BCA:
− Is referenced in State /Territory law – see next slide
− Is amended annually
− Requirements are intended to be cost effective
− Requirements are intended to eliminate poor practice
− Does not address best practice

STATE & TERRITORY
BUILDING ACTS
STATE & TERRITORY
BUILDING REGULATIONS
TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS
• Approvals
• Appeals
• Registrations
• Refurbishments
• Building standard

Presentation of the BCA
• The BCA is presented in two Volumes
• This is to correlate with the historic division of the building
industry
• In general, industry tends to work in either the housing sector or the
commercial sector, although some large companies work in both
sectors
• The BCA endeavours to follow this division

BCA Volumes One and Two
• Volume One contains requirements for the design and construction
of commercial buildings; i.e. Class 2 to 9 buildings, plus some Class
10 structures
• Volume Two contains requirements for the design and construction
of domestic buildings; i.e. Class 1 and 10 buildings, plus some
Class 10 structures

Recap on Module Two
• Module Two was titled: Understanding the BCA’s Performance
Requirements
• The object of Module Two was to provide information on how to
comply with the BCA without using Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions
– i.e. by developing an Alternative Solution which complies with the
relevant Performance Requirements.

Recap on Module Two
• Volume One contains ten sections, which are identified
alphabetically, i.e. Sections A to J
• The general structure and operation of the BCA is presented at
Section A, which is titled ‘General Provisions’
• Section B to J contain mandatory technical requirements, which
are expressed as Performance Requirements, and optional means
of compliance with the Performance Requirements. These are
expressed as Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions

Objective of Module Four
• The objective of Module Four is to provide fundamental
information on BCA energy efficiency provisions relating to Class
2 to 9 buildings; i.e. multi-storey residential buildings and other
commercial buildings
• The information provided in this presentation relates to the national
content of the BCA and does not address State or Territory
variations

BCA Energy Efficiency
BCA requirements aim to reduce the use of energy from electricity, gas,
oil, or other fuels used in buildings for:
• Heating
• Cooling
• Ventilation
• Artificial lighting
• Hot water (heating and sanitary)
• Other services

BCA Requirements
• The BCA only addresses energy used by a building's services to
operate
• Does not include energy used in manufacturing building materials
or the construction of a building (i.e. embodied energy).
• Does not include portable appliances within a building such as
computers or fridges

Background
Scope of the BCA
Methods of Compliance
Module Four

Module Four
• Principles of Energy Efficiency
• General Scope of BCA Provisions
• Performance Requirements
• Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions
• Alternative Solutions
• Verification Methods
• Administrative Matters

Background to
Energy Efficiency Provisions

General Background
• Over the past decade international awareness of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions and their influence on global warming has grown
significantly
• GHG is a natural part of Earth’s atmosphere that captures the
Sun’s warmth to keep Earth’s surface temperature at a life supporting
level

• Increased concentrations of GHG will cause variations to our
climate that will differ between geographic regions
• Changes may occur to temperatures, rainfall, wind speed,
vegetation and animal life
• GHG emissions are increasing due to human activities such as land
clearing and burning fossil fuel (e.g. coal and oil)
General Background

• 1997 – the Prime Minister issued a statement on Australia’s response
to global warming that included measures to reduce energy
consumption in buildings
• The building sector was not the largest contributor to national
GHG emissions - although it contributed 27% of energy related GHG
emissions and was the fastest growing source
• Late 1990’s - governments considered the need for new buildings
to operate in an energy efficient manner
National Background

• It was apparent that market forces had not addressed the issue
effectively so there was a need for regulatory reform
• Industry generally supported the need to eliminate worst practice
in building design
• 2000 – Agreement by the Council of Australian Governments
(COAG) to introduce energy efficiency regulations for domestic and
National Background

National Background
• 2001 – In response, the Australian Greenhouse Office (AGO) and
the ABCB entered into an agreement to develop energy efficiency
provisions and introduce these through the BCA
• 2001- 2002 - Housing energy efficiency provisions developed
• January 2003 - BCA Volume Two introduced 4 star energy
efficiency provisions in climate zones 4 to 8 and 3.5 star in climate
zones 1 to 3 for housing and associated buildings
• Some States/Territories had existing provisions in place and did
not adopt new BCA requirements

• BCA 2005
− Introduced the same star level requirements for Class 2 and 3
buildings and Class 4 parts as for housing , i.e. SOU’s must
achieve a minimum of 3 stars, but achieve a 4 star average in
climate zones 4 to 8 and 3.5 star average in climate zones 1 to 3.
• BCA 2006
− Introduced requirements for Class 5 to 9 buildings
− Enhanced requirements for Class 1 and nominated Class 10a
buildings from 3.5 / 4 star to 5 star
National Background

• BCA 2010
− Enhanced the requirements for Class 5 to 9 buildings
− Further enhanced the requirements for Class 1 and nominated
Class 10a buildings from 5 star to 6 star
− Also enhanced requirements for Class 2 buildings and Class 4
parts of a building (average 6 star, minimum 5 star)
National Background

What is a House Star Rating?
• A house star rating is a quantified benchmark used to describe
the energy efficiency performance of a building’s fabric based on an
annual energy load
• The rating is used in the BCA and is derived using computer
software packages: AccuRate, BERS and Firstrate
• It should not be confused with a Greenstar rating which is a
sustainability system and includes water etc

Draft Provisions
• Originally developed through stakeholder committees, specialist
working groups and specialist consultants
• Proposals were refined through industry and community
consultation
• Draft provisions were subject to a formal Regulation Document
process and Regulatory Impact Statement process

Regulatory Impact Statement
• Under an IGA, the ABCB must only propose new regulation as a
final option
• All proposals for change to the BCA must be subjected to a rigorous
regulatory impact assessment process that includes cost benefit
analysis
• The new regulation must generate the greatest net benefit for the
community

Four Stage Process
• Using a four stage process, the ABCB has now introduced energy
efficiency requirements for all classes of buildings
− 2003 - Class 1 & 10 (4 star / 3.5 star)
− 2005 - Class 2 to 4 (4 star / 3.5 star average – 3 star minimum)
− 2006 - Class 5 to 9; plus
- Class 1 & 10 enhanced (Verification 5 star)
− 2010 - Class 3 and 5 to 9 enhanced; and
- Class 2 and 4 (6 star average – 5 star minimum)
- Class 1 & 10 (6 star)

Voluntary Best Practice
• The Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE)
has also developed a series of other programs - aimed at assisting
designers to go beyond the minimum requirements of the BCA
• These programs promote voluntary best practice rather than BCA
minimum requirements
• Information can be found at: www.climatechange.gov.au

Principles of Energy Efficiency

Objective of BCA Provisions
• The objective of the BCA energy efficiency provisions is to reduce
GHG emissions by reducing the operational energy use of buildings
without reducing comfort and amenity
• BCA requirements primarily address:
− heat flow - in and out of a building through the building
envelope, and
− services - that use energy e.g. air-conditioning, hot water and
lighting

Definition of Envelope
Envelope, means the parts of a building’s fabric that separate a
conditioned space or habitable room from –
(a) the exterior of the building; or
(b) a non-conditioned space including –
(i) the floor of a rooftop plant room, lift-machine room or the like; and
(ii) the floor above a carpark or warehouse; and
(iii) the common wall with a carpark, warehouse or the like.

= Walls of the building envelope General office: The
external walls, roof and
floor above a carpark
bounding the general office
are treated as part of the
building envelope under the
BCA definition because all
rooms are conditioned.
Corridor: This area is also
inside the envelope
because it is conditioned.
Plant Room
General Office
(Conditioned)
Private Office
Access Stair
General Office
(Conditioned)
Public Corridor (Conditioned)
Definition of Envelope

Definition of Service
Service, for the purposes of Part I2 and Section J, means a
mechanical or electrical system that uses energy to provide air-
conditioning, mechanical ventilation, hot water supply, artificial lighting,
vertical transport and the like within a building, but which does not
include –
(a) systems used solely for emergency purposes; and
(b) cooking facilities; and
(c) portable appliances

Principles of Energy Efficiency
• The efficient performance of the building envelope plus the
efficient operation of building services results in reduced -
− demand for a service, i.e. in moderate climate zones,
− size of a service,
− operating time of a service, and
− energy consumption of the service
• The use of fuels with the lowest practical greenhouse gas intensity

Application of Requirements
• Not all of Australia has the same climate so the BCA elemental
Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions vary across eight (8) climate zones
• Climate zone 1 is hot and humid while climate zone 8 is cold
• A map of the location of the various climate zones is provided as
Figure A1.1 – see next slide

Climate Zone Map
Figure A1.1

Individual State and territory maps are
available on the ABCB website at:
http://www.abcb.gov.au
Climate Zone Map

Application of Requirements
• The primary intent of the BCA provisions is to reduce energy
required for cooling services in warmer climate zones and heating
services in cooler climate zones
• The extent of specific requirements will generally vary depending on
the use of the building and the climate zone in which it is located

General Scope of BCA
Provisions

Sections of Volume One
• Energy efficiency provisions are primarily governed by the content of
Section A and Section J of Volume One
• Section A – General Provisions – presents the general rules by
which BCA is applied and is addressed in detail in Module One
• Section A also contains Part A1 – Interpretation, which presents
defined terms within the BCA

Section J – Energy Efficiency
• Section J presents both the mandatory Performance
Requirements and the optional Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions
for energy efficiency in Class 2 to 9 buildings
• While compliance with the Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions is
optional, the main benefit of following this form of Building Solution
is the certainty of compliance with the mandatory Performance
Requirements
Scope of the BCA Methods of ComplianceIntroduction to Module 4

• Defined terms specific to the energy efficiency provisions are
presented on the following slides
• BCA users should not assume the meaning of new terms and
should refer to the definitions until familiar with the energy efficiency
provisions
Scope of the BCA Methods of Compliance
Relevant Defined Terms
Introduction to Module 4

• Air-conditioning
• Climate zone
• Conditioned space
• Envelope
• Fabric
• Fan power
• Glazing
• Illuminance
• Illumination power density
• Lamp power density
• Latent heat gain
• Light source efficacy
• Outdoor air economy cycle
• Piping
• Pump power
• R-Value

• Reference building
• Reflective insulation
• Renewable energy
• Roof light
• Sensible heat gain
• Service
• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
• Thermal calculation method
• Total R-Value
• Total U-Value

Energy Efficiency
Performance Requirements

• There are three mandatory Performance Requirements for
energy efficiency:
− JP1 - requires a building & its services to have features that
facilitate the efficient use of energy
− JP2 - requires a building, including its services, to have features
that facilitate the maintenance of systems and components
appropriate to the function and use of the building
− JP3 - requires services to use energy from low greenhouse
emitting sources where possible

Performance Requirement JP1
Introduction to Module 4 Scope of the BCA Methods of Compliance

Remember this definition?

Energy Efficiency
Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions

Parts of Section J
Part J0 – Energy Efficiency
Part J1 – Building Fabric
Part J2 – Glazing
Part J3 – Building Sealing
Part J5 – Air-Conditioning and Ventilation Systems
Part J6 – Artificial Lighting and Power
Part J7 – Hot Water Supply & Pool & Spa Plant
Part J8 – Access for Maintenance & Monitoring Facilities

Specifications
• Section J also has eight Specifications –
Spec JV – Annual Energy Consumption Criteria
Spec J1.2 – Material Properties
Spec J1.3 – Roof and Ceiling Construction
Spec J1.5 – Wall Construction
Spec J1.6 – Floor Construction
Spec J5.2 – Ductwork Insulation and Sealing
Spec J5.4 – Insulation of Piping, Vessels etc
Spec J6 – Lighting and Power Control Devices

• Seven of the Specifications provide detailed information on
components of the Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions and must be
satisfied in order to comply with the Deemed-to-Satisfy
Provisions
• Alternative Solutions can be developed as another option to
compliance instead of any aspect of Deemed-to-Satisfy
Provisions
Specifications

PART J0
ENERGY EFFICENCY

Part J0
• For apartments – House energy rating solution
− Energy rating
− J0.3 for ceiling fans
− Specific J1 provisions for materials & construction
− J3 for sealing
− J5, J6, J7 and J8 for services
• For other areas & all other buildings
− J1 to J8

PART J1
BUILDING FABRIC

Principles of Part J1
• To regulate the performance of the building fabric in order to
reduce heat gain and heat loss
• To reduce the need for thermal conditioning of spaces within
buildings

Definition of Fabric
• In essence, the fabric is a general description of the primary building
elements that form the envelope
• Note that the BCA definition of fabric does not include glazing

Application of Part J1
• Part J1 applies to building elements forming the envelope of a
Class 2 to 9 building other than-
− a Class 7, 8 or 9b building that does not have a conditioned
space, or
− an atrium or solarium that is not a conditioned space and is
separated from the remainder of the building by an envelope.

Thermal Construction
• Specific parts of a building's envelope need to be insulated if
they do not have thermal properties required for the climate zone
in which the building is located
• Insulation must be installed to form a consistent and continuous
barrier in conjunction with building members
• Gaps in the barrier allow heat in or out and reduce the efficiency
of the barrier

• R-Value – means the thermal resistance (m2
.K/W) of a
component calculated by dividing its thickness by its thermal
conductivity
• In essence – the R-Value represents the ability of a material to
resist heat flow
Other Important Terms

• Total R-Value – means the sum of the R-Values of individual
components in a composite element including any building
material, insulating material, air space and associated surface
resistances
Other Important Terms

Thermal Insulation
Thermal insulation must –
• comply with AS/NZS 4859.1; and
• be installed to form a consistent and continuous barrier, other
than at studs etc, in accordance with the BCA’s and
manufacturer’s requirements.
Thermal insulation may be either reflective insulation or bulk insulation

Thermal Insulation
Thermal insulation needs to be installed so that –
• Any required air space is provided adjacent to the reflective surface
of reflective insulation
• The thickness of bulk insulation is maintained as compression of
insulation material can reduce the R-Value
• Note: Consideration needs to be given to the risk that artificial
cooling or heating of internal spaces may promote condensation
within adjoining elements.

Specification J1.2

ROOFS

Direction of Heat Flow
• The direction of heat flow that needs to be counteracted will
depend on the climate zone
• The direction of heat flow is the dominant direction during typical
hours of occupation of the building

Roof & Ceiling Construction
• Must achieve the minimum Total R-Value specified in Table J1.3a
for the direction of heat flow
• Some reductions apply to some buildings in selected climate
zones
• Specification J1.3 presents the thermal performance of some
common forms of (uninsulated) roof and ceiling construction.

Extract of Table J1.3a
Table J1.3a ROOFS AND CEILINGS – MINIMUM TOTAL R-VALUE FOR EACH CLIMATE
ZONE
Climate Zone
1, 2, 3,
4 and 5
6 7 8
Direction of heat flow Downwards Upwards
Minimum Total R-Value for a roof or ceiling with a roof
upper surface absorptance value of not more than 0.4
3.2 3.2 3.7 4.8
upper surface absorptance value of not more than 0.6
3.7 3.2 3.7 4.8
upper surface absorptance value of more than 0.6
4.2 3.2 3.7 4.8

Typical Absorptance Values
Colour Value
Slate (dark grey) 0.90
Red, green 0.75
Yellow, buff 0.60
Zinc aluminium — dull 0.55
Galvanised steel — dull 0.55
Light grey 0.45
Off white 0.35
Light cream 0.30

Total R-Value
• Certain roofs with metal framing and cladding require a thermal
break to be installed.
• As more downlights and fans are installed in a ceiling, the loss of
insulation must be compensated for by increasing the R-Value of
insulation in the remainder of the ceiling – See Table J1.3b

Downlights Clearance

ROOF LIGHTS

Roof Lights
• Thermal performance of roof lights is specified in Table J1.4 in
terms of maximum SHGC and Total U-Value
• The application of the Table depends on the area of roof lights as
a percentage of the floor area of the room or space served by the
roof light

Table J1.4 ROOF LIGHTS -THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF TRANSPARENT AND TRANSLUCENT
ELEMENTS
Total area of roof lights serving the room or space as a percentage of the floor area of the
room or spaceRoof light shaft
index (see Note 1)
Up to 2%
More than 2% and up
to 3%
More than 3% and
up to 4%
More than 4% and
up to 5%
Less than 0.5
SHGC of not more
than 0.83 and a Total
U-Value of not more
than 8.5
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 5.7
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 4.3
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 3.4
0.5 to less than 1.0
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 8.5
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 5.7
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 4.3
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 3.4
1.0 to less than 2.5
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 8.5
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 5.7
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 4.3
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 3.4
2.5 and above
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 8.5
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 5.7
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 4.3
SHGC of not more
U-Value of not more
than 3.4

WALLS

Walls
• As with roofs, the construction of external walls is a major factor in
the thermal efficiency of a building
• External walls are generally required to achieve a minimum Total
R-Value, with or without other features
• Concessions to the minimum Total R-Value are provided for
specified conditions

Walls
• The general requirements for the thermal performance of external
walls are specified in Table J1.5a
• The general requirements for the thermal performance of internal
walls are specified in Table J1.5b
• Exceptions apply to nominated elements and openings

• Requirements relate to climate zones and are expressed in Table
J1.5a in terms of –
− minimum Total R-Value
− minimum surface density (weight of 1 m2
of wall)
− incorporation of a cavity
− shading projections
− specific glazing energy index options
− wall orientation and solar absorptance
External Walls

• Options are available in certain climate zones if more demanding
glazing requirements are met
• Thermal breaks need to be provided in certain metal framed
lightweight walls with a single framing member in the direction of
heat flow
• Specification J1.5 presents the thermal performance of some
common forms of (uninsulated) external wall construction.
External Walls

Table J1.5a OPTIONS FOR EACH PART OF AN EXTERNAL WALL
Climate zone Options
(a) (i) Achieve a minimum Total R-Value of 3.3.
(ii) The minimum Total R-Value in (i) is reduced-
(A) for a wall with a surface density of not less than 220 kg/m
2
, by 0.5; and
(B) for a wall that is-
(aa) facing the south orientation as described in Figure J2.3, by 0.5; or
(bb) shaded with a projection shade angle in accordance with Figure J1.5 of-
(AA) 15 degrees to not more than 45 degrees, by 0.5; or
(BB) more than 45 degrees, by 1.0; and
(C) if the outer surface solar absorptance value is not more than 0.6, by 0.5.
1, 2 and 3
(b) Where the only space for insulation is provided by a furring channel, top hat section,
batten or the like—
(i) achieve a minimum Total R-Value of 1.4; and
(ii) satisfy glazing energy index Option B of Table J2.4a; and
External Walls

• Requirements relate to climate zones and are expressed in Table
J1.5b in terms of-
− minimum Total R-Value
− whether enclosed
− amount of any mechanical ventilation
− amount of glazing
Internal Walls

FLOORS

Floors
• A floor that forms part of a building's envelope must achieve the
appropriate minimum Total R-Value in Table J1.6.
• A floor with an in-slab heating or cooling system must be
insulated around the vertical edge of its perimeter with insulation
having an R-Value of not less than 1.0. This requirement also
applies if the floor is located in climate zone 8.
• In climate zones 1 to 6 – the Total R-Value for a floor can be
reduced if the Total R-Value for roof and ceiling construction is
increased.

Location
Climate zone
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(a) A slab on ground-
(i) without an in-slab heating or cooling system
(ii) with an in-slab heating or cooling system
Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 1.0 2.0
1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 2.25
(b) A suspended floor without an in-slab heating or
cooling system and with the non-conditioned
space -
(i) enclosed; and
(ii) if mechanically ventilated, by not more than
1.5 air changes per hour of outside air.
1.0 1.0 Nil Nil 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.5
(c) For a suspended floor with an in-slab heating or
cooling system and the non-conditioned space -
(i) enclosed; and
(ii) if mechanically ventilated, by not more than
1.5 air changes per hour of outside air.
1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.75 2.75
(d) For other than (a), (b) or (c) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.5
Table J1.6 FLOOR MINIMUM TOTAL R-VALUE

PART J2
EXTERNAL GLAZING

• Good glazing design contributes to energy efficiency in buildings by –
− utilising natural light
− enhancing solar heat gains in southern winters
− restricting heat losses in southern winters and
− restricting unwanted heat gains in summer or in hotter
climates

Factors Affecting Heat Transfer
• Location of the building
• Total area of glazing
• Type of glass and frame used
• Degree of exposure to the sun – influenced by orientation to the
sun and shading
• Use of air-conditioning to condition the space

Two Basic Considerations
• For glazing, the BCA provisions consider two main
thermodynamic effects-
− heat conduction through the glazing due to temperature
differences on either side of the glazing, and
− solar radiation directly through the glazing into the building

Solar Radiation Through Glass
Short wave radiation
passes through glazing.
Heat is absorbed by
interior surfaces and
re-radiated.
Re-radiated long wave
radiation is trapped
inside the building

Performance of Basic Glazing
• The insulated external wall has a Total R-Value of 2.8
• The wall contains 6 mm single layer clear glazing in aluminum
frames
• The thermal resistance of the glazing would equate to a total R-
Value of around 0.17
• Therefore the required wall insulates against heat transfer
around 16 times better than basic glazing

High-Rise Buildings
• The building envelope of a high-rise building will often have large
glazed areas. Therefore, glazing can become the greatest source
of heat transfer and air infiltration for a conditioned space.
• Also, the higher a conditioned space is located above ground
level, the greater the wind pressure and the potential for air
infiltration.

A Definition of Glazing
• Glazing – for the purposes of Section J, means a transparent or
translucent element and its supporting frame located in the
envelope, and includes a window other than a roof light.

• Total U-Value means the thermal transmittance (W/m2.
K) of the
composite element allowing for the effect of any air spaces and
surface resistances.
• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) – means the fraction of
incident irradiance on the transparent or translucent element of a
glazing system that adds heat to a building’s space.
• In essence – a measure of how well the glazing system limits
the heat energy of the sun – the lower the number the less
energy it transmits.
Other Relevant Terms

• Conductance – relates to the transfer of heat.
The rate of conductance depends on the ambient temperature
either side of the glazing and Total U-Value of the glazing.
• Solar heat gain – is heat gain caused by solar radiation passing
through glazing.
Depends on:
− the SHGC of the glazing unit, and
− its exposure to solar radiation, e.g. location, shading and
orientation
Other Relevant Terms

Part J2
Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions

building other than:
− a sole-occupancy unit of a Class 2 building or Class 4 part of a
building; or
− a Class 7, 8 or 9b building that does not have a conditioned
space; or
separated from the remainder of the building.

Part J2.4
Glazing Calculation

Glazing
• The calculation requires the assessment of glazing in each storey
for each orientation
• The method requires calculation of-
− allowable air-conditioning energy value; and
− aggregated air-conditioning energy value
• Aggregated values must not exceed allowable values for each
storey in each orientation

• The calculation also requires consideration of –
– the orientation – Figure J2.3
– the shading projection to height dimensions (P/H) – Figure J2.4
– the projection to glazing head dimensions (G) – Figure J2.4
– shading details – Part J2.5
Glazing

Orientation
• North orientation reduces summer sun and maximises winter sun
• A building facade, including the glazing it contains, is considered to
face North if it faces any direction in the North orientation sector
of Figure J2.3 – see the next slide
• The orientations of other facades, including the glazing they contain,
are determined in a similar way

Orientation Sectors – Figure J2.3

Calculation of P/H
• Shading for a projection is expressed as P/H
• Refer to Part J2.5 for shading details (projection and shading
device)
• P is a horizontal measurement from the external face of the
glazing to the edge of the shading projection
• H is the vertical measurement from the glazing sill to the underside
of the shading projection

First floor
P = 600mm
H = 2300mm
P/H = 0.26
Ground floor
P = 1200mm
H = 1400mm
P/H = 0.86
FIGURE J2.4
P
H
P
H

• First calculation – measure the facade area of each storey for
each orientation
• Multiply each facade area by the energy index obtained from
Table J2.4a
• “Option A” values apply unless “Option B” values are used to
comply with J1.5
• The resulting values are the allowances for the actual design
Glazing

Table J2.4a
TABLE J2.4a ENERGY INDEX
Climate zone
Application
Energy
index
option 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A 0.067 0.132 0.091 0.086 0.092 0.090 0.059 0.027
Class 3 and 9c building
B 0.060 0.124 0.078 0.063 0.071 0.061 0.037 Not applicable
A 0.180 0.217 0.221 0.227 0.257 0.220 0.170 0.046Display glazing in a shop
or showroom B 0.173 0.209 0.208 0.204 0.236 0.191 0.148 Not applicable
A 0.130 0.181 0.172 0.142 0.175 0.116 0.083 0.023Glazing in other than a
Class 3 or 9c building or
display glazing in a shop
or showroom
B 0.123 0.173 0.159 0.113 0.145 0.082 0.058 Not applicable
Note:
Option A applies to all glazing other than where compliance with Option B is required by Table J1.5a.

• Second calculation – measure the aggregated air-conditioning
energy value
• Apply the required formula to each individual glazing element of a
storey at each orientation – see next slide
• Add individual glazing values to achieve the aggregate air-
conditioning energy value for the storey and orientation
Glazing

A1 [ SHGC1 ( CA x SH1 + CB x SC1 ) + CC x U1] where;
A1 = the area of glazing element 1
SHGC1 = the SHGC of glazing element 1
CA CBCC = the energy constants A, B and C for the
specific orientation from Table J2.4b
SH1 = the heating shading multiplier for glazing
element 1 obtained from Table J2.4c
SC1 = the cooling shading multiplier for glazing
element 1 obtained from Table J2.4d
U1 = the Total U-Value of glazing element 1

• A Class 5 building in climate zone 5 has a 15m x 15m footprint
and a storey height of 2.7m
• The area of each facade for each storey is 15 x 2.7 = 40.5 m2
• Energy Index from Table J2.4a for Option B in climate zone 5 is
0.145
• The allowed aggregate air-conditioning energy value for each
facade of each storey is 5.87
Example

• Firstly we need to calculate the aggregate air-conditioning energy
value for each glazing element in each facade of a typical storey
• Each facade has three windows 2m wide x 1m high with a U-
Value of 7.9 and a SHGC of 0.83 (clear in aluminium)
• Shading projection of 450 mm, 300 mm above the glazing head,
i.e. P/H = 0.35
Example

North Facade Calculation
A1(SHGC1 [CA x SH1+ CB x SC1] + CC x U1)
= 2 (0.83 x [-0.06 x 0.975 + 1.46 x 0.81] + -0.02 x 7.9)
= 2 (0.83 x [-0.0585 + 1.1826] + -0.158)
= 2 (0.83 x [1.124] + -0.158)
= 2 (0.933 + -0.158)
= 1.55
There are three equal windows on typical storey of North facade – so
total North is 4.65

East Facade Calculation
= 2 (0.83 x [-0.18 x 0.935 + 1.32 x 0.885] + 0 x 7.9)
= 2 (0.83 x [- 0.1683 + 1.1682] + 0)
= 2 (0.83 x [0.9999] + 0)
= 2 (0.8299)
= 1.66
There are three equal windows on typical storey of East facade – so
total East is 4.98

South Facade Calculation
A1(SHGC1 [CA x SH1+ CB x SC1] + CCx U1)
= 2 (0.83 x [-0.47 x 0.943 + 0.41 x 0.908] + 0.07 x 7.9)
= 2 (0.83 x [-0.443 + 0.372] + 0.553)
= 2 (0.83 x [-0.071] + 0.553)
= 2 (-0.059 + 0.553)
= 0.99
There are three equal windows on typical storey of South facade – so
total South is 2.97

West Facade Calculation
= 2 (0.83 x [-0.28 x 0.935 + 1.13 x 0.875] + 0.02 x 7.9)
= 2 (0.83 x [-0.262 + 0.989] +0.158)
= 2 (0.83 x [0.727] + 0.158)
= 2 (0.603 + 0.158)
= 1.52
There are three equal windows on typical storey of West facade – so
total West is 4.56

Summary
North Facade = 4.65
East Facade = 4.98
South Facade = 2.97
West Facade = 4.56
The allowance for each facade of each storey is 5.87 so the proposed
design complies with Part J2.4 as the value for each facade is less than
the allowance.

Glazing Calculators
• The ABCB has developed spreadsheet calculators to assist in
designing and checking the glazing for both residential and
• Calculators require the input data related to the specific building
• Calculators are available from the ABCB website

PART J3
BUILDING SEALING

• Energy required for heating or cooling will be reduced if buildings
are adequately sealed to minimise –
− loss of conditioned air in a building
− entry of unconditioned air into a conditioned space

Class 2 to 9 building other than-
− a building in climate zones 1, 2, 3 and 5 where the only means
of air-conditioning is by using an evaporative cooler; or
− a permanent ventilation opening, in a space where a gas
appliance is located, that is necessary for the safe operation of
a gas appliance; or
− a Class 6, 7, 8 and 9b building that does not have a
conditioned space; or

− a building or space where the mechanical ventilation required
by Part F4 provides sufficient pressurisation to prevent
infiltration; or
separated from the remainder of the building by an envelope.

Chimneys & Flues
• The chimney or flue of an open solid-fuel burning appliance must
be provided with a damper or flap that can be closed to seal the
chimney or flue

Roof Lights
• Roof lights must be sealed or capable of being sealed, when
serving a conditioned space or specific habitable rooms and must
be constructed with –
− an imperforate ceiling diffuser; or
− a weatherproof seal; or
− an occupant operated shutter system.

Windows & Doors
• Doors and openable windows must be fitted with edge seals if in –
– the envelope of a conditioned space; or
– the external fabric of a habitable room or public area in climate
zones 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
• Edge seals may be compressible or fibrous strips
• External swing doors must have a draft protection device fitted to the
bottom edge.
• Compliance with AS 2047 is acceptable

• When a main entrance door to a building opens into a conditioned
space an air lock, self-closing, revolving door or similar must be
installed
• Exemptions apply for specific small conditioned spaces and open
fronted cafes/restaurants that incorporate other provisions
Windows & Doors

Exhaust Fans
• Must be fitted with a sealing device if in –
– a conditioned space; or
– a habitable room in climate zones 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
• A sealing device includes –
– a self-closing damper; or
– a filter – such as in a kitchen rangehood.

Roofs, Walls & Floors
• Roofs, walls, floors and door and window openings that are part
of the envelope or the external fabric of specific habitable rooms
or public areas, must be sealed to minimise air leakage
• Exemptions apply to openings required for smoke hazard
management

Evaporative Coolers
• Evaporative coolers serving a heated space or a habitable room
or public area in climate zones 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 must be fitted with a
sealing device, such as a self-closing damper.

PART J5
AIR-CONDITIONING AND
VENTILATION SYSTEMS

• Efficient design of air-conditioning and ventilation systems is an
essential part of building environment management
• Increasing demands for internal thermal comfort drive the need
for energy efficient systems
• The NCC has a range of measures that remove poor practice from
new installations and encourage efficient system design.

Air-Conditioning Systems
• Must be capable of being shut-down –
− when the building is not occupied
− when an external door of a Class 3 SOU is left open.
• If fitted with motorised outside air and return dampers; those
dampers must close when system is shutdown.
• Must have ductwork insulated and sealed.

• Serving parts of a building with different needs must–
− control the temperature of each part (zone or area)
− not mix actively heated or cooled air
− limit reheating of air.
• If they provide the required mechanical ventilation, must have an outdoor
air economy cycle when unit capacity is over –
− 35kWr in climate zones 4 to 8; and
− 50kWr in climate zones 2 & 3 (Exemptions apply).

• Serving a Class 3 SOU, must be capable of controlling different
temperatures for both sleeping periods and "other" periods.
• Fans must have variable speed control when the supply quantity
is varied.
• Fan power must not exceed the limits in Table J5.2 where air flow
rate is over 1000L/s (Exemptions apply).

• Energy efficiency requirements for air-conditioning systems must
not inhibit –
− the smoke hazard management operation of the system; and
− essential ventilation for specific enclosures.

Mechanical Ventilation Systems
• Must be capable of being shut-down when the building is not
occupied.
• Serving a conditioned space; must not exceed the requirements
of Part F4 by more than 20% (Exemptions apply).

• With an air flow rate greater than 1000 L/s;
− have fan power to air flow rate ratio –
 0.5W/(L/s) without filters
 0.75W/(L/s) with filters
− if serving a conditioned space in other than climate zone 2, where
the occupant density is less than 1person/m2
, must have special
characteristics.

• With an air flow rate greater than 1000 L/s;
− Serving a carpark for more than 40 vehicles, must be controlled
by an atmospheric contaminant monitoring system in
accordance with AS 1668.2 (1991 edition)

• Energy efficiency requirements for mechanical ventilation
systems must not inhibit–
− the smoke hazard management operation of the system
− essential ventilation for specific enclosures.

Time Switches
• A time switch complying with Specification J6 must be fitted to the
following –
− air-conditioning systems greater than 10kWr
− ventilation systems with an air flow rate greater than 1000L/s
− heating systems greater than 10Kwheating

Heating & Cooling Systems
• Providing heating or cooling for air-conditioning must have piping,
tanks, vessels, heat exchangers and other components containing
heated or chilled fluid, insulated as per Specification J5.4.

• If water is circulated at greater than 2 L/s –
− Must be designed so that total pump power does not exceed
the allowance in Table J5.4a; and
− Must have the pump capable of varying its speed when the
pump power is greater than 3kW.
• If the system has more than one water heater, chiller or coil, it
must be capable of stopping the flow of water to those components
not operating.

Table J5.4a MAXIMUM PUMP POWER
Maximum pump power (W/m
2
of the floor area of the conditioned
space)
Cooling or heating load (W/m
2
of
the floor area of the conditioned
space) Chilled water Condenser water Heating water
Up to 100 1.3 0.9 1.0
101 to 150 1.9 1.2 1.3
151 to 200 2.2 2.2 1.7
201 to 300 4.3 3.0 2.5
301 to 400 5.0 3.6 3.2
More than 400 5.6 5.6 3.6

• A heater for heating a space via water must achieve a thermal
efficiency complying with Table J5.4b when tested to BS 7190.
• Heaters for heating a space other than via water must use one of the
fuels specified.
• Outdoor heaters must satisfy specific requirements.
• Package air-conditioning equipment with a capacity of not less
than 65kWr must achieve an energy efficiency ratio (Table J5.4d).
• A refrigerant chiller up to 350 kWr must achieve a minimum
energy efficiency ratio when determined in accordance with AHRI
550/590 (Table J5.4e).

• A maximum fan power is specified for –
− certain air-cooled condenser fan motors
− cooling tower fans
− closed circuit cooler fans
− evaporative condenser fans, and
− spray water pump of a closed circuit cooler or evaporative
condenser

Miscellaneous Exhaust Systems
• Miscellaneous exhaust systems with an air flow rate more than
1,000L/s and linked to equipment with variable demand, must be
designed to minimise exhausting conditioned air and provide
means for -
− lowering energy use (e.g. fan speed controls); and
− stopping the motor when the system is not needed.
• Exemptions apply

PART J6
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
AND POWER

• Measures for artificial lighting and power are designed to curb
unreasonable energy use
• Artificial lighting also places additional load on air-conditioning
systems due to the heat generated
• Minimum limitations on artificial lighting contribute to a reduction
in energy use

Some Defined Terms
• Lamp power density means the total of the maximum power rating
of the lamps in a space, other than those plugged into socket
outlets, divided by the area of the space.
• Illumination power density means the total of the power that will
be consumed by the lights in a space, including any lamps,
ballasts, current regulators and control devices other than those
plugged into socket outlets, divided by the area of the space.

• Light source efficacy means the luminous flux of a lamp or the
total radiant flux in the visible spectrum weighted by the spectral
response of the eye, divided by the electric power that will be
consumed by the lamp but excluding ballast and control gear
power losses.
Some Defined Terms

• Part J6 applies to all buildings except Class 8 electricity network
substations.
• Provisions relate to the specific Class of building and the use of
the room.
• Specific provisions relate to either interior artificial lighting or
artificial lighting around the perimeter of a building.

Interior Artificial Lighting
• In a Class 2 or 4 sole-occupancy unit –
− the lighting power density must not exceed 5W/m2
(4W/m2
on balconies); OR
− the illumination power density must not exceed 5W/m2
(4W/m2
on balconies) other than when adjusted for one of the
control devices in Table J6.2b.

• In a Class 2 or 4 sole-occupancy unit –
− the calculation must reflect the proposed installation and not
just the maximum electrical load of a batten holder
− halogen lamps must be separately switched from fluorescent
lamps

• In a Class 3 or 5 to 9 building –
− the aggregate design illumination power load must not
exceed the sum of the allowances obtained by multiplying –
 the area of each space; and
 the maximum illumination power density in Table J6.2a.
• Exceptions apply, including emergency lighting in accordance
with Part E4.

Extract from Table J6.2a
Table J6.2a MAXIMUM ILLUMINATION POWER DENSITY
Space
Maximum illumination
power density (W/m2
)
Auditorium, church and public hall 10
Board room and conference room 10
Carpark – general 6
Carpark – entry zone (first 20 m of travel) 25
Common rooms, spaces and corridors in a Class 2 building 8
Control room, switch room, and the like 9
Courtroom 12
Dormitory of a Class 3 building used only for sleeping 6
Dormitory of a Class 3 building used for sleeping and study 9
Entry lobby from outside the building 15

Extract from Table J6.2b
Table J6.2b ILLUMINATION POWER DENSITY ADJUSTMENT FACTOR
Item
Description Illumination
power density
adjustment factor
Lighting timer in
accordance with
Specification J6
For corridor lighting 0.7
Motion detector in
accordance with
Specification J6
(a) Where—
(i) at least 75% of the area of a space is controlled by
one or more motion detectors; or
(ii) an area of less than 200 m2
is switched as a block by
one or more detectors.
0.9
(b) Where up to 6 lights are switched as a block by one or
more detectors.
0.7
(c) Where up to 2 lights are switched as a block by one or
more detectors.
0.55

Controls for Artificial Lighting
• Artificial lighting of a room or space must be individually
operated by a switch or other control device.
• In a Class 3 SOU, other than accommodation for the aged, a
device must be provided to cut power to lights and air-conditioners
etc when the SOU is not occupied
• Particular characteristics and the operation of artificial lighting
switches are specified
• Exemptions to control requirements are specified

Decorative & Display Lighting
• Decorative and display lighting -
− must be controlled separately from other lighting;
− have manual switches for each area; and
− have a time switch if the lighting load exceeds 1 kW.
• Window display lighting must be controlled separately from other
display lighting.

Perimeter Artificial Lighting
• External perimeter lighting must be controlled by a time switch
or daylight sensor
• If the total lighting load exceeds 100 W, the lighting is to –
− have an average light source efficacy no less than 60
Lumens/W; or
− be controlled by a motion detector.
• Have a separate time switch if used for decoration

Water Storage Units
• Power supply to boiling or chilled water storage units must
have a time switch.

PART J7
HOT WATER SUPPLY, POOLS
AND SPAS

• The measures addressing hot water supply cover hot water for
food preparation, sanitary purposes and pool or spa heating.
• The intent of the provisions is to –
– reduce heat loss from hot water systems/storage water
heaters; and
– limit energy supply, the amount of energy used and heat
loss from pools and spas.
• Reduced heat loss will produce energy savings.

Hot Water Supply
• Systems for food preparation and sanitary purposes, must comply
with Section 8 of AS/NZS 3500.4.
• Main requirements are insulation and a heat trap.
• Solar systems in climate zones 1, 2 and 3 are exempt.

Pools & Spas
• Heating must be by using one of the approved energy sources
• Where some or all of the heating is by gas or heat pump, a
swimming pool or spa which shares a pool reticulation system must
have –
– a cover; and
– a time switch to control the operation of the heater.
• Swimming pools, and spas with a capacity of more than 680 L, must
be provided with a time switch to control the operation of a
circulation pump.

PARTS I2 & J8
MAINTENANCE & MONITORING

Maintenance
• Maintenance measures for energy efficiency installations are
contained within two Parts –
− Part J8 – Access for maintenance & facilities for
monitoring
− Part I2 – Energy efficiency installations

PART J8
ACCESS FOR MAINTENANCE &
FACILITIES FOR MAINTENANCE

Access for Maintenance
• Part J8 applies to all Class 2 to 9 buildings, except within a sole-
occupancy unit of a Class 2 or a Class 4 part of a building.
• Access must be provided to all plant, equipment and components
that require maintenance in accordance with Part I2.

Facilities for Monitoring
• A building or sole-occupancy unit with a floor area more than
500m2
must have –
– facility to record the consumption of gas and electricity.
• A building with a floor area of more than 2500m² must have facility
to individually record the energy consumption of –
− Air-conditioning plant
− Artificial lighting
− Appliance power
− Central hot water supply
− Lifts, escalators etc
− Ancillary plant

PART I2
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
INSTALLATIONS

Principles of Part I2
• Maintenance of energy efficiency installations is essential to
ensure ongoing compliance with design standards.
• Part I2 seeks to ensure that equipment and installations required
under Section J continue to operate in an effective manner.

Application of Part I2
• Part I2 does not apply to services that serve only one SOU of a
Class 2 building, or serve only a Class 4 part of a building

Components of Services
• Components must be maintained to ensure they perform to a
standard not less than they were originally required to achieve.
• A list of typical components to be maintained is provided in Part
I2.

Option to Develop an Alternative
Solution
• To comply with BCA Performance Requirements some
practitioners will follow Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions.
• However – it’s often preferable to design something different to
Deemed-to-Satisfy and to develop an Alternative Solution.

Remember the
BCA Structure?

Complying with the Performance
Requirements
Compliance with the Performance Requirements can only be
achieved by –
a) complying with the Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions, or
b) formulating an Alternative Solution which-
(i) complies with the Performance Requirements, or
(ii) is shown to be at least equivalent to the Deemed-to-
Satisfy Provisions; or
a) a combination of a) and b)

Design Flexibility
• The BCA provides two pathways to formulate an Alternative
Solution:
− formulating an Alternative Solution to meet the Performance
Requirements; or
− formulating an Alternative Solution to at least equate to
Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions.

Flexibility in Compliance
• Either of these options can be explored to establish the most
appropriate pathway for a particular Alternative Solution
• A decision regarding the most appropriate pathway may be
influenced by the views of the Certifying Authority

Consultation
• It is beneficial to discuss an Alternative Solution with the Certifying
Authority before lodging an application for approval
• Also discuss the scope of supporting documentation needed to be
provided
• The Certifying Authority can advise on likely Assessment Methods
but should not become involved in development of the design

Developing Alternative
Solutions

Alternative Solutions
• The development of Alternative Solutions was covered in detail in
Module Two
• Relevant BCA provisions can be found in Section A of Volume One

Assessment Methods

Assessment Methods
• Assessment methods were discussed in detail in Module Two
• Methods for assessing Building Solutions are listed in Part A0.9
• The Certifying Authority will assess compliance of Alternative
Solutions
• The applicant is required to demonstrate compliance with the
relevant Performance Requirements

Assessment Methods
Four Assessment Methods are listed in Part A0.9:
− Evidence of Suitability described in Part A2.2
− Verification Methods
− Comparison with Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions
− Expert Judgement

Evidence of Suitability

• Forms of Evidence of Suitability is listed in Part A2.2 of Volume
One
• The listed processes are generally third party mechanisms that
may be used to assist either the formulation or assessment of
Building Solutions

• Registered Testing Authority report
• Certificate of Conformity / current Certificate of Accreditation
• Certification from appropriately qualified persons
• Certification from a body accredited by the Joint Accreditation
System of Australia and New Zealand (JAS-ANZ)
• Any other form of documentary evidence

What is a Verification Method?
• Verification Method is defined as –
– a test, inspection, calculation or other method that determines
whether a Building Solution complies with the relevant
• This definition allows a broad range of processes to be used to
verify compliance
• One Verification Method is offered for energy efficiency
requirements

Verification Method JV3
• Requires the use of a thermal calculation method complying with
ABCB Protocol for Building Energy Analysis Software
• Applies to all Class 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 buildings.
• Applies the thermal calculation method to verify that the annual
energy consumption of the proposed building does not exceed
the annual energy consumption of a reference building.

• Reference building means a hypothetical building that is used to
calculate the maximum allowable annual energy load, or maximum
allowable annual energy consumption for the proposed building.
• Criteria to be used within the calculations of annual energy
consumption are specified, including compliance with Specification
JV in some cases.

• Requires three computer modelling runs:
Run 1 - reference building with DTS fabric and services
Run 2 - proposed building with proposed services
Run 3 - proposed building with proposed envelope and
Deemed-to-Satisfy services
• Runs 2 and 3 are then compared with Run 1
• The annual energy consumption from Run 2 and 3 must be no
larger than the allowance for Run 1.

Specification JV
• Need only be used if the building operates for more than 2,500
hours per year
• Has rules for calculating annual energy consumption:
− Tables 2a to 2g specify daily occupancy and operation
profiles for buildings
− Table 2h specifies internal heat gains from appliances and
equipment
− Table 2i specifies hot water supply rates

Extract of Table 2b

Summary
• JV3 applies to all Class 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 buildings
• Models building fabric and services; and
• Compares the annual energy consumption of the proposed
building with that of a reference building

Assessment of Designs
• Application of these energy efficiency provisions may need to be
undertaken by specialist designers
• Similarly – assessment of design proposals may need input
from specialists
• Certifying Authorities may need specialist training or require
certification of compliance by specialists

Administrative Matters
• All State/Territory jurisdictions have administrative provisions for
the design and construction of buildings.
• Energy efficiency is an issue for which specific administrative
processes may exist, e.g. energy efficiency assessors may be
required to be accredited.
• Practitioners need to be aware of relevant processes and ensure
they comply.
• How the NCC applies to alterations, additions and renovations can
vary between State and Territories.

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