1. Physical growth is rapid in the first two years as body size increases dramatically and brain development occurs at an astounding pace, though children vary in their physical maturity. 2. Motor skills, perception, cognition, language, emotion, temperament, attachment, and self-awareness all develop remarkably during this time through complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. 3. Caregiving practices and early stimulation are crucial for promoting healthy physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development in infancy and toddlerhood.