In the paper an example of manufacturing line form automotive industry is analyzed. The line consists of five presses, that can be operated by humans or industrial robots. Since human factors affect destabilization of the production processes, robots are preferred to apply. The problem is how to determine the real difference in the work efficiency between human and robot. Because of problem complexity, Discrete Events Simulation (DES) method have been used. Three models have been developed including manufacturing line before and after robotization and taking into account stochastic parameters of availability and reliability of the machines, operators and robots. Analysis of the production efficiency of the press shop lines operated by human operators or industrial robots are presented. We apply OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) indicator to present how the availability and reliability parameters influence over the performance of the workstations, in particular in the short and long time period.
A WORKSPACE SIMULATION FOR TAL TR-2 ARTICULATED ROBOT IAEME Publication
This paper discusses about simulation. Simulation is optimizing system performance. It is an unobtrusive scientific method of enquiry involving experiments rather than with the portion of reality that the model represents. Simulation is nothing but a result generation of system performance data.Simulation is often used to identify the better of the two alternatives.
Modeling and Simulation of Virtual Prototype of the forming Machine based on ...IJRES Journal
The virtual prototype technology was applied to mechanism designing. The modeling and dynamic of forming machine was proposed by using SolidWorksand ADAMS software. The advantage of the technology is that the product characteristics can be calculated in the design stage, and the feasible study and design of the forming machine can be completed in a virtual environment .As a result, the design quality and efficiency of the forming machine are improved, and its developing and manufacturingperiod is reduced correspondingly.
Improving layout and workload of manufacturing system using Delmia Quest simu...AM Publications
This paper describes a case study of analysis and optimization of the facility layout in a manufacturing cell
using a systematic search method and a Quest computer simulation model with graphical representation of the
manufacturing processes. The simulation model objective was to obtain Layout design to achieve a high productivity in the
flexible manufacturing system (FMS), to determine bottleneck locations and what the optimal batch size should be. The
Quest software proved to be a powerful tool in assessing what changes should be made to a manufacturing cell before
incurring manufacturing improvements and/or performing actual capital investments. The aim of this study is to get
an understanding of the cell and its behaviour regarding production and to use the simulation software to change,
analyse and improve the cell.
INTERACTIVE TRAINING SIMULATOR AS MEANS OF INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF ENTERPRISESIAEME Publication
Computer training of technological process operators is recognized worldwide as
an effective means of reducing accidents and increasing production efficiency by
improving operator`s skills.
The use of computer simulators for training operators of potentially dangerous
industries is fixed in regulatory documents of many countries, including Russia. Most
enterprises in the oil and gas industry have already equipped their training centers with
computer simulators; however, the metallurgical sector and other representatives of the
chemical engineering industries do not use and often do not consider a computer
simulator as a tool for improving efficiency and production safety.
World statistics shows that among the causes of industrial accidents, operator
mistakes are firmly in second place. They account for an average of 40% of all
emergency incidents.
Computer training is the most powerful and effective means of dealing with the
operators mistakes. With the help of a specialized simulator, with a high degree of
accuracy, imitating the work of a dangerous technological installation, relating to the
oil refining or metallurgical industry, it is possible not only to familiarize operators
with potential emergencies and develop a strategy for preventing accidents, mitigating
or eliminating its consequences, but also working out actions operators to automatism.
A good full-scale simulator allows to work out detailed measures to prevent accidents,
as well as plans for the localization and liquidation of emergencies
Application of Analytical HIERARACHY Process in IndustriesIJMER
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multiple criteria decision-making(MCMD) tool that has been used in almost all the applications related with decision-making. It is used to derive ratio scales from both discrete and continuous comparison in pair wise. These comparisons may be taken from actual measurements or from a fundamental scale which reflects the relative strength of preferences and feelings. AHP being a powerful tool to make decisions which are accurate and fast in the engineering applications. In many situations, an accurate and correct decision need to be taken.
A WORKSPACE SIMULATION FOR TAL TR-2 ARTICULATED ROBOT IAEME Publication
This paper discusses about simulation. Simulation is optimizing system performance. It is an unobtrusive scientific method of enquiry involving experiments rather than with the portion of reality that the model represents. Simulation is nothing but a result generation of system performance data.Simulation is often used to identify the better of the two alternatives.
Modeling and Simulation of Virtual Prototype of the forming Machine based on ...IJRES Journal
The virtual prototype technology was applied to mechanism designing. The modeling and dynamic of forming machine was proposed by using SolidWorksand ADAMS software. The advantage of the technology is that the product characteristics can be calculated in the design stage, and the feasible study and design of the forming machine can be completed in a virtual environment .As a result, the design quality and efficiency of the forming machine are improved, and its developing and manufacturingperiod is reduced correspondingly.
Improving layout and workload of manufacturing system using Delmia Quest simu...AM Publications
This paper describes a case study of analysis and optimization of the facility layout in a manufacturing cell
using a systematic search method and a Quest computer simulation model with graphical representation of the
manufacturing processes. The simulation model objective was to obtain Layout design to achieve a high productivity in the
flexible manufacturing system (FMS), to determine bottleneck locations and what the optimal batch size should be. The
Quest software proved to be a powerful tool in assessing what changes should be made to a manufacturing cell before
incurring manufacturing improvements and/or performing actual capital investments. The aim of this study is to get
an understanding of the cell and its behaviour regarding production and to use the simulation software to change,
analyse and improve the cell.
INTERACTIVE TRAINING SIMULATOR AS MEANS OF INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF ENTERPRISESIAEME Publication
Computer training of technological process operators is recognized worldwide as
an effective means of reducing accidents and increasing production efficiency by
improving operator`s skills.
The use of computer simulators for training operators of potentially dangerous
industries is fixed in regulatory documents of many countries, including Russia. Most
enterprises in the oil and gas industry have already equipped their training centers with
computer simulators; however, the metallurgical sector and other representatives of the
chemical engineering industries do not use and often do not consider a computer
simulator as a tool for improving efficiency and production safety.
World statistics shows that among the causes of industrial accidents, operator
mistakes are firmly in second place. They account for an average of 40% of all
emergency incidents.
Computer training is the most powerful and effective means of dealing with the
operators mistakes. With the help of a specialized simulator, with a high degree of
accuracy, imitating the work of a dangerous technological installation, relating to the
oil refining or metallurgical industry, it is possible not only to familiarize operators
with potential emergencies and develop a strategy for preventing accidents, mitigating
or eliminating its consequences, but also working out actions operators to automatism.
A good full-scale simulator allows to work out detailed measures to prevent accidents,
as well as plans for the localization and liquidation of emergencies
Application of Analytical HIERARACHY Process in IndustriesIJMER
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multiple criteria decision-making(MCMD) tool that has been used in almost all the applications related with decision-making. It is used to derive ratio scales from both discrete and continuous comparison in pair wise. These comparisons may be taken from actual measurements or from a fundamental scale which reflects the relative strength of preferences and feelings. AHP being a powerful tool to make decisions which are accurate and fast in the engineering applications. In many situations, an accurate and correct decision need to be taken.
The article describes the design of the surface topography. The model uses
experimental data on the rough surface morphology. It is a 3-dimensional surface
microtopography. In case of incomplete or absent data, we can use statistically
processed parameters for longitudinal and transverse surface profiles. Taking into
account the possible inhomogeneity of the object of research, the microroughness of
generation uses a specially developed mathematical apparatus. The simulated surface
credibility. This approach makes it possible to estimate the parameters of each
surface microroughness. The analysis of the simulated and real surfaces. The actual
rough surface inhomogeneity causes discrepancies. It has been found that the
physical processes have been carried out during the contact. It has been found that
the process is to complete the process. The simulator has the highest possible
reliability. It is necessary to solve a specific engineering task. This software combines
a rough surface generation. It is a separate basic module modeling system.
Эволюция управления требованиями в ЖЦ информационной системыEvgeny Savitsky
Процесс управления требованиями меняется в зависимости от стадии жизненного цикла продукта. В начале, когда нет требований лучше использовать легковесные практики, например, Scrum и User Story. По мере развития продукта необходимо документировать требования и принятые технические решения. Таким образом, на этапе эксплуатации и поддержки продукта вы сможете организовать процесс разработки основанный на требованиях и добиться высокой эффективности и качества при внесении изменений.
Solitons Solutions to Some Evolution Equations by ExtendedTan-Cot Methodijceronline
The proposed extended Tan-Cot method is applied to obtain new exact travelling wave solutions to evolution equation. The method is applicable to a large variety of nonlinear partial differential equations, the Fifth-order nonlinear integrable equation, the symmetric regularized long wave equation, the higher-order wave equation of Kdv type, and Benney-Luke equation. The Extended Tan-Cot method seems to be powerful tool in dealing with nonlinear physical models
Comparison of Compressive and Split Tensile Strength of Glass Fiber Reinforce...ijceronline
Concrete is most widely used construction material in the world. Now-a-days the world is witnessing the construction of more and more challenging and difficult engineering structures. So, the concrete need to possess very high strength and sufficient workability. The world is developing high performance concrete by adding various fibres, admixtures in different proportions. Various fibres like glass, carbon, Poly propylene and aramid fibres provide improvement in concrete properties like tensile strength, fatigue characteristics, durability, shrinkage, impact, erosion resistance and serviceability of concrete. Fibre Reinforced Concrete has found many applications in Civil engineering field. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) is a recent introduction in the field of concrete technology. GFRC has advantage of being light weight, high compressive strength and flexural strength. To improve the long term durability an Alkali resistance glass fiber reinforced concrete is invented .The aim of the work is to study the properties of the effect of glass fibers as reinforcement in the concrete for different proportions
El airdrop es un sistema de riego innovador creado en Australia a raíz de un concurso. es autosustentable y su funcionamiento está basado en el escarabajo nubilian, que recolecta agua aparir de la humedad del aire
The Effects of Crossdock Shapes on Material Handling Costsijceronline
Layout design for the cross-docking centers is one of the strategic decision level and critical issue because of its directly effects on material flow efficiency in these areas. At this stage, the size and shapes of the cross-docking center have to be determined by taking into account material handling operations. In this study, the effects of the crossdock shapes on material handling cost from inbound doors to outbound doors are analyzed for different type of cross-docking center layouts. In this content, the shapes of I, L, T, and U for cross-docking centers are considered. In order to identify the best shape of the cross-docking centers, a mathematical model is formulated based on the truck-door assignment problem in cross-docking centers. In computational studies, the proposed mathematical model is performed for different sized problems considering the four building shapes and the best building shape is identified by comparing the total material handling costs.
Analysis and Design of Information Systems Financial Reports with Object Orie...ijceronline
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are a group effort proved resistant to a wide range of economic crisis shocks. But in the operation of their business financial management is still not transparent and are also still mixed between business finance and personal finance. So that needs to be done with good financial management. In this research, analysis and information system design financial reports as a basis for the development of the system. Software development life cycle (SDLC) using the model of the object oriented approach. With object-oriented approach, the tools used by the notation Unified Modelling Language (UML). In object-oriented approach all systems applications are Viewed as a collection of objects that allow organisasi interloking and end users to Easily understand logical entities. Object-oriented approach Provides the benefits of the reuse of codes and saves the time for developing quality product.
The article describes the design of the surface topography. The model uses
experimental data on the rough surface morphology. It is a 3-dimensional surface
microtopography. In case of incomplete or absent data, we can use statistically
processed parameters for longitudinal and transverse surface profiles. Taking into
account the possible inhomogeneity of the object of research, the microroughness of
generation uses a specially developed mathematical apparatus. The simulated surface
credibility. This approach makes it possible to estimate the parameters of each
surface microroughness. The analysis of the simulated and real surfaces. The actual
rough surface inhomogeneity causes discrepancies. It has been found that the
physical processes have been carried out during the contact. It has been found that
the process is to complete the process. The simulator has the highest possible
reliability. It is necessary to solve a specific engineering task. This software combines
a rough surface generation. It is a separate basic module modeling system.
Эволюция управления требованиями в ЖЦ информационной системыEvgeny Savitsky
Процесс управления требованиями меняется в зависимости от стадии жизненного цикла продукта. В начале, когда нет требований лучше использовать легковесные практики, например, Scrum и User Story. По мере развития продукта необходимо документировать требования и принятые технические решения. Таким образом, на этапе эксплуатации и поддержки продукта вы сможете организовать процесс разработки основанный на требованиях и добиться высокой эффективности и качества при внесении изменений.
Solitons Solutions to Some Evolution Equations by ExtendedTan-Cot Methodijceronline
The proposed extended Tan-Cot method is applied to obtain new exact travelling wave solutions to evolution equation. The method is applicable to a large variety of nonlinear partial differential equations, the Fifth-order nonlinear integrable equation, the symmetric regularized long wave equation, the higher-order wave equation of Kdv type, and Benney-Luke equation. The Extended Tan-Cot method seems to be powerful tool in dealing with nonlinear physical models
Comparison of Compressive and Split Tensile Strength of Glass Fiber Reinforce...ijceronline
Concrete is most widely used construction material in the world. Now-a-days the world is witnessing the construction of more and more challenging and difficult engineering structures. So, the concrete need to possess very high strength and sufficient workability. The world is developing high performance concrete by adding various fibres, admixtures in different proportions. Various fibres like glass, carbon, Poly propylene and aramid fibres provide improvement in concrete properties like tensile strength, fatigue characteristics, durability, shrinkage, impact, erosion resistance and serviceability of concrete. Fibre Reinforced Concrete has found many applications in Civil engineering field. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) is a recent introduction in the field of concrete technology. GFRC has advantage of being light weight, high compressive strength and flexural strength. To improve the long term durability an Alkali resistance glass fiber reinforced concrete is invented .The aim of the work is to study the properties of the effect of glass fibers as reinforcement in the concrete for different proportions
El airdrop es un sistema de riego innovador creado en Australia a raíz de un concurso. es autosustentable y su funcionamiento está basado en el escarabajo nubilian, que recolecta agua aparir de la humedad del aire
The Effects of Crossdock Shapes on Material Handling Costsijceronline
Layout design for the cross-docking centers is one of the strategic decision level and critical issue because of its directly effects on material flow efficiency in these areas. At this stage, the size and shapes of the cross-docking center have to be determined by taking into account material handling operations. In this study, the effects of the crossdock shapes on material handling cost from inbound doors to outbound doors are analyzed for different type of cross-docking center layouts. In this content, the shapes of I, L, T, and U for cross-docking centers are considered. In order to identify the best shape of the cross-docking centers, a mathematical model is formulated based on the truck-door assignment problem in cross-docking centers. In computational studies, the proposed mathematical model is performed for different sized problems considering the four building shapes and the best building shape is identified by comparing the total material handling costs.
Analysis and Design of Information Systems Financial Reports with Object Orie...ijceronline
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are a group effort proved resistant to a wide range of economic crisis shocks. But in the operation of their business financial management is still not transparent and are also still mixed between business finance and personal finance. So that needs to be done with good financial management. In this research, analysis and information system design financial reports as a basis for the development of the system. Software development life cycle (SDLC) using the model of the object oriented approach. With object-oriented approach, the tools used by the notation Unified Modelling Language (UML). In object-oriented approach all systems applications are Viewed as a collection of objects that allow organisasi interloking and end users to Easily understand logical entities. Object-oriented approach Provides the benefits of the reuse of codes and saves the time for developing quality product.
Yhdessä lapsen parhaaksi -perhekeskustoiminnan kulmakivet, Ulla Lindqvist, ohjelmapäällikkö, Lastensuojelun keskusliitto. LAPE-muutosohjelman työpajan 14.11.2016 esitys.
Centralized System in MANET with GRP Protocolijceronline
A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Since the nodes are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly and unpredictably over time. The network is decentralized, where all network activity including discovering the topology and delivering messages must be executed by the nodes themselves, i.e., routing functionality will be incorporated into mobile nodes.. In this paper routing protocols GRP for mobile ad hoc network with centralized system is checked to know the performance of the network. We will see that, is their any change in the performance of the network if will deploy centralized system in MANET.
introDUction there is a lot of new process technology .docxtarifarmarie
introDUction
there is a lot of new process technology around. there can
be few, if any, operations that have not been affected by the
advances in process technology. and all indications are that
the pace of technological development is not slowing down.
this has important implications for operations managers
because all operations use some kind of process technology,
whether it is a simple internet link or the most complex
and sophisticated of automated factories. But whatever the
technology, all operations managers need to understand what
emerging technologies can do, in broad terms how they do it,
what advantages the technology can give and what constraints
it might impose on the operation. Figure 8.1 shows where the
issues covered in this chapter relate to the overall model of
operations management activities.
process technology
Key questions
❯ What is process technology?
❯ What do operations managers
need to know about process
technology?
❯ how are process technologies
evaluated?
❯ how are process technologies
implemented?
8
Operations
management
Direct
Design Develop
Deliver
Design
Layout
and flow
Process
design
Process
technology
People in
operations
Topic covered in
this chapter
Figure 8.1 this chapter examines process technology
M08_SLAC8678_08_SE_C08.indd 246 06/02/16 4:57 PM
CHAPTER 8 PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 247
WHAT IS PROCESS TECHNOLOGY?
How operations managers deal with process technology is now one of the most important
decisions that shape the capabilities of operations. This was not always the case, at least not
for all operations. There used to be a simple division between those operations that used a
lot of process technology, usually manufacturing operations, and those that used little or no
process technology, usually service operations. But this is no longer true, and arguably has
not been true for decades. High-volume services have for years understood the value of pro-
cess technology. Online transactions for retail and other services are vital for their success.
Yet even professional services such as legal and medical services can benefit from new and
value-adding technologies (see the section on telemedicine later in this chapter).
So what do operations managers need to know about process technology? It must be
important to them because they are continually involved in the choice, installation and man-
agement of process technology. But operations managers are not (or need not be) technolo-
gists as such. They do not need to be experts in engineering, computing, biology, electronics
or whatever constitutes the core science of the technology. Yet they should be able to do three
things. First, they need to understand the technology to the extent that they are able to articu-
late what it should be able to do. Second, they should be able to evaluate alternative technol-
ogies and share in the decisions of which te.
Implementation and Selection of Optimum Layout Design in Cellular Manufacturi...AM Publications
Laying out a factory involves deciding where to put all the facilities, machines, equipment and staff in the
manufacturing operation and layout determines the way in which materials and other inputs flow through the operation.
The objective of this work is to find the best layout designs with an intention of minimize the material movement and cost
to improve the over efficiency of a diligence and such extension of our work is we planned to implement this optimized
layout design in any of the industry to achieve some good results in their production. In this paper we proposed to make
a deliberate case study in a process industry to study the existing layout design. We have design the optimum layout
considering different layouts like with an aim of minimize the cost by reducing the total travelling distance of materials
and change the existing layout design for selected process industry this optimum layout design is executed using through
ARENA simulation software with different form of machine layouts.
PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE AND ENGINEERED PROCESSES IN MECHATRONIC INDUSTRY: AN I...ijaia
The paper proposes the results of a research industry project concerning predictive maintenance process
optimization, applied to a machine cutting polyurethane. A company producing cutting machines, has been
provided with an online control system able to detect blade status of a machine supplied to a customer
producing polyurethane components. A software platform has been developed for the real time monitoring
of the blade status and for the prediction of the break up conditions adopting a multi-parametric data
analysis approach, based on the simultaneous use of unsupervised and supervised machine learning
algorithms. Specifically, the proposed method adopts a k-Means algorithm to classify bidimensional risk
maps, and a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) one to predict the alerting levels based on the analysis of
the last values for some process variables. The analysed algorithms are applied to an experimental dataset.
STUDIES ON AVAILABILITY AND UTILISATION OF MINING EQUIPMENT- AN OVERVIEWIAEME Publication
In any opencast mining project, the major share of initial capital investment goes towards the excavation and transportation equipment. Hence it i s very important to analyse the performance of those equipment, at regular intervals to achieve co st- effectiveness in excavation and transportation operations. In this paper, an attempt is made to calculate the percentage availability and utilisation of shovel, dumpers and dozer, employed in an opencast mine and to analyse the contributing factors to improve the overall equipment performance.
A M ULTI -O BJECTIVE B ASED E VOLUTIONARY A LGORITHM AND S OCIAL N ETWOR...IJCI JOURNAL
In this paper, a multi-objective based NSGA-II algo
rithm is proposed for dynamic job-shop scheduling
problem (DJSP) with random job arrivals and machine
breakdowns. In DJSP schedules are usually
inevitable due to various unexpected disruptions. T
o handle this problem, it is necessary to select
appropriate key machines at the beginning of the si
mulation instead of random selection. Thus, this pa
per
seeks to address on approach called social network
analysis method to identify the key machines of the
addressed DJSP. With identified key machines, the e
ffectiveness and stability of scheduling i.e., make
span
and starting time deviations of the computational c
omplex NP-hard problem has been solved with propose
d
multi-objective based hybrid NSGA-ll algorithm. Sev
eral experiments studies have been conducted and
comparisons have been made to demonstrate the effic
iency of the proposed approach with classical multi
-
objective based NSGA-II algorithm. The experimental
results illustrate that the proposed method is ver
y
effective in various shop floor conditions
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Modeling and Simulation of Manufacturing Line Improvement
1. ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Volume, 06 || Issue, 10|| October – 2016 ||
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 26
Modeling and Simulation of Manufacturing Line Improvement
Grzegorz Gołda1
, Adrian Kampa1
, Iwona Paprocka1
1
Silesian University of Technology ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland,
I. Introduction
Nowadays, one can notice increasing use of automation and robotization, which replace human labor. Industrial
robots are used especially for repetitive, high precision tasks (e.g. welding), monotonous activities and actions
demanding physical exertion. Industrial robots have mobility similar to human arm, and can perform various
complex actions like a human. In addition, they do not get tired and bored. It is estimated that using
robotization, many companies obtained the reduction of the production cost by 50%, the increase of productivity
by 30% and the increase of utilization by more than 85% [4]. However, the introduction of robotization is
related with high costs, thus is profitable only in certain circumstances, including, a high level of production,
work with repetitive and precision tasks with ensuring the safety and health at work [12]. Such conditions occur
in the automotive industry [10]. The problem is how to determine a real difference in work efficiency between
human and robot. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology, which allows to clearly define the
throughput growth associated with the replacement of human labor by industrial robots. In order to assess the
effectiveness of the robot application, we compare production uptime of humans and robots with the use of the
OEE indicator (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) to calculate work efficiency and we use Discrete Event
Simulation (DES) for verification. Production systems can be very complex and difficult for analysis. Therefore,
the DES method is widely used for design of manufacturing systems [15], for solving scheduling problems [9]
and for efficiency [8] and stability analysis [3] of production systems. There are some DES software tools
dedicated for production processes simulation, including ARENA, Enterprise Dynamics, FlexSim, Plant
Simulation and others [5, 11, 13].
II. Manufacturing line example
Analyzed example of manufacturing line consists of five presses and is used for production of car body parts.
Presses are often used in various production processes e.g. pressing, sheet metal forming etc. The schema of
press line is presented in Figure 1. The line consist of five serially linked machines, input and output stations
and operators or robots for machine tending.
Figure 1. Schema of the manufacturing line
ABSTRACT
In the paper an example of manufacturing line form automotive industry is analyzed. The line
consists of five presses, that can be operated by humans or industrial robots. Since human factors
affect destabilization of the production processes, robots are preferred to apply. The problem is how
to determine the real difference in the work efficiency between human and robot. Because of problem
complexity, Discrete Events Simulation (DES) method have been used. Three models have been
developed including manufacturing line before and after robotization and taking into account
stochastic parameters of availability and reliability of the machines, operators and robots. Analysis of
the production efficiency of the press shop lines operated by human operators or industrial robots are
presented. We apply OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) indicator to present how the availability
and reliability parameters influence over the performance of the workstations, in particular in the
short and long time period.
Keywords: DES (Discrete Event Simulation), human factors, industrial robots, OEE – overall
equipment efficiency, machine reliability
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Usually, operator is required for loading and unloading a machine and for transferring a product from one
machine to a next production stage. Robots can make that work faster and more regular then human operators,
but what will be the difference in production throughput?
The reliability of each component play important role, because failure of one element causes production
stopping on the whole line. The machine failures are mostly random and are difficult to predict; therefore, we
have used computer simulation for the research. We have developed models including human resources and
industrial robots. Because elaborated model is a simplified image of the real system, the next problem is which
system parameters are important for the simulation.
III. Work efficiency and OEE
Work efficiency and the use of the production means can be expressed by using the OEE metric that depend on
three factors: availability, performance and quality [6].
OEE=(Availability)x(Performance)x(Quality) (1)
Availability is the ratio of the time spent on the realization of a task to the scheduled time. Availability is
reduced by disruptions at work and machine failures.
(2)
Performance is the ratio of the time to complete a task under ideal conditions compared to the realization in real
conditions or the ratio of the products obtained in reality to the number of possible products to obtain under
ideal conditions. Performance is reduced (loss of working speed) by the occurrence of any disturbances e.g.
human errors.
(3)
Quality is expressed by the ratio of the number of good products and the total number of products.
(4)
The number of good quality products is a random variable, which can be described by a normal distribution with
standard deviation sigma. Quality levels are determined for ranges of the standard deviation sigma. In traditional
production systems, the level of 3 sigmas is considered to be sufficient. However, in the modern automated and
robotic systems the level of 5-6 sigmas is possible to achieve [2].
In order to make these models more realistic we decided to include availability, performance and quality
parameters into account.
3.1. Availability and failures
The term of availability contains planned work time and unplanned events e.g. the disturbances at work and
random machine failures. Any unplanned event causes that machines are unavailable and work efficiency
decreases. The reliability of objects such as machines or robots is defined as the probability that they will work
correctly for a given time under defined conditions of work. The most popular method for estimating reliability
parameters uses theory of probability to forecast a value of failure-free time and repair time parameters, under
the condition that a trend based on historical value of the parameter is possible to notice. The examples of using
normal, exponential, triangular distributions to describe both failure and repair times are described in [4]. In
practice, for description of reliability, in most cases the parameter MTTF (mean time to failure) is used, which is
the expected value of exponentially distributed random variable with failure rate λ [14].
(5)
In the case of repairable objects the parameters MTBF (mean time between failures), and the MTTR (mean time
to repair) are used.
(6)
For complex systems, consisting of n serially linked objects, the resultant failure rate λs of the system is the sum
of the failure rates of each element λi:
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(7)
Alternatively, the system MTBFs is the sum of the MTBFi inverse:
(8)
For the example of robotic line, presented in figure 1, we can use formula 8 with different failure parameters for
machines and for robots :
(9)
Machinery failures affect the availability of means of production and may cause severe disturbances in
production processes. The average availability can be calculated with formula 10.
(10)
3.2. Human factors
Humans are one of the most unreliable parts of manufacturing systems. In the case of a manually operated
systems, a number of human factors (human errors) can lead to destabilization of the manufacturing process [7].
Workers also require a break for rest. They are unpredictable and can make errors and accidents at work can
occur. Sick and absent workers can cause the failure of a production plans.
In the computer software, used for production processes simulation, the human factor is not sufficiently
modelled. People are treated as quasi-technical elements of production system and they should operate in the
same way as a machine. In practice, the human behaviour is unpredictable, thus it might help to explain why
simulation models do not respond to the reality as it would be expected [1].
IV. Modelling of manufacturing line
In order to analyze the presented problem the mechanical press line from automotive enterprise, has been taken
into account. We used the Enterprise Dynamics software, which allows computer-modeling and simulation of
discrete production processes with the use of human resources as well as robots. Parameters of typical
manufacturing process were taken into account including constant machine cycle time 5s, constant robot speed
180°/s, stochastic parameters of operator time, which was described by normal distribution with 10s mean time
and 2s standard deviation. Availability parameters include planned setup time 15 minutes per shift, and break
for rest for workers 15 minutes per shift. Failure parameters were taken into account including short time human
errors rate and long time machine and robot MTBF. Typical reliability parameters include MTBFm=500 hours
and MTTRm=4 hours for machines and MTBFr=1000 hours and MTTRr=4 hours for robots. Also normal
quality distribution of good and bad product has been included into the model.
The first model presented in the Figure 1, is a simply reference model. It consist of five machines, input and
output station. It represents production in ideal conditions and can be used for calculation of maximal
production limit.
Figure 2. Reference model of manufacturing line
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The second model shown in the Figure 3, includes five human operators, six buffers, and output for good and
bad quality products. Work time schedule is used for defining planned work pauses and additional MTBF
objects are used for simulation of random failures.
Figure 3. Model of manually operated line after 8 hours of simulation
Irregular work of operators and human errors cause disturbances in the production process. Assuming human
unreliability on the basis of HEART (Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique) for “routine and
highly practiced rapid tasks involving relatively low level of skill”, the nominal value of human error equals to
0.01 [16]. Therefore, human errors rate can be described by parameters: MTBFh=8 hours and MTTRh=5
minutes.
We assume that other employee can replace sick and absent worker, but it is impossible to replace broken
machines and robots, and they require repairing.
The third model presented in the Figure 4, includes industrial robots. Because of the constant speed and very
regular work of robots, buffers are not needed.
Figure 4. Model of robotized line after 8 hours of simulation
We can see a great improvement of production throughput and machine utilization for robotic line, however
each simulation run, can give little different results because of random failures. Therefore, we have made series
of experiments, containing different number of simulations runs and simulation time from 8 hours to 6000
hours.
V. Experiment results
The production value P obtained from a single simulation run is a random variable that consists of several
parameters. The random nature of failures causes a significant dispersion of obtained values and relatively large
standard deviation. The average production value Pavg of simulation experiments are summarized in Table 1.
Each experiment consists of fifty samples (simulation runs). The value MaxLimit determines the maximum
possible production volume in a given period of time under ideal working conditions and for a machine cycle
time (Tm=5 seconds). Since the model was build based on the OEE components, and contain parameters of
availability, performance and quality, the production value from simulation can be directly used to calculate the
OEE indicator.
(11)
The standard deviation shows the differences between the average value of production and the value of
production achieved in each simulation run. For the robotic tended line, the values of standard deviation are
greater because of a much greater production volume and possibility of robots failures. This phenomenon can be
explained that sick humans can be replaced but robots not.
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Table 1. Simulation results for manually operated and robotic lines (average production value Pavg in [PCs.] for
50 runs of simulation, α=0,95, MTBFm=500h, MTBFr=1000h, MTTR=4h)
Human Robots Human Robots Human Robots Human Robots
Operators Operators Operators Operators
Time 8h 24h 2000h 6000h
Max Limit
[PCs.]
5760 17280 1440000 4320000
Average
Production
Pavg [PCs]
1681 4404 5111 13300 427179 1094949 1281345 3279888
Standard
deviation
[PCs]
50.72 619.3 85.28 1432 714.96 19331 1207 27496
OEE 0,2918 0,7646 0,2958 0,7697 0,2967 0,7604 0,2966 0,7592
Production throughput of the robotic line has increased about 2.6 times comparing to the line before
robotization.The OEE related performance of the production line operated by robots has improved by 46%
comparing to the manually operated line. The OEE indicator equals to OOEh=29.18÷29,67% for humans and
OEEr=75,92÷76,97% for robots, and correspond with the values assigned by the theory presented in Table 2.
Values calculated by the theory are: availability of the whole robotic system A=0,912; performance P=0,8333;
quality Q=0,99999. That gives OEEr=76,0%.
Table 2. Values of the OEE indicator
Manufacturing line Human operated line OOEh Robotic line OEEr
Availability 0,893 0,912
Performance 0,333 0,833
Quality 0,9973 0,99999
OEE 0,297 0,760
This shows that reliability parameters have significant influence on the productivity of the production system
and reliability improvement can change the OEE score. Comparing the OEE factors achieved for human
operator and robot the greatest improvement is in the performance.
VI. Conclusion
As it was predicted, the experiments confirm the advantage of the application of robotic operated production
lines comparing to manually operated lines. The computer simulation of the simplified model of the production
line with machines, operators and robots with stochastic (short-time and long-time) reliability parameters allows
for better representation and understanding of a real production process. This is particularly to see in the case of
work in three shifts a day for a long period of time. The work organization and robots synchronization play
important role and therefore the efficiency of the production line operated by robots has improved the OEE
indicator by 46% comparing to a manually operated line. Because of irregular work of human operators, the
buffers (queue) are needed for equalization of production flow and therefore loading (unloading) products from
buffers result in low performance of human operators. Also breaks for rest result in lower OEE value. This is
one of the best examples of robotic improvement in manufacturing. However, in other cases of machine tending,
the difference between human operator and robot is not so clearly to see even for long time simulations.
The use of OEE factors allows to compare results from other manufacturing systems. The reality is that most
manufacturing companies have OEE scores closer to 60%, but there are many companies with OEE scores
lower than 40%, and small number of world-class companies that have OEE scores higher than 80%.
There are some place for improvement of availability, performance and quality. Availability depends on planned
and unplanned breaks at work. Performance score depends on machine cycle time and high robot speed. The
quality depends on stability of manufacturing process parameters.
Results obtained with presented methodology can be used for detailed designing of a robotic system and for
economic analysis, regarding labor costs and costs associated with the investments in robotization.
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