The document provides instructions for using the Mix2Vial drug reconstitution system. The system allows for transferring liquid from one vial to another using a connecting device. The instructions describe a 6 step process: 1) preparing the device package, 2) connecting the device to the water vial, 3) removing packaging and connecting to drug vial, 4) mixing contents, 5) removing water vial, 6) withdrawing mixed solution into a syringe. The system simplifies reconstitution and transfer of drugs between vials.
The document discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are specialized dosage forms designed for administration to or around the eye. It covers ideal characteristics, types of formulations including solutions, suspensions, ointments and inserts. General considerations for safety, formulation, drugs used, evaluation tests and packaging are described. The key types are solutions, suspensions and ointments as the most commonly used ophthalmic dosage forms, with newer forms including gels, inserts and intraocular injections. Safety must ensure sterility, lack of toxicity and appropriate tonicity, pH and viscosity. Evaluation includes sterility testing, clarity assessment and checking for leaks or particles.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
The document discusses safety issues related to injection procedures and recommends best practices. It notes that billions of injections are given worldwide each year, with reuse of injection equipment unsafe and contributing to the spread of diseases like HIV, hepatitis B and C. Accidental needlestick injuries among healthcare workers are also discussed. The document recommends exclusive use of single-use needles and proper disposal of sharps waste to prevent infections and injuries. It provides instructions for using several types of safety syringes and catheters that automatically retract the needle after use.
This project report summarizes the process of blood culture testing. The purpose is to detect bloodborne microorganisms in patients with sepsis. Blood samples are inoculated into culture bottles and incubated for 5 days. The system monitors for increases in fluorescence that indicate growth. Positive bottles are subcultured onto agar plates and identified using staining techniques like Gram stain and Vitek 2 compact system. Identification of bacteria and reporting of antibiotic sensitivities helps in diagnosis and treatment of septic patients.
The document discusses Wysiwash, a patented chlorine delivery system that uses solid chlorine caplets to easily and cost-effectively disinfect playground equipment and other surfaces by mixing with water from a garden hose, killing bacteria, viruses, and pathogens, for a fraction of the cost of liquid bleach. It provides instructions for use, discusses the hydro-injection technology that mixes the chlorine with water, and lists common applications such as disinfecting animal areas, pools, homes, and playground equipment.
The document discusses key considerations for designing a parenteral production facility, including product characteristics like sterility, nonpyrogenicity, and stability. It covers personnel flow and requirements like hygiene, clothing, and training. It also compares batch and continuous manufacturing operations, noting advantages like continuous processes being more time and cost efficient.
A growth medium used to cultivate bacteria is known as microbiological media or bacterial culture media. In other words, it has everything bacteria require to thrive in a lab setting and outside of the body. It will go over how to make nutrient agar and nutrient broth.
The document discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are specialized dosage forms designed for administration to or around the eye. It covers ideal characteristics, types of formulations including solutions, suspensions, ointments and inserts. General considerations for safety, formulation, drugs used, evaluation tests and packaging are described. The key types are solutions, suspensions and ointments as the most commonly used ophthalmic dosage forms, with newer forms including gels, inserts and intraocular injections. Safety must ensure sterility, lack of toxicity and appropriate tonicity, pH and viscosity. Evaluation includes sterility testing, clarity assessment and checking for leaks or particles.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
The document discusses safety issues related to injection procedures and recommends best practices. It notes that billions of injections are given worldwide each year, with reuse of injection equipment unsafe and contributing to the spread of diseases like HIV, hepatitis B and C. Accidental needlestick injuries among healthcare workers are also discussed. The document recommends exclusive use of single-use needles and proper disposal of sharps waste to prevent infections and injuries. It provides instructions for using several types of safety syringes and catheters that automatically retract the needle after use.
This project report summarizes the process of blood culture testing. The purpose is to detect bloodborne microorganisms in patients with sepsis. Blood samples are inoculated into culture bottles and incubated for 5 days. The system monitors for increases in fluorescence that indicate growth. Positive bottles are subcultured onto agar plates and identified using staining techniques like Gram stain and Vitek 2 compact system. Identification of bacteria and reporting of antibiotic sensitivities helps in diagnosis and treatment of septic patients.
The document discusses Wysiwash, a patented chlorine delivery system that uses solid chlorine caplets to easily and cost-effectively disinfect playground equipment and other surfaces by mixing with water from a garden hose, killing bacteria, viruses, and pathogens, for a fraction of the cost of liquid bleach. It provides instructions for use, discusses the hydro-injection technology that mixes the chlorine with water, and lists common applications such as disinfecting animal areas, pools, homes, and playground equipment.
The document discusses key considerations for designing a parenteral production facility, including product characteristics like sterility, nonpyrogenicity, and stability. It covers personnel flow and requirements like hygiene, clothing, and training. It also compares batch and continuous manufacturing operations, noting advantages like continuous processes being more time and cost efficient.
A growth medium used to cultivate bacteria is known as microbiological media or bacterial culture media. In other words, it has everything bacteria require to thrive in a lab setting and outside of the body. It will go over how to make nutrient agar and nutrient broth.
The document discusses prefilled syringes and needle-free injections. Prefilled syringes provide precise dosing and reduce errors. They are made of glass or plastic and must be properly sterilized. Needle-free injections use pressure to drive drugs through the skin without a needle, eliminating needle phobia and risks. They can deliver drugs in liquid, powder or projectile form through mechanisms like gas propulsion or shock waves. Both technologies provide benefits over traditional needles but also have complexities and costs.
The document discusses prefilled syringes and needle-free injections. Prefilled syringes provide precise dosing and reduce errors. They are made of glass or plastic and must be properly sterilized. Needle-free injections use pressure to drive drugs through the skin without a needle, eliminating needle phobia and risks. They can deliver drugs in liquid, powder or projectile form through mechanisms like gas propulsion or shock waves. Both technologies provide benefits over traditional needles but also have complexities and costs.
Maintenance and calibration of laser Doppler probes and pressure cuffsPerimed
The aim of this document is to summarize the basic
maintenance requirements for laser Doppler probes and
pressure cuffs used for pressure measurements.
A Primer on Hard Gelatin Capsule ManufacturingVivek Sinha
This document provides an overview of the process for manufacturing hard gelatin capsules. It discusses the key raw materials used, including bovine gelatin and food colors. The manufacturing process involves preparing a gelatin mucilage solution, dipping pin bars in the solution to form capsule shells, drying the shells, cutting and joining them, and performing quality checks. The capsules then undergo printing and packaging, with quality testing of raw materials, in-process materials, and finished products. Specifications are provided for testing various attributes of the hard gelatin capsule shells.
This presentation discusses the process of capsule formulation and production. It covers developing the formulation and selecting the capsule size, filling capsule shells using either punch or machine methods, sealing capsules through heat welding or liquid agents, and cleaning and polishing filled capsules on small or large scales. Different machines used for semi-automatic or automatic filling and arranging of capsules are presented. The preparation of soft gelatin capsules using either a plate or reciprocating die process is also summarized.
Microlit Ultimus | Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchMicrolit India
The document describes Microlit Ultimus, a bottle top dispenser that offers four modes of dispensing through its patented Dual Inlet technology. It can perform rinsing, dilution, and dual liquid handling without needing to remount the dispenser due to its ability to connect to two separate liquid sources. This is more efficient than ordinary dispensers that require remounting for different tasks. The dispenser is suitable for industries like pharmaceuticals and life sciences due to its precision and chemical compatibility. It has received praise from scientists at CSIR-IITR for safely dispensing acids and improving analysis results.
This document discusses poultry vaccine application and equipment. It covers various topics including vaccine types, storage and handling, and different administration techniques. The main types of poultry vaccines are live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, which can be in liquid, freeze-dried, or dust form. Proper storage between 2-8 degrees Celsius is important to maintain vaccine potency. Administration techniques include drinking water, spray, eye drop, wing web injection, and in-ovo injection. Proper cleaning and use of equipment is important to avoid contamination.
Marie Rathe Sterilization presentation.pptxMeenachi Ct
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection policies and procedures for Operation Smile missions. It outlines the objectives of ensuring sterile surgical care for patients and minimizing infection risks. It describes Operation Smile's commitment to providing a safe, efficient environment for patients. The document then details Operation Smile's medical policies for sterilizing critical items using steam sterilization. It discusses challenges in accomplishing sterilization in mission settings and quality assurance procedures. It also addresses high level disinfection of semi-critical items.
En la siguiente podemos ver como se integran productos terminados industriales sobre procesos de diagnóstico y tratamientos estandarizados, en este caso estamos hablando de bioreactores industriales y procesos de criogenización y liofilización, que son el stage 1 de un proceso industrial de biotecnología. Por que existen estas compañías certificadoras para que sociedades AEMED como la nuestra tengan una guía sobre la cual basar sus avances, hay muchas organizaciones privadas, públicas, y gubernamentales que se dedican a esto, elegí ATCC por que da formación específica gratuita y son asequibles y pueden colaborar en el futuro si AEMED esta a la altura con un proyecto propio.
Exercise No 4 How To Label Intravenous Fluiddunerafael
The document discusses the proper labeling and handling of intravenous fluids (IVF). It states that IV containers must be labeled with the fluid type, amount, and expiration date. Tubing is usually changed every 72 hours unless clinically indicated. If the drug dose differs from standard, verification is required before incorporation. Aseptic procedures like hand washing must be followed when adding drugs to IVF. Some drugs like Methycobal require light protection to preserve integrity.
1. A subcutaneous injection is given into the fatty layer just under the skin. It is used for medications that are absorbed slowly over time like insulin or growth hormone.
2. To give a subcutaneous injection, prepare by washing hands, gathering supplies, and selecting an injection site by rotating between arms, thighs, and abdomen.
3. Administer the injection by cleaning the skin, grasping the skin, inserting the needle at a 90 degree angle, injecting the medication slowly, and applying pressure after removing the needle.
This document discusses hard shell and soft shell capsules. It defines capsules as solid dosage forms containing medicinal agents enclosed in gelatin shells. Hard shell capsules are made of two rigid gelatin shells joined together, while soft shell capsules contain plasticizers like glycerin added to the gelatin. The document describes the manufacturing processes of both types of capsules and compares their advantages and disadvantages as drug delivery systems.
Cytotoxic agents used in chemotherapy have anti-cancer effects but can also damage normal tissues. Proper handling and protective measures are needed due to their hazardous nature. The document outlines guidelines for safely receiving, compounding, and administering cytotoxic drugs, even in resource-limited settings. Key recommendations include restricting access to drug storage areas, adhering to work practices to minimize exposure, using proper personal protective equipment, and following aseptic technique during compounding. The overall goal is to minimize risks to healthcare workers through application of hazard control measures.
Ocular inserts are sterile solid or semisolid preparations designed to prolong the residence time of drugs in the eye through controlled release over extended periods of time. There are two main types - non-erodible inserts like Ocusert which use a drug-filled reservoir surrounded by a rate-controlling membrane, and erodible inserts that gradually dissolve in the eye releasing drug. Examples include Lacriserts, SODI, and Minidisc inserts. Ocular inserts can provide several advantages over eye drops like increased contact time, reduced dosing requirements, and better drug efficacy and patient compliance.
This document provides an overview of parenteral products including their definition, history, manufacturing process, quality control, packaging, types, and routes of administration. Parenterals are sterile preparations intended for injection through the skin rather than orally. Their manufacturing must ensure sterility, lack of pyrogens, and stability. Quality is tested through sterility, pyrogen, leakage, and particulate matter tests. Parenterals are packaged in containers like ampules, vials, prefilled syringes and infusion bags. They are classified as small or large volume and administered via intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous routes.
Pharmaceuticals in plant training presentation by DonMehedi Hasan Don
The document provides an overview of an in-plant training presentation at Orion Pharma Ltd. It introduces the company and popular products. It then describes visits to key departments including production (tablets, capsules, liquids, creams/ointments, sterile), PPIC, R&D, quality assurance, and quality control. The production processes, equipment, testing, and roles of each department are summarized. The engineering department maintains production and the working environment.
Jadella Implant is a form family planning which comes in two silicon rods,implan subdermal Over the years it release progestin to prevent ovulation thus prevent pregnancy
3. Section-IN PROCESS QUALITY CONTROL and QUALITY CONTROL.pdfosos24
This document discusses quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines quality control and explains that it is essential to ensure pharmaceutical products are safe, pure, and effective. It describes various in-process quality control tests done at different stages of production for tablets, capsules, syrups, semisolids, and injectables. These tests evaluate attributes like drug content, hardness, dissolution, and sterility. Finally, it compares quality control tests for tablets specified in British, Indian, and US pharmacopeias.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
The document discusses prefilled syringes and needle-free injections. Prefilled syringes provide precise dosing and reduce errors. They are made of glass or plastic and must be properly sterilized. Needle-free injections use pressure to drive drugs through the skin without a needle, eliminating needle phobia and risks. They can deliver drugs in liquid, powder or projectile form through mechanisms like gas propulsion or shock waves. Both technologies provide benefits over traditional needles but also have complexities and costs.
The document discusses prefilled syringes and needle-free injections. Prefilled syringes provide precise dosing and reduce errors. They are made of glass or plastic and must be properly sterilized. Needle-free injections use pressure to drive drugs through the skin without a needle, eliminating needle phobia and risks. They can deliver drugs in liquid, powder or projectile form through mechanisms like gas propulsion or shock waves. Both technologies provide benefits over traditional needles but also have complexities and costs.
Maintenance and calibration of laser Doppler probes and pressure cuffsPerimed
The aim of this document is to summarize the basic
maintenance requirements for laser Doppler probes and
pressure cuffs used for pressure measurements.
A Primer on Hard Gelatin Capsule ManufacturingVivek Sinha
This document provides an overview of the process for manufacturing hard gelatin capsules. It discusses the key raw materials used, including bovine gelatin and food colors. The manufacturing process involves preparing a gelatin mucilage solution, dipping pin bars in the solution to form capsule shells, drying the shells, cutting and joining them, and performing quality checks. The capsules then undergo printing and packaging, with quality testing of raw materials, in-process materials, and finished products. Specifications are provided for testing various attributes of the hard gelatin capsule shells.
This presentation discusses the process of capsule formulation and production. It covers developing the formulation and selecting the capsule size, filling capsule shells using either punch or machine methods, sealing capsules through heat welding or liquid agents, and cleaning and polishing filled capsules on small or large scales. Different machines used for semi-automatic or automatic filling and arranging of capsules are presented. The preparation of soft gelatin capsules using either a plate or reciprocating die process is also summarized.
Microlit Ultimus | Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchMicrolit India
The document describes Microlit Ultimus, a bottle top dispenser that offers four modes of dispensing through its patented Dual Inlet technology. It can perform rinsing, dilution, and dual liquid handling without needing to remount the dispenser due to its ability to connect to two separate liquid sources. This is more efficient than ordinary dispensers that require remounting for different tasks. The dispenser is suitable for industries like pharmaceuticals and life sciences due to its precision and chemical compatibility. It has received praise from scientists at CSIR-IITR for safely dispensing acids and improving analysis results.
This document discusses poultry vaccine application and equipment. It covers various topics including vaccine types, storage and handling, and different administration techniques. The main types of poultry vaccines are live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, which can be in liquid, freeze-dried, or dust form. Proper storage between 2-8 degrees Celsius is important to maintain vaccine potency. Administration techniques include drinking water, spray, eye drop, wing web injection, and in-ovo injection. Proper cleaning and use of equipment is important to avoid contamination.
Marie Rathe Sterilization presentation.pptxMeenachi Ct
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection policies and procedures for Operation Smile missions. It outlines the objectives of ensuring sterile surgical care for patients and minimizing infection risks. It describes Operation Smile's commitment to providing a safe, efficient environment for patients. The document then details Operation Smile's medical policies for sterilizing critical items using steam sterilization. It discusses challenges in accomplishing sterilization in mission settings and quality assurance procedures. It also addresses high level disinfection of semi-critical items.
En la siguiente podemos ver como se integran productos terminados industriales sobre procesos de diagnóstico y tratamientos estandarizados, en este caso estamos hablando de bioreactores industriales y procesos de criogenización y liofilización, que son el stage 1 de un proceso industrial de biotecnología. Por que existen estas compañías certificadoras para que sociedades AEMED como la nuestra tengan una guía sobre la cual basar sus avances, hay muchas organizaciones privadas, públicas, y gubernamentales que se dedican a esto, elegí ATCC por que da formación específica gratuita y son asequibles y pueden colaborar en el futuro si AEMED esta a la altura con un proyecto propio.
Exercise No 4 How To Label Intravenous Fluiddunerafael
The document discusses the proper labeling and handling of intravenous fluids (IVF). It states that IV containers must be labeled with the fluid type, amount, and expiration date. Tubing is usually changed every 72 hours unless clinically indicated. If the drug dose differs from standard, verification is required before incorporation. Aseptic procedures like hand washing must be followed when adding drugs to IVF. Some drugs like Methycobal require light protection to preserve integrity.
1. A subcutaneous injection is given into the fatty layer just under the skin. It is used for medications that are absorbed slowly over time like insulin or growth hormone.
2. To give a subcutaneous injection, prepare by washing hands, gathering supplies, and selecting an injection site by rotating between arms, thighs, and abdomen.
3. Administer the injection by cleaning the skin, grasping the skin, inserting the needle at a 90 degree angle, injecting the medication slowly, and applying pressure after removing the needle.
This document discusses hard shell and soft shell capsules. It defines capsules as solid dosage forms containing medicinal agents enclosed in gelatin shells. Hard shell capsules are made of two rigid gelatin shells joined together, while soft shell capsules contain plasticizers like glycerin added to the gelatin. The document describes the manufacturing processes of both types of capsules and compares their advantages and disadvantages as drug delivery systems.
Cytotoxic agents used in chemotherapy have anti-cancer effects but can also damage normal tissues. Proper handling and protective measures are needed due to their hazardous nature. The document outlines guidelines for safely receiving, compounding, and administering cytotoxic drugs, even in resource-limited settings. Key recommendations include restricting access to drug storage areas, adhering to work practices to minimize exposure, using proper personal protective equipment, and following aseptic technique during compounding. The overall goal is to minimize risks to healthcare workers through application of hazard control measures.
Ocular inserts are sterile solid or semisolid preparations designed to prolong the residence time of drugs in the eye through controlled release over extended periods of time. There are two main types - non-erodible inserts like Ocusert which use a drug-filled reservoir surrounded by a rate-controlling membrane, and erodible inserts that gradually dissolve in the eye releasing drug. Examples include Lacriserts, SODI, and Minidisc inserts. Ocular inserts can provide several advantages over eye drops like increased contact time, reduced dosing requirements, and better drug efficacy and patient compliance.
This document provides an overview of parenteral products including their definition, history, manufacturing process, quality control, packaging, types, and routes of administration. Parenterals are sterile preparations intended for injection through the skin rather than orally. Their manufacturing must ensure sterility, lack of pyrogens, and stability. Quality is tested through sterility, pyrogen, leakage, and particulate matter tests. Parenterals are packaged in containers like ampules, vials, prefilled syringes and infusion bags. They are classified as small or large volume and administered via intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous routes.
Pharmaceuticals in plant training presentation by DonMehedi Hasan Don
The document provides an overview of an in-plant training presentation at Orion Pharma Ltd. It introduces the company and popular products. It then describes visits to key departments including production (tablets, capsules, liquids, creams/ointments, sterile), PPIC, R&D, quality assurance, and quality control. The production processes, equipment, testing, and roles of each department are summarized. The engineering department maintains production and the working environment.
Jadella Implant is a form family planning which comes in two silicon rods,implan subdermal Over the years it release progestin to prevent ovulation thus prevent pregnancy
3. Section-IN PROCESS QUALITY CONTROL and QUALITY CONTROL.pdfosos24
This document discusses quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines quality control and explains that it is essential to ensure pharmaceutical products are safe, pure, and effective. It describes various in-process quality control tests done at different stages of production for tablets, capsules, syrups, semisolids, and injectables. These tests evaluate attributes like drug content, hardness, dissolution, and sterility. Finally, it compares quality control tests for tablets specified in British, Indian, and US pharmacopeias.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Mix2Vial
1. Mix2Vial
®
Instructions for Use
Before handling the components, wash your hands with
soap and hot water.
Place the package on a clean, flat surface.
Remove the Flip-Off® buttons from the sterile water
and drug product vials.
Disinfect the vial injection sites with an alcohol swab.
Step 1: Remove the top of the Mix2Vial package.
Step 1 Do not remove the device from the package.
Step 2: Seat the blue end of the device on the water vial, using the
blister pack as a holder. Push down until the spike penetrates
Step 2 the rubber stopper and the device snaps in place.
Step 3: Remove the plastic package and discard it.
Step 3 Take care not to touch the exposed end of the device.
Step 4: Turn the water vial upside down and insert the clear end
into the powdered drug vial, pushing down until the spike
Step 4 penetrates the rubber stopper and the device snaps in place.
The water will automatically flow into the drug vial.
Gently swirl the vial to make sure the product is
thoroughly mixed.
Step 4b
Step 5: Remove the water vial by turning it counterclockwise.
Step 5
Step 6: Pull back on the syringe plunger and insert it into the luer lock
by turning it clockwise.
Push down on the plunger to pressurize the vial.
Step 6 Turn the drug vial upside down and withdraw the solution
into the syringe.
Remove the syringe by turning the barrel counterclockwise.
The drug is now ready for administration.
Follow normal safety practices to administer the drug.
westReconstitution.com
Flip-Off® is a registered trademark of West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc., in the United States and other jurisdictions.
The Mix2Vial® system is the subject of U.S. Patents nos. 6,558,365 B2 and 6,699,229 B2.
Mix2Vial® is a registered trademark of Medimop Medical Projects Ltd. 4573a Mix2Vial
2. Drug Kitting
Custom transfer and delivery solutions
A drug distributed in kit form can facilitate clinical trials, differentiate the product in
the market, create brand loyalty and can simplify and streamline its administration.
Through its WestOneSource facility, West provides customers with a single source for
kit design and assembly.
The kit contains the materials needed to prepare and administer a drug in a single,
convenient package, providing a ready-to-use solution for drug administration in
clinical and home settings. Kit contents typically include:
• The drug vial
• Diluent in a vial or a pre-filled syringe
• A syringe to administer the dose
• A device to simplify reconstitution and transfer of the drug
between vials and the syringe Innovations in
• Alcohol swabs Safety and
• Administration needle with optional safety device Administration Systems
The kit can be fabricated using a cardboard or thermoformed plastic tray with com-
West’s safety and administration
partments to contain each of the components.
systems enhance the delivery of drugs
West offers kits that include its safety and administration systems:
• MixJect® – a system for the safe, rapid preparation of lyophilized drugs through advanced reconstitution,
with pre-attached administration needle. mixing and transfer technologies.
• Mix2Vial – a needleless system for safe, rapid transfer and
®
mixing between two vials. West’s systems are easy to use, help
• Vial2Bag™ – a needleless system for the safe reconstitution and promote safety and compliance
transfer of a drug between a vial or syringe and an IV bag. and do not require changes to
• Vial Adapters – a cost-effective solution for the safe and rapid drug manufacturing processes. The
transfer and reconstitution of drugs between vials and syringes.
systems work with existing drug
West can provide customers kits in quantities raging from samples to full
commercial development. vials – there is no need for expensive
re-registration or capital investment.
To find out how West’s innovative
systems can add value to your
drug product or application, please
contact your local West account
representative. For direct access to
a business development specialist,
call 800-345-9800, option 8, in North
America or +45 7561-6000 in Europe.
You may also send email inquiries
to SafetySystems@westpharma.
com and visit our web site at
westReconstitution.com.
Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of Medimop Medical Projects Ltd. 4573g Drug Kitting