The document summarizes research on hierarchical models for object recognition, including: - Hierarchies are inspired by the primate visual system which uses hierarchies of features of increasing complexity. - Convolutional neural networks and the Neocognitron model use hierarchical architectures with layers of feature extraction. - Learning hierarchical compositional representations allows constructing objects from reusable parts. - Identifying images from brain activity showed it is possible to predict fMRI activity and identify images based on a voxel activity model.

1. Lecture 11 Hierarchies 6.870 Object Recognition and Scene Understanding http://people.csail.mit.edu/torralba/courses/6.870/6.870.recognition.htm

2. Next week Alec Rivers Scene Understanding Based on Object Relationships Gokberk Cinbis Category Level 3D Object Detection Using View-Invariant Representations Hueihan Jhuang and Sharat Chikkerur Video shot boundary detection using GIST representation Jenny Yuen Semiautomatic alignment of text and images Nathaniel R Twarog A Filtering Approach to Image Segmentation: Perceptual Grouping in Feature Space Nicolas Pinto Evaluating dense feature descriptor and multi-kernel learning for face detection/recognition Tilke Judd and Vladimir Bychkovsky Identify the same people in different photographs from the same event Tom Kollar Context-based object priors for scene understanding Tom Ouyang Hand-Drawn Sketch Recognition, A Vision-Based Approach Papers due this Friday (5pm): send PDF by email

3. Hierarchies vs. holistic features Although we have seen some “successful” holistic methods.

4. Hierarchies, compositionality and reusable parts Compositionality refers to our evident ability to construct hierarchical representations, whereby constituents are used and reused in an essentially infinite variety of relational compositions. Assumption (Bienenstock, Geman): what is learnable is what is representable as a hierarchy of more-or-less simple composition rules. Bienenstock, Geman. Compositionality in neural systems.

5. Hierarchies vs. holistic features Feature hierarchies are often inspired by the structure of the primate visual system, which has been shown to use a hierarchy of features of increasing complexity, from simple local features in the primary visual cortex, to complex shapes and object views in higher cortical areas. S. Ullman et al.

6. Diagram of the visual system Felleman and Van Essen, 1991

7. Modified by T. Serre from Ungerleider and Haxby, and then shamelessly copied by me.

8. Modified by T. Serre from Ungerleider and Haxby, and then copied by me.

9. Modified by T. Serre from Ungerleider and Haxby, and then copied by me.

10. Modified by T. Serre from Ungerleider and Haxby, and then copied by me.

11. Modified by T. Serre from Ungerleider and Haxby, and then copied by me.

12. IT readout Slide by Serre

13. Identifying natural images from human brain activity ? Kay, K.N., Naselaris, T., Prenger, R.J., & Gallant, J.L. (2008). Identifying natural images from human brain activity. Nature, 452, 352-355.

15. Voxel Activity Model Goal : to predict the image seen by the observer out of a large collection of possible images. And to do this for new images: this requires predicting fMRI activity for unseen images. Kay, K.N., Naselaris, T., Prenger, R.J., & Gallant, J.L. (2008). Identifying natural images from human brain activity. Nature, 452, 352-355.

16. Kay, K.N., Naselaris, T., Prenger, R.J., & Gallant, J.L. (2008). Identifying natural images from human brain activity. Nature, 452, 352-355.

17. Performance Kay, K.N., Naselaris, T., Prenger, R.J., & Gallant, J.L. (2008). Identifying natural images from human brain activity. Nature, 452, 352-355.

18. D. Marr

19. Neocognitron Fukushima (1980). Hierarchical multilayered neural network S-cells work as feature-extracting cells. They resemble simple cells of the primary visual cortex in their response. C-cells , which resembles complex cells in the visual cortex, are inserted in the network to allow for positional errors in the features of the stimulus. The input connections of C-cells, which come from S-cells of the preceding layer, are fixed and invariable. Each C-cell receives excitatory input connections from a group of S-cells that extract the same feature, but from slightly different positions. The C-cell responds if at least one of these S-cells yield an output.

20. Neocognitron Learning is done greedily for each layer

21. Convolutional Neural Network The output neurons share all the intermediate levels Le Cun et al, 98

22. Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex Hierarchical extension of the classical paradigm of building complex cells from simple cells. Uses same notation than Fukushima: “S” units performing template matching, solid lines and “C” units performing non-linear operations ( “MAX” operation, dashed lines) Riesenhuber, M. and Poggio, T. 99

23. Slide by T. Serre

24. Slide by T. Serre

31. Learning a Compositional Hierarchy of Object Structure Fidler & Leonardis, CVPR’07; Fidler, Boben & Leonardis, CVPR 2008 The architecture Parts model Learned parts

32. Learning a Compositional Hierarchy of Object Structure Fidler & Leonardis, CVPR’07; Fidler, Boben & Leonardis, CVPR 2008

33. Learning a Compositional Hierarchy of Object Structure Fidler & Leonardis, CVPR’07 Fidler, Boben & Leonardis, CVPR 2008 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 1 LEARN hierarchical library car motorcycle dog person Hierarchical compositional architecture Features are shared at each layer Learning is done on natural images Indexing and matching detection scheme Learned L1 – L3 Learned hierarchical vocabulary Detections

34. Learning a Compositional Hierarchy of Object Structure Fidler & Leonardis, CVPR’07 Fidler, Boben & Leonardis, CVPR 2008 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 1 LEARN hierarchical library car motorcycle dog person Learned hierarchical vocabulary Detections Hierarchical compositional architecture Features are shared at each layer Learning is done on natural images Biologically plausible? Learns T- and L- junctions, different curvatures, and features that gradually increase in complexity

35. Hierarchical Topic Models   z x J N K Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) Blei, Ng, & Jordan, JMLR 2003 Pr(topic | doc) Pr(word | topic)  “ bag of features” models: Object Recognition (Sivic et. al., ICCV 2005) Scene Recognition (Fei-Fei et. al., CVPR 2005)

36. HDP Object Model We learn the number of parts. Each object uses a different number of parts. The model assumes a known number of object categories. Sudderth et al. IJCV 2008 Parts are distributions over appearances and locations