This document discusses the MIRD method for calculating radiation dose from internal sources. It defines key terms like absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and source and target organs. It describes the basic MIRD procedure as a 3-step process involving cumulated activity in the source organ, radiation emitted, and fraction absorbed by the target organ. It provides examples of calculating cumulated activity for different uptake and clearance scenarios and defines equilibrium absorbed dose constants. It also discusses calculating absorbed fractions and mean dose per cumulated activity to determine the absorbed dose to target organs.
This document describes a method for measuring fat-to-muscle ratios using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Key points:
- Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry uses measurements at two x-ray energies to differentiate between fat and muscle based on their different attenuation properties.
- An experimental setup was designed using a radioactive source that emits two x-ray energies and an energy-sensitive detector to perform the dual-energy measurements.
- Phantom studies using plexiglass and water, which simulate fat and muscle properties, demonstrated the method's sensitivity and linearity for varying compositions.
- Measurements of pork fat and muscle specimens with varying ratios validated the
This document discusses a study analyzing the molecular structure, vibrational spectra, and electronic properties of 4-Methoxy-40-Nitrobiphenyl (4M40NBPL) using density functional theory computations. Key findings include:
1) Geometry optimization and vibrational frequency calculations were performed using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) to determine the equilibrium structure and analyze vibrational modes.
2) Experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were recorded and compared to theoretical spectra, and vibrational assignments were made with total energy distribution analysis.
3) Electronic structure calculations including NBO analysis, HOMO-LUMO energies, and NMR studies provided insights into molecular
The document discusses internal radiation dosimetry and methods for calculating radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine. It covers biokinetic models for radiopharmaceutical uptake and elimination, the MIRD method involving residence time, S-factors, and calculating absorbed dose to target organs. It also addresses models for doses to embryos, fetuses, and infants via breast milk, as well as recommendations and examples of calculating radiation doses. The key aspects covered are biokinetic models, the MIRD methodology, and applications to calculating internal radiation doses, especially for sensitive populations like pregnant patients.
This document outlines three photo-thermal experiments conducted to measure thermal diffusivity of various materials. It describes the principles of photo-thermal techniques, experimental setups using thermal lens, photoflash and photoacoustic methods, and presents results and discussions. The techniques were used to successfully measure the thermal diffusivity of gold nanofluids, polyaniline, and polypyrrole composite films.
Quality and elemental characterization of common spices of Bangladesh using n...Mahfuzur Rahman Titu
This document summarizes a study that characterized the quality and elemental composition of common spices in Bangladesh using nuclear analysis techniques like neutron activation analysis and gamma irradiation. It analyzed 25 spice samples for 17 elemental concentrations and found some exceeded international limits. It also assessed the impact of gamma irradiation doses from 2-10 kGy on reducing bacterial and fungal loads in spices while having little effect on physicochemical properties. Key organisms like Pseudomonas, E. coli and Vibrio were not detected. The optimum irradiation dose was identified for inactivating foodborne pathogens in each spice.
The document defines and explains key radiation protection quantities and units used to measure radiation dose and its effects on human tissue. It discusses equivalent dose, effective dose, radiation weighting factors, tissue weighting factors, annual limit of intake, derived air concentration, and personal dose equivalent. The main points are that equivalent dose accounts for radiation type, effective dose sums equivalent dose across organs weighted by radiation sensitivity, and various factors and limits are used to regulate radiation exposure and assess biological impact.
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2). Yellow nitrogen-doped TiO2 was prepared through a sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide and urea as precursors. Characterization with XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis showed the materials were crystalline anatase TiO2 with nitrogen doping extending light absorption into the visible range. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that nitrogen-doped TiO2 had higher activity for degrading the pesticide 2,4-D under visible light irradiation compared to undoped TiO2.
This document describes a method for measuring fat-to-muscle ratios using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Key points:
- Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry uses measurements at two x-ray energies to differentiate between fat and muscle based on their different attenuation properties.
- An experimental setup was designed using a radioactive source that emits two x-ray energies and an energy-sensitive detector to perform the dual-energy measurements.
- Phantom studies using plexiglass and water, which simulate fat and muscle properties, demonstrated the method's sensitivity and linearity for varying compositions.
- Measurements of pork fat and muscle specimens with varying ratios validated the
This document discusses a study analyzing the molecular structure, vibrational spectra, and electronic properties of 4-Methoxy-40-Nitrobiphenyl (4M40NBPL) using density functional theory computations. Key findings include:
1) Geometry optimization and vibrational frequency calculations were performed using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) to determine the equilibrium structure and analyze vibrational modes.
2) Experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were recorded and compared to theoretical spectra, and vibrational assignments were made with total energy distribution analysis.
3) Electronic structure calculations including NBO analysis, HOMO-LUMO energies, and NMR studies provided insights into molecular
The document discusses internal radiation dosimetry and methods for calculating radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine. It covers biokinetic models for radiopharmaceutical uptake and elimination, the MIRD method involving residence time, S-factors, and calculating absorbed dose to target organs. It also addresses models for doses to embryos, fetuses, and infants via breast milk, as well as recommendations and examples of calculating radiation doses. The key aspects covered are biokinetic models, the MIRD methodology, and applications to calculating internal radiation doses, especially for sensitive populations like pregnant patients.
This document outlines three photo-thermal experiments conducted to measure thermal diffusivity of various materials. It describes the principles of photo-thermal techniques, experimental setups using thermal lens, photoflash and photoacoustic methods, and presents results and discussions. The techniques were used to successfully measure the thermal diffusivity of gold nanofluids, polyaniline, and polypyrrole composite films.
Quality and elemental characterization of common spices of Bangladesh using n...Mahfuzur Rahman Titu
This document summarizes a study that characterized the quality and elemental composition of common spices in Bangladesh using nuclear analysis techniques like neutron activation analysis and gamma irradiation. It analyzed 25 spice samples for 17 elemental concentrations and found some exceeded international limits. It also assessed the impact of gamma irradiation doses from 2-10 kGy on reducing bacterial and fungal loads in spices while having little effect on physicochemical properties. Key organisms like Pseudomonas, E. coli and Vibrio were not detected. The optimum irradiation dose was identified for inactivating foodborne pathogens in each spice.
The document defines and explains key radiation protection quantities and units used to measure radiation dose and its effects on human tissue. It discusses equivalent dose, effective dose, radiation weighting factors, tissue weighting factors, annual limit of intake, derived air concentration, and personal dose equivalent. The main points are that equivalent dose accounts for radiation type, effective dose sums equivalent dose across organs weighted by radiation sensitivity, and various factors and limits are used to regulate radiation exposure and assess biological impact.
This document summarizes the preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2). Yellow nitrogen-doped TiO2 was prepared through a sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide and urea as precursors. Characterization with XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, and UV-Vis showed the materials were crystalline anatase TiO2 with nitrogen doping extending light absorption into the visible range. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that nitrogen-doped TiO2 had higher activity for degrading the pesticide 2,4-D under visible light irradiation compared to undoped TiO2.
Internal radiation dosimetry describes calculating absorbed doses in organs from internally ingested radionuclides, either from medical procedures or accidents. It involves determining the cumulated activity in each organ from the time-activity curve and residence time of radionuclides, and calculating the absorbed fraction and mean energy released per transition to determine the absorbed dose in each organ from various radiations. The organ receiving the highest absorbed dose is considered the critical organ.
Therapeutic nuclear medicine uses radionuclides to treat various conditions like hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. Common isotopes used include iodine-131, phosphorus-32, and strontium-89. Administration procedures and internal dosimetry calculations are important considerations. The MIRD formalism provides a framework for calculating absorbed dose to target regions from radioactive sources. Key factors include cumulative activity, residence time, and absorbed fraction. Assumptions of uniform activity distribution and average absorbed dose are limitations but the MIRD approach is simple and easy to use.
This document discusses key concepts in dosimetry, which is the determination of radiation exposure or dose. It defines fundamental units like mass and time, derived units, and the International System of Units (SI units) used to measure radiation quantities. Exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, collective dose, and dose rate are defined along with their standard SI units like the gray (Gy), sievert (Sv), and millisievert (mSv). Radiation quantities like kerma and radioactivity are also defined with their relevant units.
This document discusses quantities and units used in radiation protection. It defines key terms like quantity, unit, activity, curie, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, and committed dose. It provides examples of common radiation units like grays, sieverts, and roentgens. It also discusses natural and man-made sources of background radiation like terrestrial sources, medical use, nuclear power and fallout. The goal is to quantify radiation exposure and risk to human tissues from different radiation types and energies.
1) Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy through space or matter and comes in the form of waves or particles. The various quantities of radiation include activity, exposure, kerma, absorbed dose, relative biological effectiveness (RBE), effective dose, and equivalent dose.
2) Activity refers to the number of unstable nuclei that decay per unit time and is measured in becquerels (Bq) or curies (Ci). Exposure is a measure of ionization in air due to radiation. Kerma measures the kinetic energy transferred to charged particles per unit mass. Absorbed dose measures energy absorbed per unit mass.
3) Effective dose takes into account RBE, which varies by radiation type and biological factors
This study guide summarizes key points from chapter 4 on risk assessment. It covers the main topics of risk perspectives, risk perception, the four main steps of risk assessment (hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization), and some methods used in risk assessment like relative risk, attributable risk, odds ratio, and dose-response modeling. Specific assessment models like CDI are defined. The guide also touches on human exposure assessment, contaminant degradation kinetics, and EPA's priority research topics for comparative risk analysis.
This document discusses various radiation quantities and units used to characterize ionizing radiation. It describes key concepts such as activity, kerma, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, annual limit intake (ALI), and derived air concentration (DAC). The International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) and International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) help define these quantities and their relationships. Primary quantities like equivalent dose relate radiation risk, while operational quantities like exposure are used for measurements. Tissue weighting factors account for different tissue sensitivities in calculating effective dose from equivalent dose.
Planning of Nuclear Medicine Facilities.pptxTaushifulHoque
This document provides information about planning nuclear medicine facilities. It discusses what nuclear medicine is and common applications like diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and bone scans. It also covers commonly used radiopharmaceuticals like Tc-99m and I-131. Facility layout plans are shown for areas like gamma camera, PET, and high dose therapy. Shielding calculations are provided for these areas based on workload, radiopharmaceutical half-lives, and regulatory dose limits. Thickness of concrete required is calculated using transmission values.
This document summarizes a workshop on yield gap analysis and crop modeling held in Nairobi, Kenya. It discusses systems analysis in agriculture and the use of mathematics to model agricultural systems. Key concepts in modeling crop growth like light interception, photosynthesis, respiration, biomass accumulation, and partitioning are explained. The methodology of defining objectives, analyzing the system, synthesizing models, and validating models is outlined. Examples of modeling potato phenology and growth based on temperature, dry matter accumulation, and partitioning are provided. The importance of parameterizing models with meteorological and crop measurement data is also highlighted.
This document discusses various units used to measure radiation and its effects. It introduces electromagnetic radiation and defines ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It then explains the importance of measurement units and defines common units like becquerels, curies, grays, rads, sieverts and rems used to quantify radioactivity, radiation dose, and biological dose equivalents. The document also discusses concepts like kerma, equivalent dose and effective dose which account for different tissue sensitivities to different radiation types.
Radiation units can be divided into units of radioactivity and units of radiation dose. The curie and becquerel are units of radioactivity, with 1 curie equal to 3.7x1010 decays per second. The roentgen, coulomb per kilogram, rad, and gray are units of radiation dose, measuring exposure, absorbed dose, and biological dose respectively. The sievert incorporates the type of radiation and tissue using quality factors to give an equivalent dose. Effective dose calculates organ doses using tissue weighting factors to estimate health risks from whole-body exposure.
This document discusses various radiation units used to quantify radiation exposure and its effects. It defines units of radioactivity like curie and becquerel, exposure units like roentgen, absorbed dose units like rad and gray, and equivalent and effective dose units like rem and sievert used to account for radiation type and organ sensitivity. It also discusses concepts like attenuation, kerma, absorbed dose, and weighting factors used to calculate equivalent and effective doses from radiation exposure.
This document provides information about physics concepts in nuclear medicine including radioactivity, radioisotopes, half-life, and activity calculations. It defines alpha, beta, and gamma radiation emissions and their properties. It discusses isotopes, radioisotopes, and radionuclides. Formulas are provided for calculating activity, decay constant, and half-life. Examples are given for calculating mass of radioisotopes and activity remaining after a given time based on the half-life.
This document discusses various radiation quantities and units used in medical physics. It defines units like becquerel (Bq), gray (Gy), sievert (Sv), and rem (Roentgen equivalent man) used to measure activity, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose. It also discusses concepts like half-life, decay constant, kerma, exposure, and dose conversion factors. International organizations like ICRP and ICRU provide recommendations on radiation quantities, units, and safety limits.
Parameter Estimation of Pollutant Removal for Subsurface Horizontal Flow Cons...mkbsbs
Treatment efficiencies of a pilot scale constructed wetland treating greywater
from a staff canteen of the University of Moratuwa was studied to estimate the
temperature dependent reaction rate constants of specific pollutant removal
mechanisms.
The document discusses centrifugation techniques used in biochemical research. It defines centrifugal force and relative centrifugal force (RCF). It states that to centrifuge a sample at 100,000g with an average radius of 4cm would require setting the centrifuge to over 25,000rpm. Different types of centrifuges are used for separating particles of various sizes. Centrifugation is used for preparative and analytical techniques like sedimentation analysis to determine properties of particles like sedimentation coefficients.
This document discusses chemical kinetics and stability testing of pharmaceutical products. It covers the basic requirements of drugs including efficacy, safety and stability. The purpose of stability testing is to provide evidence on how drug quality varies over time under different environmental factors like temperature, humidity and light, and to establish a shelf life and recommended storage conditions. The document discusses the rates, orders and molecularity of chemical reactions, including zero-order, first-order and second-order reactions. It also covers rate constants, half-lives, shelf lives and units of basic rate constants. Accelerated stability testing is used to increase reaction rates by exaggerated storage conditions to assess longer-term effects.
FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION PROTECTION – EXTERNAL & INTERNAL mahbubul hassan
Training Course on Radiation Protection for Radiation Workers
and RCOs of BAEC, Medical Facilities & Industries
24 - 28 October 2021
Training Institute
Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka
Internal radiation dosimetry describes calculating absorbed doses in organs from internally ingested radionuclides, either from medical procedures or accidents. It involves determining the cumulated activity in each organ from the time-activity curve and residence time of radionuclides, and calculating the absorbed fraction and mean energy released per transition to determine the absorbed dose in each organ from various radiations. The organ receiving the highest absorbed dose is considered the critical organ.
Therapeutic nuclear medicine uses radionuclides to treat various conditions like hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. Common isotopes used include iodine-131, phosphorus-32, and strontium-89. Administration procedures and internal dosimetry calculations are important considerations. The MIRD formalism provides a framework for calculating absorbed dose to target regions from radioactive sources. Key factors include cumulative activity, residence time, and absorbed fraction. Assumptions of uniform activity distribution and average absorbed dose are limitations but the MIRD approach is simple and easy to use.
This document discusses key concepts in dosimetry, which is the determination of radiation exposure or dose. It defines fundamental units like mass and time, derived units, and the International System of Units (SI units) used to measure radiation quantities. Exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, collective dose, and dose rate are defined along with their standard SI units like the gray (Gy), sievert (Sv), and millisievert (mSv). Radiation quantities like kerma and radioactivity are also defined with their relevant units.
This document discusses quantities and units used in radiation protection. It defines key terms like quantity, unit, activity, curie, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, and committed dose. It provides examples of common radiation units like grays, sieverts, and roentgens. It also discusses natural and man-made sources of background radiation like terrestrial sources, medical use, nuclear power and fallout. The goal is to quantify radiation exposure and risk to human tissues from different radiation types and energies.
1) Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy through space or matter and comes in the form of waves or particles. The various quantities of radiation include activity, exposure, kerma, absorbed dose, relative biological effectiveness (RBE), effective dose, and equivalent dose.
2) Activity refers to the number of unstable nuclei that decay per unit time and is measured in becquerels (Bq) or curies (Ci). Exposure is a measure of ionization in air due to radiation. Kerma measures the kinetic energy transferred to charged particles per unit mass. Absorbed dose measures energy absorbed per unit mass.
3) Effective dose takes into account RBE, which varies by radiation type and biological factors
This study guide summarizes key points from chapter 4 on risk assessment. It covers the main topics of risk perspectives, risk perception, the four main steps of risk assessment (hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization), and some methods used in risk assessment like relative risk, attributable risk, odds ratio, and dose-response modeling. Specific assessment models like CDI are defined. The guide also touches on human exposure assessment, contaminant degradation kinetics, and EPA's priority research topics for comparative risk analysis.
This document discusses various radiation quantities and units used to characterize ionizing radiation. It describes key concepts such as activity, kerma, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, annual limit intake (ALI), and derived air concentration (DAC). The International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) and International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) help define these quantities and their relationships. Primary quantities like equivalent dose relate radiation risk, while operational quantities like exposure are used for measurements. Tissue weighting factors account for different tissue sensitivities in calculating effective dose from equivalent dose.
Planning of Nuclear Medicine Facilities.pptxTaushifulHoque
This document provides information about planning nuclear medicine facilities. It discusses what nuclear medicine is and common applications like diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and bone scans. It also covers commonly used radiopharmaceuticals like Tc-99m and I-131. Facility layout plans are shown for areas like gamma camera, PET, and high dose therapy. Shielding calculations are provided for these areas based on workload, radiopharmaceutical half-lives, and regulatory dose limits. Thickness of concrete required is calculated using transmission values.
This document summarizes a workshop on yield gap analysis and crop modeling held in Nairobi, Kenya. It discusses systems analysis in agriculture and the use of mathematics to model agricultural systems. Key concepts in modeling crop growth like light interception, photosynthesis, respiration, biomass accumulation, and partitioning are explained. The methodology of defining objectives, analyzing the system, synthesizing models, and validating models is outlined. Examples of modeling potato phenology and growth based on temperature, dry matter accumulation, and partitioning are provided. The importance of parameterizing models with meteorological and crop measurement data is also highlighted.
This document discusses various units used to measure radiation and its effects. It introduces electromagnetic radiation and defines ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It then explains the importance of measurement units and defines common units like becquerels, curies, grays, rads, sieverts and rems used to quantify radioactivity, radiation dose, and biological dose equivalents. The document also discusses concepts like kerma, equivalent dose and effective dose which account for different tissue sensitivities to different radiation types.
Radiation units can be divided into units of radioactivity and units of radiation dose. The curie and becquerel are units of radioactivity, with 1 curie equal to 3.7x1010 decays per second. The roentgen, coulomb per kilogram, rad, and gray are units of radiation dose, measuring exposure, absorbed dose, and biological dose respectively. The sievert incorporates the type of radiation and tissue using quality factors to give an equivalent dose. Effective dose calculates organ doses using tissue weighting factors to estimate health risks from whole-body exposure.
This document discusses various radiation units used to quantify radiation exposure and its effects. It defines units of radioactivity like curie and becquerel, exposure units like roentgen, absorbed dose units like rad and gray, and equivalent and effective dose units like rem and sievert used to account for radiation type and organ sensitivity. It also discusses concepts like attenuation, kerma, absorbed dose, and weighting factors used to calculate equivalent and effective doses from radiation exposure.
This document provides information about physics concepts in nuclear medicine including radioactivity, radioisotopes, half-life, and activity calculations. It defines alpha, beta, and gamma radiation emissions and their properties. It discusses isotopes, radioisotopes, and radionuclides. Formulas are provided for calculating activity, decay constant, and half-life. Examples are given for calculating mass of radioisotopes and activity remaining after a given time based on the half-life.
This document discusses various radiation quantities and units used in medical physics. It defines units like becquerel (Bq), gray (Gy), sievert (Sv), and rem (Roentgen equivalent man) used to measure activity, absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose. It also discusses concepts like half-life, decay constant, kerma, exposure, and dose conversion factors. International organizations like ICRP and ICRU provide recommendations on radiation quantities, units, and safety limits.
Parameter Estimation of Pollutant Removal for Subsurface Horizontal Flow Cons...mkbsbs
Treatment efficiencies of a pilot scale constructed wetland treating greywater
from a staff canteen of the University of Moratuwa was studied to estimate the
temperature dependent reaction rate constants of specific pollutant removal
mechanisms.
The document discusses centrifugation techniques used in biochemical research. It defines centrifugal force and relative centrifugal force (RCF). It states that to centrifuge a sample at 100,000g with an average radius of 4cm would require setting the centrifuge to over 25,000rpm. Different types of centrifuges are used for separating particles of various sizes. Centrifugation is used for preparative and analytical techniques like sedimentation analysis to determine properties of particles like sedimentation coefficients.
This document discusses chemical kinetics and stability testing of pharmaceutical products. It covers the basic requirements of drugs including efficacy, safety and stability. The purpose of stability testing is to provide evidence on how drug quality varies over time under different environmental factors like temperature, humidity and light, and to establish a shelf life and recommended storage conditions. The document discusses the rates, orders and molecularity of chemical reactions, including zero-order, first-order and second-order reactions. It also covers rate constants, half-lives, shelf lives and units of basic rate constants. Accelerated stability testing is used to increase reaction rates by exaggerated storage conditions to assess longer-term effects.
FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION PROTECTION – EXTERNAL & INTERNAL mahbubul hassan
Training Course on Radiation Protection for Radiation Workers
and RCOs of BAEC, Medical Facilities & Industries
24 - 28 October 2021
Training Institute
Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Internal Radiation Dosimetry
Contents :
• Basic definitions
1. Absorbed dose
2. Equivalent dose
3. Source and Target organs
• Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
3. Absorbed Dose
• The quantity of radiation energy deposited in an absorber per
kg of absorber material.
• SI Unit : Gray (Gy)
1 Gy = 1 j/kg
• Other unit : rad
1 Gy = 100 rad
1 rad = 100 ergs/gm
D(Gy) =
Energy deposited (joule)
Mass of absorber (Kg)
Basic definitions :
1. Absorbed dose
2. Equivalent dose
3. Source and Target organs
4. Equivalent Dose
HT = DT,R × wR
Where,
HT = Equivalent Dose
DT ,R = Absorbed dose from radiation R in a tissue or organ T
wR = Radiation weighting factor
• SI Unit : Severt (Sv)
• Other Unit : rem
1 Sv = 100 rem
Basic definitions :
1. Absorbed dose
2. Equivalent dose
3. Source and Target organs
5. Source and Target organs
• Source organs : ??
• Target organs : ??
• The source and target organ
may be the same organ…..
Basic definitions :
1. Absorbed dose
2. Equivalent dose
3. Source and Target organs
6. Basic Procedure
The basic procedure for calculating the radiation dose to a
target organ from radioactivity in a source organ is a
three-step process, as follows :
1. The amount of activity and time spent by the radioactivity in the
source organ.
2. The total amount of radiation energy emitted by the radioactivity
in the source organ.
3. The fraction of energy emitted by the source organ that is
absorbed by the target organ.
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
7. Cumulated Activity
Activity in an organ depends on various factors :
1. Uptake of radiopharmaceutical
2. Excretion from the organ
3. Physical decay
Where , Ã = Cumulated activity
A(t) = A0 exp^(-0.693t /Tp)
• SI unit : Becquerel • sec (Bq • sec)
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
8. Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
9. • Residence time :
How long the radionuclide stay in an organ
= Ã/A injected
Where,
à = Cumulated Activity
= Residence time
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
10. Calculation : (four cases)
1. Instantaneous uptake with physical decay
2. Instantaneous uptake with clearance by biological excretion
TP TB
3. Instantaneous uptake with clearance by biological excretion
and physical decay
4. Non-instantaneous uptake with biological and physical decay
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
11. Special case 1 : Instantaneous uptake with physical decay
A(t) = A0 exp^(-0.693t /Tp)
Tp = Physical half life
A0 = Initial Activity Present in
source organ
Therefore ,
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
12. Example : What is the cumulated activity in the liver for an injection
of 100 MBq of a 99mTc-labeled sulfur colloid, assuming that 60% of
the injected colloid is trapped by the liver and retained there
indefinitely?
Ã= 1.44 TP A0
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
13. Special case 2 : Instantaneous uptake with biological decay
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
14. Example : Suppose that 100 MBq of 99mTc-labeled microspheres
are injected into a patient,
1. If 60% excreted from the lungs with a Tb of 15 mins
2. And 40% with a Tb of 30 minutes
then , Cumulated activity
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
15. Special case 3 : Instantaneous uptake with clearance by
biological excretion and physical decay
Effective half life Te
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
16. Example :100 MBq of 99mTc-labeled microspheres
are injected into a patient,
1. 60% is excreted from the lungs with a TB of 2 hours
2. and 40% with a Tb 3 hours
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
17. Special case 4 : Non-instantaneous uptake with biological
and physical decay
where ,Tu = biologic uptake half-time
Tue = effective uptake half-time
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
18. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
• Energy emitted per unit of cumulated activity is given by the
equilibrium absorbed dose constant Δ
Δi = 1.6 × 10−13 NiEi (Gy • kg /Bq • sec)
(1MeV/dis = 1.6 × 10−13Gy • k/Bq • sec)
Δi = 2.13NiEi (rad • g / μCi • hr)
Where,
Ei = average energy (in MeV) of the ith emission
Ni = relative frequency of that emission
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
19. Step 1 : Example (90Y)
90Y emits β particles: 100% of its disintegrations
with E b ave = 0.9348 MeV.
Di = 2.13 Ni Ei
Dtotal = Si Di = Dβ
Dtotal = Db = 2.13 (1.0) 0.9348 = 1.99
mCi-hr
g-rad
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
20. Step 2: Example (131I)
131I emits b, particles
Di = 2.13 Ni Ei
Db1 = 2.13 (0.0213) 0.069 = 0.003
Db4 = 2.13 (0.894) 0.192 = 0.365
D14 = 2.13 (0.812) 0.364 = 0.629
D7 = 2.13 (0.0606) 0.284 = 0.036
D17 = 2.13 (0.0727) 0.637 = 0.098
mCi-hr
g-rad
Dtotal = Si Di = Dβ1 + D β2 + …+ D βn + D1+ D2+ …+ Dn
Emission Eave (MeV) Emission Rate
β1 0.069 2.13%
β4 0.192 89.4%
14 0.364 81.2%
7 0.284 6.06%
17 0.637 7.27%
= 1.133
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
21. Absorbed Fraction
The fraction of radiation emitted by the source organ that is absorbed
by the target organ.
Absorbed Fraction f is dependent on:
1) type and energy of the emission
2) anatomical relationship of target-source pair
Total energy absorbed (g-rad) = ÃSi fi Di
Average absorbed Dose (rad) = Ã Si fi Di
mt
mt : organ mass “average female/male”
fi: fraction of energy delivered to target organ
from all source organs
Di: amount of energy emitted from source organ
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
22. Example: (non-penetrating radiation)
Compute absorbed dose delivered to the Liver.
100mCi of 90Y emits b particles: 100% of its disintegrations
with Eb ave = 0.9348 MeV.
Di = 2.13 Ni Ei
Dtotal = Db = 2.13 (1.0) 0.9348 = 1.99
mCi-hr
g-rad
Dtotal = Si Di = Dβ= Dnp
Dtotal = Db=1.6x10-13 NiEi
Bq-Sec
kg-Gy
=1.49x10-13
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
23. Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
GBqmCinoteGy
kg
GBq
GyD
m
FGBqA
GyD
BqGBqnote
m
FBqAx
GyD
Bq
kgGy
x
m
hr
hrFA
D
m
TFA
D
m
A
D
Liver
Liver
Liver
np
Liver
P
np
Liver
7.3100:92
809.1
)9.0)(7.3(50
)(
)1]()[(50
)(
101:
)1]([109.4
)(
)]
sec
(1049.1[
)]
min
sec
60)(
min
60)(1.64)(1)()(44.1[(
)])(1)()(44.1[(
0
90
8
13
0
0
~
D
D
f is complicated for energies > 10 keV (penetrating; g-rays)
f < 10 keV (non-penetrating radiation; b, x-rays)
)1(50
))((
)(0
F
mGyD
GBqA Liver
24. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
Average absorbed Dose (rad) = A Si fi Di
mt
Non-penetrating radiation: fi=1
Source and target organs: same
Source/
Targettarget
Penetrating radiation: fi=0
Source and target organs: Different
target
25. For penetrating radiation: -rays….
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
S = Si Fi Di
F = f
mt
specific absorbed fraction
S = 1 Si fi Di
mt
rad
mCi-hr
26. D = Ã x S
à : Cumulative Activity (mCi-hr)
(calculate)
S: Mean dose per cumulated Activity (rad/ mCi-hr)
(look-up table)
D: Average dose (rad)
Calculation of Radiation dose (MIRD Method)
1. Basic procedure
2. Cumulated activity
3. Equilibrium absorbed dose constant
4. Absorbed fraction
5. Mean Dose per Cumulated Activity (S)
28. Average Dose to an Organ (D)
Example:
A patient is to be treated with 131I for Hyperthyroidism. It is determined by
prior studies with a tracer dose of 131I that the thyroidal uptake is 60%, and the
effective half-life of iodine in the thyroid gland is 5 days.
Hyper-Thyroid Uptake
1
10
100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Time (hr)
PercentUptake
Assume instantaneous
uptake (Tu << Tp = 8 days).
29. Average Dose to an Organ (D)
Te = Tp Tb
Tp + Tb
A = 1.44(Te)(A0)
~
Te = 5 days = 120 hrs
A = 1.44(120 hr)(0.6)(1,000 mCi)
~
= 103,680 mCi-hr/mCi administered
30. Average Dose to an Organ (D)
S(Thy Thy) = 2.2 x 10-2 rad/(mCi-hr)
D = A x S
~
_
D = 103,680 mCi-hr/mCi admin. x 2.2 x 10-2 rad/(mCi-hr)
= 2,280 rad/mCi administered
Note:
Inspection of the S table for 131I reveals that in
comparison to the Thyroid as the source organ,
all other organs produce a much smaller S value.
S-factor assumes
20 gm