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Miniaturizing Space: Small-satellites

The document discusses the advantages and advancements of miniaturized satellites as affordable alternatives to traditional large satellites, focusing on technology improvements that enable reduced costs for construction and launch. It covers various aspects of satellite systems, including user, ground, and space segments, as well as hardware and software considerations essential for successful satellite missions. The document also outlines recommendations for project organization and highlights lessons learned from previous experiences in satellite development.

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Miniaturizing Space: small Satellites A cheap alternative to old-fashioned big satellites thanks to technology advancements X. Breogan Costa Ьрэо
Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned ● Examples related to my studies and former job ● Appendixes 2/53 + Extra contents Extra contents
Motivation Index ● ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned Why “miniaturized” Satellites? 3/53
● Old satellites – Huge initial cost ● Components designed on purpose ● Must be tested 'at home' – Big and heavy ● Bigger launcher to deploy them Launch Mass: 773 / 790 Tons → Motivation 4/53
● Old satellites – Space debris... ...vs. De-orbiting... Motivation 5/53
● Miniaturized satellites – Smaller – Much cheaper: ● to build: even < 40.000€ (just the Satellite hardware) ● to launch: from 6.300€ – Based on well-tested components ● Sometimes comercial ones (Industrial or Military electronics quality) ● Known how to develop software for those components ● Sometimes *, valid drivers available for those components * according to space quality A solution!! 7/53 2.052.575 руб 328.380 руб
Technology advancements Index ● Motivation ● ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned ● Examples related to my studies and former job ● Appendixes But... how is it even possible? 8/53
Hardware: microelectronics ↓ size, ↑ processing capability Predicted scaling of feature sizes and gate lengths, according to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. (“Extending Moore's law with carbon nanotubes” article) Moore's Law: number of transistors in CPU per year
– System Integration by Advanced Electronics Packaging Hardware: microelectronics
● Cost reduction (cheaper, less power consumption) ● Board space (size reduction) ● Integration: CPU + Memory controller + peripherals... ● Easy to shield pre-built packages ● Inherent thermal management ● Reliability (& RoHS * ) ● Time to Market (quick developments). * Note: in space tin (Олово) cannot be used:“tin whisker phenomena” ... Hardware: why microelectronics?
● PLDs (Programmable logic devices) – electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits – Usually using a PROM ● Examples: – SPLDs (Simple Programmable Logic Device) – CPLDs (Complex Programmable Logic Device) – FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) – FPICs (Field Programmable Interconnect Device) Hardware: programmable microelectronics Know more about FPGAs and SoC's visiting Appendix III 12/53
OK, I'm convinced: let's build a satellite! 13/53
… but we should know something else before! 14/53
Satellite Systems Technology Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned ● Examples related to my studies and former job ● Appendixes How about Systems Engineering? 15/53
Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned ● Examples related to my studies and former job ● Appendixes User, Ground & Space Segment How the system is structured? 16/53
Illustration of the three core segments to a Global Positioning System Based on AzoSensors graphic Navigation System example Space System Segments
User Segment 18/53
The clients of our system Their needs define the goals of our mission 19/53
Ground Segment 20/53
Ground segment: elements ● Part of the system on Earth – Ground stations ● Antennas, HW/SW systems & communication protocols * – Datacenters ● Typical datacenter HW & SW, ● Specific Applications, maybe specific hardware... ● Data distribution to User Segment? – If there is (from here) → typically scientific data * Shared with Space Segment 21/53
INTEGRAL Operations Centre Ground Segment: example
Ground Segment: example
GS: data processing example 24/53
Space Segment 25/53
● Miniaturized Satellites – ~ < 500 kg – Reduce cost ● Launchable in: – smaller & cheaper rockets ● Like VEGA – as 'piggyback' (excess capacity) ● Cheaper design ● Ease of mass production – http://www.cubesatshop.com/ ● Usually on LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Satellites 26/53
● Classification by mass – Small Satellites (100 ~ 500 kg), – Microsats (10 ~ 100 kg), – Nanosats (1 ~ 10 kg), – Picosats (0.1 ~ 1 kg), – Femtosats (0.01 ~ 0.1 kg) Nanosat-1 Microsat (INTA) Demeter Small Satellite (CNES) Astrid 2 Microsat (SSC) Miniaturized satellites: mass 27/53
Standards (some) Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned Is there some uniform way to do it? 28/53
– CalPoly, Stanford ● Jordi Puig-Suari, Bob Twiggs – Usually picosats or nanosats – Size: ● y0x10x10 cm → yU... Typically: ~10x10x10 → 1U (~1kg) to ~30x10x10 → 3U (~3kg) QuackeSat 3U and XaTcobeo 1U CubeSat! Size (+ mass) 29/53
● Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployer – Enclosed container: ● +X = +Y = ~10* cm ● Typically for 3 1U to 1 3U P-POD and three 1U CubeSats P-POD and a 3U CubeSat CubeSat Deployer: P-POD
Components Platform & Payloads Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – ● – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned What we should put inside? 31/53
● Platform – To make basic system work -> Support running mission, operations communication ● Payloads – To carry experiments/business instruments → Objective of mission GLONASS-K Space segment
● Service to user segment – Define objective of the mission ● Share power supply and transponders ● Run as much as possible “independently” of platform ● Examples: – Scientific Experiments – Client oriented communications ● By definition: different channel from spacecraft operations (TC) ● Generally it is business data (i.e: satellite TV), services to users (i.e: ESA's Galileo civil navigation system) or military services (i.e: spy satellites or the initial GPS) Note: satellites are launchers' payloads Space segment: Payloads 33/53
Antennas & Transceivers usually form a “TTC”: Telemetry, Telecommand and Control Structure and Thermal Communication protocols: shared with Ground Station Space segment: Typical platform
● OBDH and OBC ● On-Board Data Handling (usually ~ OBC + BUS + FW) ● On-Board Computer (usually ~ SoC) OBDH & OBC of Nanyang Technological University's XSAT Platform: computing hardware
● You didn't forget about Software, did you? Platform: On-Board SW 36/53
● OBSW is going to be a RTOS ● RTOS: Real Time Operating System – There are many Generic OS: examples (usually not valid for Space Systems): ● FreeRTOS, RTLinux, eCos, QNX [all POSIX-like or based], ... – Generic OS: usually not designed for Space Environments → problems? ● OBSW: On-Board Software – Specific OS designed for Satellites or flying devices – Ready for spacecraft error conditions and recovery – Examples: ● ESA: CorDeT OBSW-RA (Reference Arquitecture), ● University of Vigo: XaTcobeo's XMS (110.000 SLOC), HumSAT-D HMS (105.000 SLOC) ● VxWorks Platform: RTOS's and OBSW Intro 37/53
Communications Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned How we 'speak' with it? 38/53
Ground Segment → Space Segment – GS: Operation commands and parameters packet – Sat-Comms-Module: unpack network packets & reassemble TCs data ● Usually called TTC: Telemetry, Telecommand and Control – Sat-OBSW: validate & process them Communications: telecommands (TC) 39/53
Space Segment → Ground Segment – Sat-OBSW: gather satellite-data – Sat-Comms-Module: segment TM-data & pack into network packets – GS: validate & store/process the data – TM data: ● Housekeeping data ● Sometimes also Scientific/other data – When it has to be processed in GS ● Usually, business data ↔ payloads – Data goes directly to User Segment Communications: telemetry (TM) 40/53
● Usually, TC/TM, use international standards: – TC/TM embedded in IRIG or CCSDS ● i.e: ECSS Packet Utilization Standard, “PUS” (CCSDS) ECSS TC Example ECSS TM Example Communications: Standards 41/53
Anomalies Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned But... Could something just go wrong? 42/53
● Ionizing radiation: – particle radiation – high-energy electromagnetic radiation – Examples: Proton Events & Geomagnetic Storms ● Electro-magnetic radiation: Single Event Effects (SE) – SEL (SE Latch-up) ● Potentially destructive – SEU (SE Upset) ● Non-destructive: unpredictable system failures – SEGR (SE Gate Rupture) ● Gate oxide breakdown ● Other running anomalies Space Anomalies: sources 43/53
● Called “Radiation hardening” ● Shielding ● Rad-Tol electronics ● Using best allowed orbits – Different radiation in different orbits Space Anomalies: HW protection 44/53
● Hardware Periodical resets – Using “watchdog timers” ● Software resets – Coming from Software (error detection) ● Robust and secure software development – TDD: Test-driven development – Fault tolerant & Error recovery OBSW design – Parity bits & Redundant elements (continues) Space Anomalies: error recovery 45/53
● Robust and secure software development – Check Input parameters in procedure calls – Error-detection and correction codes – Limit (or avoid) usage of pointers – Usage of finite-state machines → → Operation modes ● Allowed state changes ● State: – Control of operations executable in every state – Control of components usage Learn how this affect Satellites in Appendix IV Space Anomalies: error recovery 46/53
Security in Satellites Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned Could be a Satellite hacked? 47/53
● Physical ● Communications – TC/TM Encryption ● In amateur stations it could be not allowed (law) ● Software – Validate origin & size of incoming TCs? ● Memory overwriting? Data injection? – Always analyze & design SW taking in account security Review the ICT Security goals visiting Appendix I Security in satellite systems 48/53
Basic Recommendations Project Organization Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – ● Lessons Learned How to start a Space project? 49/53
● There are many standards (engineering + project management) – ECSS (European, interested: Brazil, China, Russia...), – Gosstandart (Госстандарт) GOST, – NASA SP-2007-6105... ● Recommended to use some of them – Cover stages (phases) to solve most of the problems that could appear ● Technical review after each phase – Even technical specifications, quality requirements and validation (huge amount of details in ECSS) Know more about Space Projects Management visiting Appendix II Space Projects & Systems Engineering 50/53
Lessons Learned Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● “Takeaway” 51/53
● Segments: – Space – Ground – User ● Platform (support mission) vs Payloads (perform mission) ● Scientific data vs. housekeeping data ● Operation communications – TC: Telecommands (↑) – TM: Telemetry (↓) ● Never forget about Security 52/53 Lessons Learned: Main concepts
● There are space & RF laws ● Space environment “Single Events” protection – Hardware protection *: ● Shielding, ● Rad-Tol electronics, ... – Robust and secure Software development *: ● Error detection and correction codes, ● Finite-state machine, ● Check Input parameters in procedure calls ● There are standards → clear phases + reviews * usually53/53 Lessons Learned: Main concepts
Examples related to my former collaboration Just examples: 54/89
● Involved in several dependent projects – XaTcobeo ● Project in which I participate – Genso – HumSAT – HumSAT D – FemtoXat Just examples: 55/89 Examples: University of Vigo University of Vigo: www.uvigo.gal UVIGO: Applied Informatics Lab UVIGO: Signal Theory & Comms Dep Computer Engineering School Telecoms. Engineering School Industrial Engineering School
● 13x10x10 1U CubeSat – Educational project for ESA's VEGA maiden flight ● Platform – OBDH based on a FPGA, homemade OBSW – EPS – TTC ● Payloads: – RDS: Radiation Displacement Damage Sensor – PDM: Panel Deployment Mechanism – SRAD: Software Radio Just examples: 56/89
● OBSW: Operational modes (finite-state machine)
HumSAT-D ● Evolution of XaTcobeo (same platform) ● Payloads – HUMPL Subsystem (Humsat Payload) ● Goal: implement the Spacecraft-Sensor Interface (SSI) – RDS http://www.humsat.org/humsat-d-mission/
FemtoXat ● HumSAT repeater ● 300 ~ 325 grams ● 3D printed board: – Metal – Polymer Just examples: 59/89
Global Educational Network for Satellite Operations
HumSAT Constellation Project
HumSAT Constellation Project
Appendix I: A short review of basic ICT Security goals Appendixes: 63/89
● Confidentiality ● Integrity ● Availability ● Non-repudiation Appendixes: 64/89 Reminder: basic Security goals
Appendix II: How Space Projects are structured Appendixes: 65/89
● There are many standards (engineering + project management) – ECSS (European, interested: Brazil, China, Russia...), Gosstandart (Госстандарт) GOST, NASA SP-2007- 6105... ● Project Life cycle: – clear phases defined & strict phase reviews at end of each phase (+ acceptance) ● Traceability & a good communication between teams ● Take in account there are space laws Space Projects: Important details Appendixes: 66/89
● Very important common document: ICD – Interfaces Control Document – All groups detail their technical interfaces specifications since early phases ● Internal/external interfaces ● Mechanical, hardware and logical interfaces ● Subsystem interfaces should meet requirements of other subsystems ● Interface users are going to review those interfaces ● Interface designer are going to keep the ICD updated Space Projects: Important details Appendixes: 67/89
● V-model (Systems Development Process) Typical Space* Projects Life-cycle
● ECSS: typically divided into 7 phases: – Phase 0 - Mission analysis/needs identification – Phase A - Feasibility – Phase B - Preliminary Definition – Phase C - Detailed Definition – Phase D - Qualification and Production – Phase E - Operations/Utilization – Phase F - Disposal ECSS Space Projects Life-cycle Appendixes: 69/89
ECSS Phases Technical Reviews
Reviews & Systems Devel. Process
<date> <Presentation name> 72 Key Decision Points FORMULATION IMPLEMENTATION Major Reviews A C D E Project Phases Concept Studies Concept & Technology Development Preliminary Design & Technology Completion Final Design & Fabrication System Assembly, Test, & Launch CloseoutOperations & Sustainment A B B C F D E FPre-A Mission Concept Review Systems Requirements Review Mission/System Definition Review Critical Design Review Systems Integration Review Operational Readiness Review Flight Readiness Review Post Launch Assessment Review Decommissioning Review Preliminary Design Review Independent Cost Estimates Phases & Tech. Reviews in NASA
Development Teams & Work packages Teams Organization → WBS (Work Breakdown Structure):
Appendix III: FPGAs, how is designing HW in a FPGA and & SoC's Appendixes: 74/89
● Field-Programmable Gate Array – HDL languages FPGA
VHDL, just an example FPGA: VHDL
Xilinx ISE WebPACK Altera's Quartus II FPGA: HDL design tools
● System on a Chip ● Integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip ● “Treading the Path Between FPGA and ASIC” SoC
● Reduce: – system power, – system cost, – board space ● by integrating a HPS: – processors, – peripherals, – memory controller ● with the FPGA fabric using a high-bandwidth interconnect backbone SoC FPGAs Appendixes: 79/89
Appendix IV: How radiation affect satellites Appendixes: 80/89
(d) MPE disorientation (e) dB/dT tumbling (f) Optical disorientation (g) Power panel degradation
Appendix V: Tin whisker phenomena Appendixes: 82/89
Tin whisker phenomena
Appendix VI: detailed graphic regarding to past and future of microelectronics packaging Appendixes: 84/89
● Some Cubesats: ● www.xatcobeo.com (sorry, discontinued -mission finished) – http://www.dk3wn.info/sat/afu/sat_xatcobeo.shtml ● www.humsat.org … for teams who worked or are working in XaTcobeo, HumSAT, GENSO, etc, visit: – lia.ei.uvigo.es (University of Vigo, Computer Engineering School, Applied Computing Lab.) – tsc.uvigo.es (University of Vigo, Telecommunications Engineering School: Singal & Comunications Dept.) ● https://www.quakefinder.com/science/about-quakesat/ ● http://www.delfispace.nl/index.php/delfi-n3xt ● … https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CubeSats ● Some components Shops: ● www.clyde-space.com , ● www.cubesatshop.com , ● www.cubesatkit.com ● International projects ● http://www.esa.int/Education/How_GENSO_works ● http://cubesat.org ● Standards: ● http://www.ihs.com/products/industry-standards/org/gost/english-aircraft/index.aspx ● http://www.ecss.nl Useful links Appendixes: 86/89
● CERN AMS experiment (running in International Space Agency) – http://ams.cern.ch/ ● Links to some Space Agencies sites: ● http://roscosmos.ru ● http://www.esa.int/ESA ● http://www.nasa.gov ● www.isro.org ● www.cnsa.gov.cn ● http://global.jaxa.jp ● www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng ● www.aeb.gov.br ● Social media (there are a lot of twitter accounts from agencies or related to space technology) – Example: https://twitter.com/fka_roscosmos ● Websites that you can find on Yandex / Google / etc; like: ● www.russianspaceweb.com ● www.navipedia.net ● www.spaceflight101.com ● Your Own Satellite: 7 Things to Know Before You Go ● ... Appendixes: 87/89 More useful links
?
You talkin' to me? OK, OK... breo@cern.ch Because we all are social... One of my (unatended) birds: @BreoSys Also... www.linkedin.com/in/breocosta Who? Me? X. Breogán Costa L. Systems Engineer (VSE) & UX @ CERN Born in Galicia (Галызя) Medieval Galician Kingdom coat of arms (L'armorial Le Blancq, c. 1560 AD) 89/89 You can find me there or in VK... ...and watch Taxi Driver Note: in social networks I only add people that I personally meet and I only follow those with interesting content...

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Miniaturizing Space: Small-satellites

  • 1.
    Miniaturizing Space: small Satellites Acheap alternative to old-fashioned big satellites thanks to technology advancements X. Breogan Costa Ьрэо
  • 2.
    Index ● Motivation ● Technologyadvancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned ● Examples related to my studies and former job ● Appendixes 2/53 + Extra contents Extra contents
  • 3.
    Motivation Index ● ● Technology advancements ●Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned Why “miniaturized” Satellites? 3/53
  • 4.
    ● Old satellites –Huge initial cost ● Components designed on purpose ● Must be tested 'at home' – Big and heavy ● Bigger launcher to deploy them Launch Mass: 773 / 790 Tons → Motivation 4/53
  • 5.
    ● Old satellites –Space debris... ...vs. De-orbiting... Motivation 5/53
  • 7.
    ● Miniaturized satellites –Smaller – Much cheaper: ● to build: even < 40.000€ (just the Satellite hardware) ● to launch: from 6.300€ – Based on well-tested components ● Sometimes comercial ones (Industrial or Military electronics quality) ● Known how to develop software for those components ● Sometimes *, valid drivers available for those components * according to space quality A solution!! 7/53 2.052.575 руб 328.380 руб
  • 8.
    Technology advancements Index ● Motivation ● ●Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned ● Examples related to my studies and former job ● Appendixes But... how is it even possible? 8/53
  • 9.
    Hardware: microelectronics ↓ size,↑ processing capability Predicted scaling of feature sizes and gate lengths, according to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. (“Extending Moore's law with carbon nanotubes” article) Moore's Law: number of transistors in CPU per year
  • 10.
    – System Integrationby Advanced Electronics Packaging Hardware: microelectronics
  • 11.
    ● Cost reduction(cheaper, less power consumption) ● Board space (size reduction) ● Integration: CPU + Memory controller + peripherals... ● Easy to shield pre-built packages ● Inherent thermal management ● Reliability (& RoHS * ) ● Time to Market (quick developments). * Note: in space tin (Олово) cannot be used:“tin whisker phenomena” ... Hardware: why microelectronics?
  • 12.
    ● PLDs (Programmablelogic devices) – electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits – Usually using a PROM ● Examples: – SPLDs (Simple Programmable Logic Device) – CPLDs (Complex Programmable Logic Device) – FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) – FPICs (Field Programmable Interconnect Device) Hardware: programmable microelectronics Know more about FPGAs and SoC's visiting Appendix III 12/53
  • 13.
    OK, I'm convinced:let's build a satellite! 13/53
  • 14.
    … but weshould know something else before! 14/53
  • 15.
    Satellite Systems Technology Index ●Motivation ● Technology advancements ● – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned ● Examples related to my studies and former job ● Appendixes How about Systems Engineering? 15/53
  • 16.
    Index ● Motivation ● Technologyadvancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned ● Examples related to my studies and former job ● Appendixes User, Ground & Space Segment How the system is structured? 16/53
  • 17.
    Illustration of thethree core segments to a Global Positioning System Based on AzoSensors graphic Navigation System example Space System Segments
  • 18.
  • 19.
    The clients ofour system Their needs define the goals of our mission 19/53
  • 20.
  • 21.
    Ground segment: elements ●Part of the system on Earth – Ground stations ● Antennas, HW/SW systems & communication protocols * – Datacenters ● Typical datacenter HW & SW, ● Specific Applications, maybe specific hardware... ● Data distribution to User Segment? – If there is (from here) → typically scientific data * Shared with Space Segment 21/53
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
    GS: data processingexample 24/53
  • 25.
  • 26.
    ● Miniaturized Satellites –~ < 500 kg – Reduce cost ● Launchable in: – smaller & cheaper rockets ● Like VEGA – as 'piggyback' (excess capacity) ● Cheaper design ● Ease of mass production – http://www.cubesatshop.com/ ● Usually on LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Satellites 26/53
  • 27.
    ● Classification bymass – Small Satellites (100 ~ 500 kg), – Microsats (10 ~ 100 kg), – Nanosats (1 ~ 10 kg), – Picosats (0.1 ~ 1 kg), – Femtosats (0.01 ~ 0.1 kg) Nanosat-1 Microsat (INTA) Demeter Small Satellite (CNES) Astrid 2 Microsat (SSC) Miniaturized satellites: mass 27/53
  • 28.
    Standards (some) Index ● Motivation ●Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned Is there some uniform way to do it? 28/53
  • 29.
    – CalPoly, Stanford ●Jordi Puig-Suari, Bob Twiggs – Usually picosats or nanosats – Size: ● y0x10x10 cm → yU... Typically: ~10x10x10 → 1U (~1kg) to ~30x10x10 → 3U (~3kg) QuackeSat 3U and XaTcobeo 1U CubeSat! Size (+ mass) 29/53
  • 30.
    ● Poly PicosatelliteOrbital Deployer – Enclosed container: ● +X = +Y = ~10* cm ● Typically for 3 1U to 1 3U P-POD and three 1U CubeSats P-POD and a 3U CubeSat CubeSat Deployer: P-POD
  • 31.
    Components Platform & Payloads Index ●Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – ● – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned What we should put inside? 31/53
  • 32.
    ● Platform – Tomake basic system work -> Support running mission, operations communication ● Payloads – To carry experiments/business instruments → Objective of mission GLONASS-K Space segment
  • 33.
    ● Service touser segment – Define objective of the mission ● Share power supply and transponders ● Run as much as possible “independently” of platform ● Examples: – Scientific Experiments – Client oriented communications ● By definition: different channel from spacecraft operations (TC) ● Generally it is business data (i.e: satellite TV), services to users (i.e: ESA's Galileo civil navigation system) or military services (i.e: spy satellites or the initial GPS) Note: satellites are launchers' payloads Space segment: Payloads 33/53
  • 34.
    Antennas & Transceivers usuallyform a “TTC”: Telemetry, Telecommand and Control Structure and Thermal Communication protocols: shared with Ground Station Space segment: Typical platform
  • 35.
    ● OBDH andOBC ● On-Board Data Handling (usually ~ OBC + BUS + FW) ● On-Board Computer (usually ~ SoC) OBDH & OBC of Nanyang Technological University's XSAT Platform: computing hardware
  • 36.
    ● You didn'tforget about Software, did you? Platform: On-Board SW 36/53
  • 37.
    ● OBSW isgoing to be a RTOS ● RTOS: Real Time Operating System – There are many Generic OS: examples (usually not valid for Space Systems): ● FreeRTOS, RTLinux, eCos, QNX [all POSIX-like or based], ... – Generic OS: usually not designed for Space Environments → problems? ● OBSW: On-Board Software – Specific OS designed for Satellites or flying devices – Ready for spacecraft error conditions and recovery – Examples: ● ESA: CorDeT OBSW-RA (Reference Arquitecture), ● University of Vigo: XaTcobeo's XMS (110.000 SLOC), HumSAT-D HMS (105.000 SLOC) ● VxWorks Platform: RTOS's and OBSW Intro 37/53
  • 38.
    Communications Index ● Motivation ● Technologyadvancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned How we 'speak' with it? 38/53
  • 39.
    Ground Segment →Space Segment – GS: Operation commands and parameters packet – Sat-Comms-Module: unpack network packets & reassemble TCs data ● Usually called TTC: Telemetry, Telecommand and Control – Sat-OBSW: validate & process them Communications: telecommands (TC) 39/53
  • 40.
    Space Segment →Ground Segment – Sat-OBSW: gather satellite-data – Sat-Comms-Module: segment TM-data & pack into network packets – GS: validate & store/process the data – TM data: ● Housekeeping data ● Sometimes also Scientific/other data – When it has to be processed in GS ● Usually, business data ↔ payloads – Data goes directly to User Segment Communications: telemetry (TM) 40/53
  • 41.
    ● Usually, TC/TM,use international standards: – TC/TM embedded in IRIG or CCSDS ● i.e: ECSS Packet Utilization Standard, “PUS” (CCSDS) ECSS TC Example ECSS TM Example Communications: Standards 41/53
  • 42.
    Anomalies Index ● Motivation ● Technologyadvancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned But... Could something just go wrong? 42/53
  • 43.
    ● Ionizing radiation: –particle radiation – high-energy electromagnetic radiation – Examples: Proton Events & Geomagnetic Storms ● Electro-magnetic radiation: Single Event Effects (SE) – SEL (SE Latch-up) ● Potentially destructive – SEU (SE Upset) ● Non-destructive: unpredictable system failures – SEGR (SE Gate Rupture) ● Gate oxide breakdown ● Other running anomalies Space Anomalies: sources 43/53
  • 44.
    ● Called “Radiationhardening” ● Shielding ● Rad-Tol electronics ● Using best allowed orbits – Different radiation in different orbits Space Anomalies: HW protection 44/53
  • 45.
    ● Hardware Periodicalresets – Using “watchdog timers” ● Software resets – Coming from Software (error detection) ● Robust and secure software development – TDD: Test-driven development – Fault tolerant & Error recovery OBSW design – Parity bits & Redundant elements (continues) Space Anomalies: error recovery 45/53
  • 46.
    ● Robust andsecure software development – Check Input parameters in procedure calls – Error-detection and correction codes – Limit (or avoid) usage of pointers – Usage of finite-state machines → → Operation modes ● Allowed state changes ● State: – Control of operations executable in every state – Control of components usage Learn how this affect Satellites in Appendix IV Space Anomalies: error recovery 46/53
  • 47.
    Security in Satellites Index ●Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – – Recommendations for Project Organization ● Lessons Learned Could be a Satellite hacked? 47/53
  • 48.
    ● Physical ● Communications –TC/TM Encryption ● In amateur stations it could be not allowed (law) ● Software – Validate origin & size of incoming TCs? ● Memory overwriting? Data injection? – Always analyze & design SW taking in account security Review the ICT Security goals visiting Appendix I Security in satellite systems 48/53
  • 49.
    Basic Recommendations ProjectOrganization Index ● Motivation ● Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – ● Lessons Learned How to start a Space project? 49/53
  • 50.
    ● There aremany standards (engineering + project management) – ECSS (European, interested: Brazil, China, Russia...), – Gosstandart (Госстандарт) GOST, – NASA SP-2007-6105... ● Recommended to use some of them – Cover stages (phases) to solve most of the problems that could appear ● Technical review after each phase – Even technical specifications, quality requirements and validation (huge amount of details in ECSS) Know more about Space Projects Management visiting Appendix II Space Projects & Systems Engineering 50/53
  • 51.
    Lessons Learned Index ● Motivation ●Technology advancements ● Satellite Systems Technology – User, Ground & Space Segment – Standards – Components ● Platform & Payloads – Communications – Anomalies – Security in Satellites – Recommendations for Project Organization ● “Takeaway” 51/53
  • 52.
    ● Segments: – Space –Ground – User ● Platform (support mission) vs Payloads (perform mission) ● Scientific data vs. housekeeping data ● Operation communications – TC: Telecommands (↑) – TM: Telemetry (↓) ● Never forget about Security 52/53 Lessons Learned: Main concepts
  • 53.
    ● There arespace & RF laws ● Space environment “Single Events” protection – Hardware protection *: ● Shielding, ● Rad-Tol electronics, ... – Robust and secure Software development *: ● Error detection and correction codes, ● Finite-state machine, ● Check Input parameters in procedure calls ● There are standards → clear phases + reviews * usually53/53 Lessons Learned: Main concepts
  • 54.
    Examples related tomy former collaboration Just examples: 54/89
  • 55.
    ● Involved inseveral dependent projects – XaTcobeo ● Project in which I participate – Genso – HumSAT – HumSAT D – FemtoXat Just examples: 55/89 Examples: University of Vigo University of Vigo: www.uvigo.gal UVIGO: Applied Informatics Lab UVIGO: Signal Theory & Comms Dep Computer Engineering School Telecoms. Engineering School Industrial Engineering School
  • 56.
    ● 13x10x10 1UCubeSat – Educational project for ESA's VEGA maiden flight ● Platform – OBDH based on a FPGA, homemade OBSW – EPS – TTC ● Payloads: – RDS: Radiation Displacement Damage Sensor – PDM: Panel Deployment Mechanism – SRAD: Software Radio Just examples: 56/89
  • 57.
    ● OBSW: Operationalmodes (finite-state machine)
  • 58.
    HumSAT-D ● Evolution ofXaTcobeo (same platform) ● Payloads – HUMPL Subsystem (Humsat Payload) ● Goal: implement the Spacecraft-Sensor Interface (SSI) – RDS http://www.humsat.org/humsat-d-mission/
  • 59.
    FemtoXat ● HumSAT repeater ●300 ~ 325 grams ● 3D printed board: – Metal – Polymer Just examples: 59/89
  • 60.
    Global Educational Networkfor Satellite Operations
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.
    Appendix I: Ashort review of basic ICT Security goals Appendixes: 63/89
  • 64.
    ● Confidentiality ● Integrity ●Availability ● Non-repudiation Appendixes: 64/89 Reminder: basic Security goals
  • 65.
    Appendix II: HowSpace Projects are structured Appendixes: 65/89
  • 66.
    ● There aremany standards (engineering + project management) – ECSS (European, interested: Brazil, China, Russia...), Gosstandart (Госстандарт) GOST, NASA SP-2007- 6105... ● Project Life cycle: – clear phases defined & strict phase reviews at end of each phase (+ acceptance) ● Traceability & a good communication between teams ● Take in account there are space laws Space Projects: Important details Appendixes: 66/89
  • 67.
    ● Very importantcommon document: ICD – Interfaces Control Document – All groups detail their technical interfaces specifications since early phases ● Internal/external interfaces ● Mechanical, hardware and logical interfaces ● Subsystem interfaces should meet requirements of other subsystems ● Interface users are going to review those interfaces ● Interface designer are going to keep the ICD updated Space Projects: Important details Appendixes: 67/89
  • 68.
    ● V-model (SystemsDevelopment Process) Typical Space* Projects Life-cycle
  • 69.
    ● ECSS: typicallydivided into 7 phases: – Phase 0 - Mission analysis/needs identification – Phase A - Feasibility – Phase B - Preliminary Definition – Phase C - Detailed Definition – Phase D - Qualification and Production – Phase E - Operations/Utilization – Phase F - Disposal ECSS Space Projects Life-cycle Appendixes: 69/89
  • 70.
  • 71.
    Reviews & SystemsDevel. Process
  • 72.
    <date> <Presentation name>72 Key Decision Points FORMULATION IMPLEMENTATION Major Reviews A C D E Project Phases Concept Studies Concept & Technology Development Preliminary Design & Technology Completion Final Design & Fabrication System Assembly, Test, & Launch CloseoutOperations & Sustainment A B B C F D E FPre-A Mission Concept Review Systems Requirements Review Mission/System Definition Review Critical Design Review Systems Integration Review Operational Readiness Review Flight Readiness Review Post Launch Assessment Review Decommissioning Review Preliminary Design Review Independent Cost Estimates Phases & Tech. Reviews in NASA
  • 73.
    Development Teams &Work packages Teams Organization → WBS (Work Breakdown Structure):
  • 74.
    Appendix III: FPGAs,how is designing HW in a FPGA and & SoC's Appendixes: 74/89
  • 75.
    ● Field-Programmable GateArray – HDL languages FPGA
  • 76.
    VHDL, just anexample FPGA: VHDL
  • 77.
    Xilinx ISE WebPACK Altera'sQuartus II FPGA: HDL design tools
  • 78.
    ● System ona Chip ● Integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip ● “Treading the Path Between FPGA and ASIC” SoC
  • 79.
    ● Reduce: – systempower, – system cost, – board space ● by integrating a HPS: – processors, – peripherals, – memory controller ● with the FPGA fabric using a high-bandwidth interconnect backbone SoC FPGAs Appendixes: 79/89
  • 80.
    Appendix IV: Howradiation affect satellites Appendixes: 80/89
  • 81.
    (d) MPE disorientation (e)dB/dT tumbling (f) Optical disorientation (g) Power panel degradation
  • 82.
    Appendix V: Tinwhisker phenomena Appendixes: 82/89
  • 83.
  • 84.
    Appendix VI: detailedgraphic regarding to past and future of microelectronics packaging Appendixes: 84/89
  • 86.
    ● Some Cubesats: ●www.xatcobeo.com (sorry, discontinued -mission finished) – http://www.dk3wn.info/sat/afu/sat_xatcobeo.shtml ● www.humsat.org … for teams who worked or are working in XaTcobeo, HumSAT, GENSO, etc, visit: – lia.ei.uvigo.es (University of Vigo, Computer Engineering School, Applied Computing Lab.) – tsc.uvigo.es (University of Vigo, Telecommunications Engineering School: Singal & Comunications Dept.) ● https://www.quakefinder.com/science/about-quakesat/ ● http://www.delfispace.nl/index.php/delfi-n3xt ● … https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CubeSats ● Some components Shops: ● www.clyde-space.com , ● www.cubesatshop.com , ● www.cubesatkit.com ● International projects ● http://www.esa.int/Education/How_GENSO_works ● http://cubesat.org ● Standards: ● http://www.ihs.com/products/industry-standards/org/gost/english-aircraft/index.aspx ● http://www.ecss.nl Useful links Appendixes: 86/89
  • 87.
    ● CERN AMSexperiment (running in International Space Agency) – http://ams.cern.ch/ ● Links to some Space Agencies sites: ● http://roscosmos.ru ● http://www.esa.int/ESA ● http://www.nasa.gov ● www.isro.org ● www.cnsa.gov.cn ● http://global.jaxa.jp ● www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng ● www.aeb.gov.br ● Social media (there are a lot of twitter accounts from agencies or related to space technology) – Example: https://twitter.com/fka_roscosmos ● Websites that you can find on Yandex / Google / etc; like: ● www.russianspaceweb.com ● www.navipedia.net ● www.spaceflight101.com ● Your Own Satellite: 7 Things to Know Before You Go ● ... Appendixes: 87/89 More useful links
  • 88.
  • 89.
    You talkin' tome? OK, OK... breo@cern.ch Because we all are social... One of my (unatended) birds: @BreoSys Also... www.linkedin.com/in/breocosta Who? Me? X. Breogán Costa L. Systems Engineer (VSE) & UX @ CERN Born in Galicia (Галызя) Medieval Galician Kingdom coat of arms (L'armorial Le Blancq, c. 1560 AD) 89/89 You can find me there or in VK... ...and watch Taxi Driver Note: in social networks I only add people that I personally meet and I only follow those with interesting content...