Presentation about Minerals topic in Earth Science (STEM)

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FRANCISSE
FRANCISSE
Earth Science

3. 10/10
Subject

5. EMERGENCY
MEETING

6. PRAYER
• Dear Lord, Father of all.
• Thank you for today. Thank you for ways in which you provide for
us all.
• For Your protection and love we thank you.
• Help us to focus our hearts and minds now on what we are about to
learn.
• Inspire us by Your Holy Spirit as we listen and write.
• Guide us by your eternal light as we discover more about the world
around us.
• We ask all this in the name of Jesus. Amen.

7. TOPIC 5
MINERALS

8. What is a Mineral?
• A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic
solid that has a crystal structure and a
definite chemical composition.
Pyromorphite

9. What do all minerals have in common?
For a substance to be a mineral it must have these 4 characteristics:
1. Formed by natural processes on or inside Earth- no help from humans
2. Is inorganic- was never alive. For example, although coal was formed naturally in
earth’s crust it came from plants and is therefore, not a mineral
3. Is a solid, with definite volume and shape. Liquids cannot be minerals!
4. Minerals always contains certain elements that give it a unique chemical
composition (makeup). Some minerals are compounds which are made up of
more than one element.

10. How do minerals form?
There are 2 ways that
crystals form:
• The cooling of hot, liquid rock called
magma causes compounds to combine
• Magma cools slowly= crystals are
large
• Magma cools quickly= crystals are
small
• The evaporation of water that has
minerals dissolved in it

11. How do we identify Minerals?
We look at Physical Properties
These include:
• Color/Appearance
• Luster
• Streak
• Hardness
• BREAKAGE: Cleavage/Fracture
• Magnetism
• Odor

12. 1.Color
•The most evident characteristic of and is
usually the first property used to identify
minerals. It is a result of the way minerals
absorb light.
•When a mineral absorbs all the color of
spectrum except that of a certain color,
the mineral will appear in that color

13. However, this property may not be
used in identifying translucent to
transparent minerals due to the
presence of other trace minerals or
impurities.

14. 2.Streak
• Thecolor of mineralin powder form.
• Usuallythe mineral isrubbed on a
streakplate to determineits color.

16. 3.Hardness
•The measure of themineral’s
resistance to abrasion/scratching.
•Toquantify the hardness of a mineral,
the MohsScale is used.
•The harder the mineral, the less prone
to scratches.

17. ► HARDNESS
► This physical property is expressed in
numbers and shows how the substance
withstands being scratched.

18. ► What is Mohs' hardness scale?
► A scale from 1 to 10 that
measures the hardness of
minerals.

19. Hardness
► Which is the softest?

20. Hardness
► Which is the hardest?

21. MohsRelative
Hardness
Mineral CommonObjects
1 Talc powder
2 Gypsum fingernails
3 Calcite tooth
4 Fluorite Iron nail
5 Apatite Window glass
6 Feldspar/Orthoclase Steel file
7 Quartz porcelain
8 Topaz Hardened steel
9 Corundum Sapphire and ruby
10 Diamond none

22. 4.Cleavage and
Fracture
•Cleavage and fracture are used to
describe how minerals break into
pieces.

23. Cleavage &
Fracture
• The way the mineral breaks
• Cleavage—minerals break along
smooth, flat surfaces and every
fragment has the same general
shape
• Fracture—minerals that break at
random with rough or jagged
edges

24. ► Cleavage or Fracture

25. ► Cleavage or Fracture

26. Cleavage
• Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along flat
surfaces.

27. Cleavage or Fracture?
1.
4.
3.
2.

28. 5.Magnetism
•Indicates the
ability of the
mineral to
attract or repel
other materials.

29. 6.Luster
•Shows how much light is reflected in
a mineral.
•This depends on the brilliance of
light used to observe the surface of
the mineral.

30. Luster
• This characteristic is how light
reflects off the mineral.

31. LUSTER
• Metallic and
nonmetallic
describes a
mineral’s
luster

32. Classifications of Luster:
•Metallic, mineral is opaque and behaves
like metal when reflectinglight.
•Submetallic, mineral is opaque, dull,and
dark colored.
•Nonmetallic, mineral does not reflect
light like a metal.
•Waxy, mineral looks likeparaffin.
•Vitreous, mineral looks like abroken glass.

33. 7.Odor
•The distinct smell of amineral that is usually
released from achemical reactionmanifested
when the mineral is subjected to water, heat,
air andfriction.
Sulfur, for example smells like what is emitted
when lighting amatch.

34. Other Properties:
8. Taste – some
minerals havea characteristic
taste.
For example Halite tasteslike
salt.

35. Feel
Other Properties:
Some minerals such as talc,
feel soapy or greasy.

37. Thank you for listening

38. Thank you for listening