This document outlines the natural process of research. It discusses how research begins with observations that are not fully understood, leading to the development of hypotheses to explain the unusual behavior. These hypotheses are then tested by collecting more data about the behavior. The hypothesis that best explains the observed facts based on previous knowledge is considered most valid, while the other hypotheses are rejected. Research involves questioning, experimentation, and elicitation to systematically build theories by testing interconnected hypotheses. It seeks relationships and conclusions after ruling out alternatives. Knowledge can come from belief, authority, reasoning, or empirical observation and experimentation.

1. Research as a natural
process
Rejection of
It
the
Guesses surrounds
possibilities
(hypothesis) us on a
for various
daily
reasons
basis
Development of
new hypothesis

2. Behavior Behavior
observed and
not clearly found (special for
understood some reason)
Previous
knowledge
Possible
explanations
for the
The basic components of unusual
research in the real world behavior
Past
events
To test the
hypothesis A possible
explanation is
more data considered the one The other
need to be which best explains
the behavior. hypothesis
collected (Hypothesis based on are
about the observed facts)
rejected
behavior

3. Different
Perspectives
Research questions Observation
Questioning
Different
Procedures Experimentation
Elicitation
Internally
Mind experiments Reason
(Einstein)
Logic

4. Unconsciously
Consciously
Research
Externally
Internally

5. Common
Sense
Intuition
Introspection
Limited value
unless used
appropriately
Scientific Research and
Common Sense
New ideas should confirm
what we already know or
believe

6. Common sense conclusions
are reached on the basis of
Scientific Research is superstition, superficial
conducted systematically responses to problems, and
unexamined beliefs.
Common sense conclusions
are often based on
superficial evidence which
supports something which
someone wants to believe.
Science builds theories by
systematically testing an
interrelated body of
Theories and hypothesis
hypothesis.
which are used in research
are formulated so that they
can be tasted by the
researcher and others who
wish to replicate the
research. Hypothesis must
be falsifiable.

7. Scientific Research seeks Research seeks to identify
to describe, identify, and relationships and reach
control relationships conclusions about them
among phenomena in after ruling out alternative
order to study them explanations.

8. Knowledge as authority: It
Knowledge as belief: When comes from a source which
we know something on the is accepted at face value.
basis of belief, it may mean The source of this kind of
we want to believe knowledge is often
something to be truth but forgotten and it achieves
have never submitted it to the same status as
an empirical test. knowledge arrived at
thorough careful research.
Four types of
knowledge found in
second language
A priori knowledge: We research Empirical knowledge: We
arrive at this type of arrive at knowing
knowledge by starting whit something through the
a set of axioms about some process of observation/or
phenomenon and then experimentation. Empirical
developing our knowledge knowledge is obtained by
of it by using reason and interacting with the real
logic working within the world, observing
system defined by the phenomena, and drawing
axioms. conclusions from
experience.