Mind Map
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Research aims to increase understanding of phenomena through systematically collecting and analyzing information. It contributes to knowledge which comes from empirical observation and experimentation, as well as logical reasoning from basic principles.
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Information hiding
The word steganography has Greek origins and means ‘concealed writing.’
The original practice can be traced back to around 440 BC when the ancient Greeks hid messages within wax tablets by writing messages on the wood before applying a wax surface (Herodotus 1987).
Another early recorded use of steganography occurred in ancient Greece when messengers tattooed messages on their shaved heads and concealed the messages with the hair that grew over them afterwards, a technique also used by German spies in the early 20th century (Newman 1940).
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This document discusses variables in research and how they relate to one another. It defines a variable as something that can differ over time or among individuals, like proficiency in Spanish. Variables represent underlying human characteristics or abilities and are operationalized to define them concretely. There are five main types of variables: dependent, independent, moderator, control, and intervening. The relationships between these variables are important to understand how a study is designed. Researchers must clearly define and justify the variables and relationships they propose.
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Variables and measurements
Variables and concepts are important tools in theoretical research. A concept is an abstract idea that combines related observations, while a variable is an empirical measure that can take different values. There are different types of variables, including independent, dependent, and intervening variables that indicate causal relationships. Numerical variables can be discrete or continuous, while categorical variables involve mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories. Researchers define concepts and variables conceptually by relating them to other concepts, and operationally by specifying how to measure them. Propositions state relationships between concepts or variables but are not tested directly like hypotheses.
Constructs, variables, hypotheses
This document discusses different types of variables and research designs. It defines constructs, indicators, and operational definitions. It also describes different types of variables like independent, dependent, attribute and extraneous variables. Finally, it explains quasi-experimental designs like non-equivalent groups, interrupted time series, and regression discontinuity designs. It also covers single-case designs like A-B-A, multiple baseline, and changing criterion designs. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these research concepts and designs.
Multiple choice questions with answers
This document contains a list of 44 multiple choice questions related to organizational behaviour. The questions cover topics such as organizational structure, job enrichment, strategic planning, leadership styles, communication, motivation theories, and frameworks for understanding human behavior like cognitive, behaviorist, and social learning approaches. Sample answers are provided for some of the questions.
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Information hiding
The word steganography has Greek origins and means ‘concealed writing.’
The original practice can be traced back to around 440 BC when the ancient Greeks hid messages within wax tablets by writing messages on the wood before applying a wax surface (Herodotus 1987).
Another early recorded use of steganography occurred in ancient Greece when messengers tattooed messages on their shaved heads and concealed the messages with the hair that grew over them afterwards, a technique also used by German spies in the early 20th century (Newman 1940).
Variables <3><3><3
This document discusses variables in research and how they relate to one another. It defines a variable as something that can differ over time or among individuals, like proficiency in Spanish. Variables represent underlying human characteristics or abilities and are operationalized to define them concretely. There are five main types of variables: dependent, independent, moderator, control, and intervening. The relationships between these variables are important to understand how a study is designed. Researchers must clearly define and justify the variables and relationships they propose.
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This document provides an introduction to research variables, including their definition, examples, aspects, levels of measurement, and use in research studies. It defines variables as entities that can take on different values, and discusses their attributes, values, and relationships. It also outlines the four levels of measurement for variables - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - and explains how the level of measurement determines what statistical analyses can be used. Finally, it discusses dependent and independent variables and provides examples of studies that examine the relationships between variables.
Week 4 variables and designs
This document provides an overview of research designs and variables. It begins with a diagram showing the stages of the research process. It then discusses types of variables like dependent, independent, and moderating variables. Various research designs are described, including experimental, correlational, descriptive, causal comparative, and qualitative approaches. Key aspects of developing a theoretical framework and identifying variables are also covered. The document provides examples and checklists to aid in research design.
Variables and measurements
Variables and concepts are important tools in theoretical research. A concept is an abstract idea that combines related observations, while a variable is an empirical measure that can take different values. There are different types of variables, including independent, dependent, and intervening variables that indicate causal relationships. Numerical variables can be discrete or continuous, while categorical variables involve mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories. Researchers define concepts and variables conceptually by relating them to other concepts, and operationally by specifying how to measure them. Propositions state relationships between concepts or variables but are not tested directly like hypotheses.
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Multiple choice questions with answers
This document contains a list of 44 multiple choice questions related to organizational behaviour. The questions cover topics such as organizational structure, job enrichment, strategic planning, leadership styles, communication, motivation theories, and frameworks for understanding human behavior like cognitive, behaviorist, and social learning approaches. Sample answers are provided for some of the questions.
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Mind map
This document outlines the natural process of research. It discusses how research begins with observations that are not fully understood, leading to the development of hypotheses to explain the unusual behavior. These hypotheses are then tested by collecting more data about the behavior. The hypothesis that best explains the observed facts based on previous knowledge is considered most valid, while the other hypotheses are rejected. Research involves questioning, experimentation, and elicitation to systematically build theories by testing interconnected hypotheses. It seeks relationships and conclusions after ruling out alternatives. Knowledge can come from belief, authority, reasoning, or empirical observation and experimentation.
Mind map
Research as a natural process involves 3 key steps:
1) Making guesses (hypotheses) to explain unusual behaviors based on previous knowledge and past events.
2) Testing hypotheses by collecting more data about the behavior. The hypothesis that best explains the behavior based on observed facts is considered the possible explanation.
3) Rejecting other hypotheses that do not explain the behavior as well. Research questions are explored through observation, experimentation, and other procedures to understand relationships among phenomena.
What is research?
Research is objective and seeks to show the truth or facts about phenomena being investigated. It surrounds us daily through processes like observation, questioning, experimenting, and elicitation to test hypotheses. Once tested, conclusions are either confirmed or rejected, and may need reconfirming. While common sense is useful, scientific research uses tested theories and hypotheses to build reliable empirical knowledge, as opposed to just superficial common sense beliefs.
what is research
Research is a formalization of the natural human process of dealing with the environment through observation and questioning. It involves asking questions to gain understanding and involves forming hypotheses to find possible explanations, collecting data, and analyzing the results. There are different types of research including basic research that seeks universal truths, applied research that seeks practical solutions, and practical research focused on acquisition and development.
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The document discusses investigative science learning environments (ISLE). It summarizes that learning is a physical process that occurs through neural network activation and extension, and also a social process when learners work together. The goal of ISLE is to engineer learning environments where students can actively construct their own ideas through representation, data analysis, pattern finding, testing explanations, and revising understandings based on new evidence, similar to how physicists work. An example ISLE model involves students conducting observational experiments to form explanations, then testing experiments to revise understandings, representing the process scientists use to make new knowledge.
Research map
This mind map is about research: how is divided according to the different types in order to get conclusions.
unit 4 8609.pptx
This document discusses different sources of knowledge, including revealed, intuitive, authoritative, rational, and empirical knowledge. Revealed knowledge comes from divine revelation, intuitive knowledge from insights or beliefs, and authoritative knowledge from experts. Rational knowledge is derived from reason and logic, while empirical knowledge comes from sense experiences and observations of the world. The document provides examples and explanations of each type of knowledge source.
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Mind map
This document outlines the natural process of research. It discusses how research begins with observations that are not fully understood, leading to the development of hypotheses to explain the unusual behavior. These hypotheses are then tested by collecting more data about the behavior. The hypothesis that best explains the observed facts based on previous knowledge is considered most valid, while the other hypotheses are rejected. Research involves questioning, experimentation, and elicitation to systematically build theories by testing interconnected hypotheses. It seeks relationships and conclusions after ruling out alternatives. Knowledge can come from belief, authority, reasoning, or empirical observation and experimentation.
Mind map
Research as a natural process involves 3 key steps:
1) Making guesses (hypotheses) to explain unusual behaviors based on previous knowledge and past events.
2) Testing hypotheses by collecting more data about the behavior. The hypothesis that best explains the behavior based on observed facts is considered the possible explanation.
3) Rejecting other hypotheses that do not explain the behavior as well. Research questions are explored through observation, experimentation, and other procedures to understand relationships among phenomena.
What is research?
Research is objective and seeks to show the truth or facts about phenomena being investigated. It surrounds us daily through processes like observation, questioning, experimenting, and elicitation to test hypotheses. Once tested, conclusions are either confirmed or rejected, and may need reconfirming. While common sense is useful, scientific research uses tested theories and hypotheses to build reliable empirical knowledge, as opposed to just superficial common sense beliefs.
what is research
Research is a formalization of the natural human process of dealing with the environment through observation and questioning. It involves asking questions to gain understanding and involves forming hypotheses to find possible explanations, collecting data, and analyzing the results. There are different types of research including basic research that seeks universal truths, applied research that seeks practical solutions, and practical research focused on acquisition and development.
Advance research methods
This assignment is related with the introduction to research methods. it gives an over view and brief introduction of research, types of researches, methods to collect research data. useful for research students of business management, commerce studies, social work and for general over view to understand research.
Kbms knowledge
The document provides an introduction to knowledge representation and communication. It discusses key concepts such as data, information, and knowledge. It describes different theories of knowledge including the sources and acquisition of knowledge. It also covers different techniques for knowledge representation in artificial intelligence, including general methods, specialized representations, and knowledge applications. The summary highlights that knowledge representation aims to model reliable, situated, and partial knowledge through various symbolic techniques to bridge internal and external factors.
Theories Of Instructional Design
The document discusses various theories of instructional design including cognitive, constructivist, and connectivist perspectives. It outlines key principles such as learning occurring within communities of practice and personal learning environments. Different learning environments are also examined, like cognitive apprenticeship and technology-enabled active learning. Motivation theories including ARCS, self-efficacy, attribution, and goal-setting are summarized.
Process of learning 1
The document discusses investigative science learning environments (ISLE). It summarizes that learning is a physical process that occurs through neural network activation and extension, and also a social process when learners work together. The goal of ISLE is to engineer learning environments where students can actively construct their own ideas through representation, data analysis, pattern finding, testing explanations, and revising understandings based on new evidence, similar to how physicists work. An example ISLE model involves students conducting observational experiments to form explanations, then testing experiments to revise understandings, representing the process scientists use to make new knowledge.
Research map
This mind map is about research: how is divided according to the different types in order to get conclusions.
unit 4 8609.pptx
This document discusses different sources of knowledge, including revealed, intuitive, authoritative, rational, and empirical knowledge. Revealed knowledge comes from divine revelation, intuitive knowledge from insights or beliefs, and authoritative knowledge from experts. Rational knowledge is derived from reason and logic, while empirical knowledge comes from sense experiences and observations of the world. The document provides examples and explanations of each type of knowledge source.
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Mind Map
- 1. Knowledge of belief Many of the conclusions reached through common sense. Apriory Research is the systematic Practical knowledge Basic Research process of collecting and We arrive at this Knowledge as analyzing information to Research authority type of knowledge increase our understanding by starting with a This knowledge of the phenomenon under set of axioms about comes from a study. It is the function of the researcher to contribute to some phenomenon source which is accepted at face the understanding of the by using reason and value. phenomenon and to logic. communicate that understanding to others. Applied Research Empirical knowledge We arrive at knowing something through the processes of observation and experimentation.