2. CLASS RULES
➜ If possible, queries
related to the topic will
be entertained after the
discussion of the teacher.
➜ listen when the teacher is
talking.
➜ Be attentive and list down
all the important points
while the teacher is
discussing the topic.
➜ Be courteous at all times.
When you wanted to speak
and express your idea, ask a
permission first.
3. Course overview:
➜ Definition of Migration
➜ Definition of Social Work
➜ Types of Migration
➜ Concepts relating to Migration
➜ Effects of Migration in Rural Areas, Urban Areas
➜ Adverse Effects of Rural Urban Migration
➜ Role of Social Work in Migration & Refugee Crisis
4. Migration
Migration is the movement of people between
regions or countries. It is the process of changing
one’s place of residence and permanently living
in a region or country.
“Migration is such an event in which people
move from one geographical area to another
geographical area. When people leaving their
place of residence go to live permanently in
another area”. (Demographic Dictionary of United Nations)
6. Social Work
➜ The profession which helps
individuals, groups, and
communities to develop,
enhance, or restore their
capability for coping with the
demands of their environment
through the use of social work
methods. (Social Wok
Dictionary)
A profession which promotes social
change, problem-solving in human
relationships and the empowerment
and liberation of people to enhance
well-being. (IASSW and IFSW)
7. Immigration and Emigration:
When people from one
country move permanently to
another country, for example,
if people from India move to
America then for America, it is
termed as Immigration,
whereas for India it is termed
as Emigration.
Types of migration
In-migration and Out-migration:
In-migration means migration
occurring within an area only,
while out-migration means
migration out of the area. Both
types of migration are called
internal migration occurring within
the country.
In-migration:people moving into a
place
Out-migration: People moving out
of a place
8. Gross and Net Migration:
During any time period, the
total number of persons
coming in the country and the
total number of people going
out of the country for residing
is called gross migration. The
difference between the total
number of persons coming to
reside in a country and going
out of the country for residing
during any time period is
termed as net migration.
Internal Migration and External
Migration:
Internal migration means the
movement of people in
different states and regions
within a country from one
place to another. On the other
hand, external or international
migration refers to the
movement of people from one
country to another for
permanent settlement.
9.
10. Place of Origin and Place
of Destination
The place which people leave is the place
of origin and the person
is called an outmigrant On
the other hand, the place
of destination is
the place where the person moves
and the person is called an in
migrant
11. Effects of migration
Internal migration affects the place
where from people migrate and the
place to which they migrate. When
the migrants move from rural to
urban areas, they have both positive
and negative effects on the society
and economy.
12. Economic effects
Rural Areas
When population migrates
from rural areas, it reduces
the pressure of population
on land, the per worker
output and productivity on
land increases and so does
per capita income. Thus
family income rises which
encourages farmers to
adopt better means of
production thereby
increasing farm produce.
Urban Areas
The effects of migration on
income and employment in
urban areas are varied
depending upon the type of
migrants. Usually the migrants
are unskilled and find jobs of
street hawkers, shoeshine boys,
carpenters, masons, tailors,
rickshaw pullers, cooks and
other tradesmen, etc.
13. Rural Areas
Migration reduces population growth
in rural areas. Separation from wives
for long periods and the use of
contraceptives help control
population growth. When very young
males migrate to urban areas, they
are so influenced by the urban life
that they do not like to marry at an
early age.
DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS
Urban Areas
Migration increases the population of
the working class in urban areas. But
the majority of migrants are young men
between the ages of 15 to 24 years
who are unwed. Others above this age
group come alone leaving their families
at home.
14. Social effects
Migration also affects the social set-up of rural
communities. It weakens the joint family system if
the migrants settle permanently in urban areas. With
intermingling of the migrants with people of different
castes and regions in cities, they bring new values
and attitudes which gradually change old values and
customs of ruralities. Women play a greater role in
the social setup of the rural life with men having
migrated to towns.
15. Adverse effects of ruralurban migration
Migration from rural to
urban areas has a
number of adverse
effects. Towns and cities
in which the migrants
settle, face innumerable
problems. There is the
prolific growth of huge
slums and shantytowns.
These settlements and
huge neighborhoods
have no access to
municipal services such
as clean and running
water, public services,
electricity, and sewage
system.
There is acute housing
shortage. The city
transport system is
unable the meet the
demand of the
growing population.
There are air and
noise pollutions, and
increased crime and
congestion. The costs
of providing facilities
are too high to be met,
despite the best
intentions of the local
bodies.
There is massive
underemployment and
unemployment in towns and
cities. Thus, urban migration
increases the growth rate of job
seekers relative to its population
growth, thereby raising urban
supply of labor. On the demand
side, there are no enough jobs
available for the ruralities in the
formal urban sector for the
uneducated and unskilled rural
migrants. This rapid increase in
labor supply and the lack of
demand for such labor lead to
chronic and increasing urban
unemployment and
underemployment.
17. ROLE OF SOCIAL WORK IN MIGRATION AND
REFUGEE CRISIS
Social work as a profession has much to
offer in services for refugees and asylum
seekers. Using a human rights framework,
social workers respond to the complex
needs of refugees and asylum seekers with
an understanding of the wider context of
family relationships and social institutions.
18. Definition of refugees & asylum seeker
Refugees – persons who are
outside their country of
origin for reasons of feared
persecution, conflict,
generalized violence, or
other circumstances that
have seriously disturbed
public order and, as a result,
require international
protection. (UN High
Commissioner for Refugees)
Asylum Seeker – an individual
who is seeking international
protection.
- A person who has left their
country and is seeking
protection from persecution
and serious human rights
violations in another country,
but who hasn’t yet legally
recognized as a refugee and
is waiting to receive a
decision on their asylum
claim.
19. Role of social work with refugees and asylum
seekers
➜ respects the inherent dignity, worth and autonomy of
every person
➜ respects the human rights of individuals and groups
➜ provides humane service, mindful of fulfilling duty of
care, and duty to avoid doing harm to others
➜ fosters individual wellbeing, autonomy, justice and
personal/social responsibility, with due consideration
for the rights of others
➜ recognizes and respects group identity,
interdependence, reciprocity and the collective needs.
20. The various settings and fields of
practice include:
• Commonwealth departments of Human Services:
Immigration and Border Protection: and Social Services
• Refugee resettlement services and Migrant Resource
Centers
• Services for the treatment and rehabilitation of torture
and trauma survivors
• Services for asylum seekers living in the community
• Advocacy services for refugees and asylum seekers
• Services for refugees and asylum seekers in detention
both onshore and offshore
• Health, education, legal and family support services
• Policy and program officer roles within state government
departmental multicultural units
• Research and academia and teaching
21. The scope of social work practice with refugees and asylum seekers
includes:
1. Strengths-based comprehensive psychosocial assessments
2. Strengths-based community assessments
3. Building empathic relationships and working with refugees and asylum seekers in an ethical, respectful,
client-centered and strengths-focused manner
4. Working with groups, organizations and communities to respond to shared goals
5. Linking of individuals and families to community networks
6. Facilitating coordination and cooperation across health, welfare and other systems to ensure good
outcomes and assist client aspirations
7. Advocacy for services and education within the Australian welfare and health systems
8. Socio-legal and ethical decision making within complex legal frameworks
9. Advocacy in relation to the rights of refugees and asylum seekers
10. Utilizing advanced interpersonal skills that involve professional use of interpreters and a respectful
inquisitiveness as well as having an awareness of the broader historical and political context
22. Within refugee resettlement services by:
1. Providing professional assessments and interventions
2. Providing case management services that link individuals and families to
community networks
3. Providing culturally responsive and inclusive support services that help individuals
and families resettle in Australian society
4. Advocating for services within the Australian welfare and health services
5. Empowering individuals and families to explore and use services available within
the Australian context
6. Providing specialist child and adolescent services and services for women
7. Providing general mental health services
8. Working with groups, organizations and communities to respond to shared goals
23. Within specialist counseling services by providing:
1. Group work interventions
2. Individual and Family counseling and therapy
3. Client and system advocacy
4. Community development to address the
collective impact of trauma
5. Mental health promotion
24. Within advocacy settings
1. Advocating for the rights of refugees and asylum
seekers
2. Developing policy position papers and making
submissions
25. Within diverse multicultural communities by:
1. Encouraging an openness to different world views and
developing skills in culturally inclusive and responsive
interventions including listening to and working with
community elders
2. Encouraging and supporting young people who are
often at the forefront of families resettling into a new
country
3. Advocating for clients and for system change
26. References
Evidence informing practice
Key journals
Australian Social Work
Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies
Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work
Journal of Refugee Studies
International Social Work
Australian Journal of Human Rights
Refugee Studies
Key articles/chapters
Alston, M. (2009). Innovative human services practice: Australia’s changing
landscape, Palgrave Macmillan, South Yarra. See chapter 11: Working with
refugees and asylum seekers in rural areas.
