This document discusses migration trends in the Caribbean region over the past centuries. It notes that historically migration has been influenced by socioeconomic factors and details some key migration waves like the slave trade, workers moving within the region for jobs, and professionals moving abroad ("brain drain") to places like the US and UK due to legislation favoring skilled migrant workers. This brain drain has depleted the Caribbean of professionals and threatens social services and development progress in many countries due to loss of skilled labor. Over 50 years the Caribbean region has lost over 5 million people to migration.
Cape sociology poverty and social developmentcapesociology
This document discusses categories of the poor in the Caribbean region. It identifies three main groups that are vulnerable to poverty: (1) the elderly, women, children and youth, as women often have little control over resources and are responsible for the welfare of others, perpetuating the cycle of poverty; (2) single-parent female-headed households, which are a significant trend in the Caribbean and poverty deeply impacts these families; (3) indigenous people, who face marginalization and are less likely to have economic and political power, so they and their culture tend to live in poverty with lack of access to education, amenities, and discrimination in finding jobs.
The Demographic Transition Theory proposes that populations progress through four stages as countries develop economically: from high birth and death rates to low rates. While this generally occurred in Europe, the theory may not fully apply to Caribbean countries. The Caribbean experienced high birth and death rates in Stage 1, but did not see consistently falling rates as expected in later stages. The theory is too simplistic and Eurocentric to fully capture population changes influenced by factors like education levels, cultural practices, and racial dynamics in the Caribbean. While the theory provides context for historical European trends, it is limited in explaining population changes across diverse societies.
Impact of education on caribbean peopleVeeshalla100
Education has impacted Caribbean culture in several ways according to the document. It has become a core value and way for people to structure their lives. However, the education system also favors those from middle-class backgrounds who have the cultural capital and language skills to succeed academically. Specifically, children from lower socioeconomic groups face more challenges due to differences in their experiences and upbringing compared to middle-class children. Additionally, the historic interaction between education and religion in the Caribbean led to religious schools becoming more prestigious and impacting perceptions of state-run schools.
This document provides an overview of Caribbean society and culture. It discusses the location and definitions of the Caribbean region, characteristics of Caribbean society including population, social behavior, institutions and culture. It describes the different types of islands and landscapes in the Caribbean based on their geology. It also covers the political systems and characteristics of Caribbean culture such as symbols, traits, patterns and subcultures.
Education in the Caribbean historically served colonial interests by inculcating English values and restricting education for enslaved peoples. After emancipation in 1834, elementary education was provided to blacks to help their adjustment, focusing on religion, reading, and work skills rather than social mobility. Secondary and university education remained largely inaccessible. Through the 19th and 20th centuries, education became a means of social mobility but continued to emphasize European norms. The system sorted students and access to higher education remained limited, impacting social stratification. While now mandatory for all, education differences persist along socioeconomic lines.
An easy to understand presentation that explains creolisation, describes cultural, racial and religious hybridisation, and the theories put forward by Edward Kamau Brathwaite to explain European domination strategies
A research conducted by Tashieka King on the role women played in resisting enslavement. The research shows that women has contributed significantly to make their life of enslavement better.
Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment (Sample) OmziiNella Bell
The document discusses a study on the impact of dancehall music on students at Black River High School. Data was collected through questionnaires given to students and observation at a school concert. Most students listened to dancehall for entertainment and agreed it promotes negative messages and gang violence. They felt the lyrics and artists' actions influence moods and behavior. While some saw artists as role models, most did not and suggested banning dancehall to reduce its negative effects. The findings indicate dancehall impacts students' emotions and may contribute to misconduct.
Cape sociology poverty and social developmentcapesociology
This document discusses categories of the poor in the Caribbean region. It identifies three main groups that are vulnerable to poverty: (1) the elderly, women, children and youth, as women often have little control over resources and are responsible for the welfare of others, perpetuating the cycle of poverty; (2) single-parent female-headed households, which are a significant trend in the Caribbean and poverty deeply impacts these families; (3) indigenous people, who face marginalization and are less likely to have economic and political power, so they and their culture tend to live in poverty with lack of access to education, amenities, and discrimination in finding jobs.
The Demographic Transition Theory proposes that populations progress through four stages as countries develop economically: from high birth and death rates to low rates. While this generally occurred in Europe, the theory may not fully apply to Caribbean countries. The Caribbean experienced high birth and death rates in Stage 1, but did not see consistently falling rates as expected in later stages. The theory is too simplistic and Eurocentric to fully capture population changes influenced by factors like education levels, cultural practices, and racial dynamics in the Caribbean. While the theory provides context for historical European trends, it is limited in explaining population changes across diverse societies.
Impact of education on caribbean peopleVeeshalla100
Education has impacted Caribbean culture in several ways according to the document. It has become a core value and way for people to structure their lives. However, the education system also favors those from middle-class backgrounds who have the cultural capital and language skills to succeed academically. Specifically, children from lower socioeconomic groups face more challenges due to differences in their experiences and upbringing compared to middle-class children. Additionally, the historic interaction between education and religion in the Caribbean led to religious schools becoming more prestigious and impacting perceptions of state-run schools.
This document provides an overview of Caribbean society and culture. It discusses the location and definitions of the Caribbean region, characteristics of Caribbean society including population, social behavior, institutions and culture. It describes the different types of islands and landscapes in the Caribbean based on their geology. It also covers the political systems and characteristics of Caribbean culture such as symbols, traits, patterns and subcultures.
Education in the Caribbean historically served colonial interests by inculcating English values and restricting education for enslaved peoples. After emancipation in 1834, elementary education was provided to blacks to help their adjustment, focusing on religion, reading, and work skills rather than social mobility. Secondary and university education remained largely inaccessible. Through the 19th and 20th centuries, education became a means of social mobility but continued to emphasize European norms. The system sorted students and access to higher education remained limited, impacting social stratification. While now mandatory for all, education differences persist along socioeconomic lines.
An easy to understand presentation that explains creolisation, describes cultural, racial and religious hybridisation, and the theories put forward by Edward Kamau Brathwaite to explain European domination strategies
A research conducted by Tashieka King on the role women played in resisting enslavement. The research shows that women has contributed significantly to make their life of enslavement better.
Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment (Sample) OmziiNella Bell
The document discusses a study on the impact of dancehall music on students at Black River High School. Data was collected through questionnaires given to students and observation at a school concert. Most students listened to dancehall for entertainment and agreed it promotes negative messages and gang violence. They felt the lyrics and artists' actions influence moods and behavior. While some saw artists as role models, most did not and suggested banning dancehall to reduce its negative effects. The findings indicate dancehall impacts students' emotions and may contribute to misconduct.
Caribbean Studies - CAPE Unit 2 - Internal Assignment/IA 2017John Doe
This document appears to be a research paper or project on the topic of how poverty affects social development in Lengua Village, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the research problem, purpose, objectives and definitions. It also includes a literature review summarizing several sources on the relationship between poverty and social development. For data collection, the author used a questionnaire distributed to households in the village as well as secondary sources like books and articles. The document goes on to present and analyze the collected data, discuss findings, and provide conclusions and recommendations.
This document is a Sociology Internal Assessment based on the high rate of unemployment in relation to youth groups. I also have uploaded a copy of my Entrepreneurship IA for your perusal if needed.
You can contact me at: erica5dacas@gmail.com
1) In the 1930s, economic conditions in the Caribbean deteriorated severely, leading to widespread labor protests and strikes. Charismatic labor leaders emerged and transitioned to political leadership, advocating for better working conditions and social welfare. This helped give rise to Caribbean political parties.
2) Initially, the right to vote was restricted based on property ownership and wealth. Over time, suffrage expanded to include more of the male population. Movements in the late 19th century advocated for universal male suffrage.
3) As countries moved toward independence, they gained more control over domestic matters and the ability to self-govern politically and determine their own economic development path.
CAPE Sociology Unit Two Population controlpolicycapesociology
The document discusses reduction in fertility as a population control policy in developing countries. It presents arguments from both supporters and critics of this approach. Supporters argue that lowering population growth rates through reduced fertility can help achieve social stability by balancing population size with resources. However, critics argue that population size is not the root cause of problems in developing nations, and that coercive population control policies can undermine individual freedoms and fail to achieve their goals. The document concludes that reducing fertility alone may not guarantee social stability, and that unequal resource distribution between nations also contributes to social and economic issues.
The document summarizes a study examining the impact of tourism in Negril, Jamaica on the local ecology. Key findings include:
1) Tourism development has resulted in significant loss of natural vegetation cover and destruction of habitats.
2) Infrastructure growth and increasing tourist numbers are placing pressure on water resources and contributing to pollution in local waters.
3) Comparison of data from 1980-2008 shows that sand dunes in Negril, which help protect the coastline, have been reduced by over 50% due to tourism activities.
This document provides the syllabus for CSEC Caribbean History from 2011-2017. It outlines the rationale, aims, skills, organization, exam format, regulations and recommended time allocation for the course. The core covers the period 1492-1838 and provides an overview. There are 9 themes divided into 3 sections that students must study in depth. Section A covers indigenous peoples, slavery and the economy, and resistance. Section B examines emancipation, post-emancipation adjustments, and the economy from 1875-1985. Section C focuses on the US in the Caribbean, political development to 1985, and Caribbean society from 1900-1985. Guidelines are provided for the School-Based Assessment component.
caribbean studies material ... questions along with the answers
hope it comes in handle for persons who are doing the subject make good use of it
*i am not the owner of the material*
This document provides an introduction and background to a research project investigating the impacts of socialization on students from single-parent families at St. Jago High School in Jamaica. The research team acknowledges those who assisted with the project. The document includes a table of contents and overview of the research design which will utilize a questionnaire to collect quantitative data from a stratified random sample of 15 students. It discusses the sociological perspective of positivism that will guide the research.
This document provides an overview of Caribbean society and culture. It discusses the geographic location and definitions of the Caribbean region, as well as characteristics of Caribbean society such as cultural diversity and the impact of historical processes like slavery and indentureship. The document also examines social stratification in the Caribbean and the hybridization of cultures. It analyzes the effects of geography, institutions, and global interactions on Caribbean society and culture, as well as Caribbean influences abroad through areas like migration, music, and festivals.
Social Studies M4 Objectives of CaricomeLearningJa
The document provides information about CARICOM (Caribbean Community) and the OECS (Organization of Eastern Caribbean States). It discusses the objectives of CARICOM, which include increasing market size, employment, and cooperation across member countries. The CSME (CARICOM Single Market and Economy) aims to allow free movement of goods, services, and people within the CARICOM region. The OECS consists of smaller Eastern Caribbean islands and seeks economic harmonization and free movement among its members.
The document discusses secularization of religion in Caribbean society. It provides arguments both for and against secularization using Wilson's theory of secularization. It examines secularization in four key elements - statistical decline in religious participation, growth of rationalism replacing religion, disengagement of churches from society, and religious pluralism fragmenting society. While some statistics show declining religiosity, others show growth in sects and ethnic religions. Overall, secularization is a complex phenomenon with evidence both supporting and limiting its presence in the Caribbean.
The document is a research study on bullying among students at Princes Town West Secondary that examines the causes and effects of bullying through a questionnaire. It finds that verbal and physical bullying are most common, negatively impacting students' self-esteem, with 45% of bullied students believing the bullying is true. The study aims to understand bullying's effects to help address the issue and improve students' well-being.
The document discusses factors that may influence educational achievement among different ethnic groups in the UK. It examines both internal school factors like labeling and pupil subcultures, as well as external factors in wider society such as cultural deprivation, material deprivation, and racism. The document also explores theories of cultural deprivation and how they have been evaluated, noting that explanations for ethnic differences in education can generally be divided into internal and external causes.
The document outlines the aims, objectives, research questions, and methodology of a study on the impact of the St. John the Evangelist Anglican Parish Church on the Black River community. The aims are to make citizens and church members aware of the church's spiritual and community impacts. Research questions address the church's effectiveness in spiritual guidance, youth development, and addressing community challenges. The methodology will involve questionnaires distributed to 20 community members over 4 weeks to collect both primary and secondary data.
This document presents evidence and arguments that Africans discovered the Americas prior to Christopher Columbus in 1492. It summarizes the research question, aims, and introduction claiming Columbus was not the first to reach the Americas. It then analyzes evidence including terra cotta heads found in the Americas that displayed Negroid features, pyramids built in Mexico dating to 1000 BC resembling those in Egypt, and 1,200 skeletons found in the Dominican Republic identified through DNA analysis as African. The document argues this evidence proves African presence and influence in the Americas preceded Columbus, though some historians reject this claim due to racism.
This document discusses several ideologies that have been influential in the Caribbean, including Pan-Africanism, Negritude, Capitalism, Marxism, and Feminism. It provides background on the origins and objectives of the Pan-African movement in the 18th century, spearheaded by figures like Henry Sylvester Williams. It also discusses how these ideologies were taken up and advanced by various Caribbean thinkers and activists in the 19th-20th centuries, including Marcus Garvey, Cyril Briggs, and Malcolm Nurse in the case of Pan-Africanism, and the celebration of black identity and culture through Negritude. The document further examines the adoption of Marxist and capitalist frameworks to analyze and guide Caribbean economic
The document contains past exam questions from the Caribbean Studies CAPE (Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination) relating to issues in Caribbean development. The questions assess understanding of indicators of development, the impact of unequal wealth distribution and lack of cricket competitiveness on development, factors that encourage Caribbean integration and their impact on social, political and economic development, and challenges faced by Caribbean governments in promoting tourism. Other questions address the impact of globalization, discrimination against women, freedom of the press, the tourism industry, productivity, integration challenges due to varying development levels, the role of popular culture and sports, and the impact of imported technology on Caribbean economies.
Wealth and race/ethnicity are two major determinants of social stratification in the Caribbean. Wealth determines one's social class, with those who own the means of production dominating the upper class and those with little wealth in the lower class. Race/ethnicity also structures stratification, as seen during periods of slavery and indentureship, with different ethnic groups like whites, Africans, Indians, and Chinese maintaining distinct social patterns. While some argue class has become more important, others believe race/ethnicity continues to influence Caribbean social stratification.
Jim is overworked by his demanding boss which leads to high stress levels. The stress causes Jim to consider suicide but he has a sudden realization in the rain and decides to change his life for the better. The story highlights how excessive workloads and stress can negatively impact mental health and lead one to make irrational decisions if not properly managed.
Assess the extent to which population control policies are essential to a soc...capesociology
Population control policies can support national development by ensuring women's reproductive rights and preserving limited resources, but they are not the only means of development. Two population control policies implemented in the Caribbean include family planning programs and educational campaigns to encourage smaller families. However, some sociologists argue that truly developing the region requires investing in education, health care, and industrialization to improve human resources and technology.
The document discusses population movement and migration trends in the West Indies over time. It notes that the region has historically seen significant migration both internally and internationally for reasons such as opportunities for work, education, and improved living standards. Internally, people have migrated between islands, while internationally many have moved to places like England, the US, and Canada since the 1960s. Push factors driving migration include lack of jobs and opportunities, while pull factors attracting migrants are better opportunities in other places. The document also examines concepts like emigration, immigration, urbanization, and factors influencing levels of employment and unemployment in the Caribbean region.
This document discusses challenges related to migration and development cooperation. It notes that while migration brings both opportunities and challenges, perceptions of migrants are often negative. The 2030 Agenda and Global Compact on Migration provide a framework for managing migration in a way that benefits development. However, locally-led solutions tailored to specific contexts are needed. Collecting disaggregated data on migration and the SDGs can help inform evidence-based policies. Advocacy is also important to change negative narratives around migration and highlight migrants' contributions. Protecting vulnerable groups like women and ensuring their participation is key. Cooperation between countries is necessary to develop protection-sensitive policies on mixed migration flows.
Caribbean Studies - CAPE Unit 2 - Internal Assignment/IA 2017John Doe
This document appears to be a research paper or project on the topic of how poverty affects social development in Lengua Village, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the research problem, purpose, objectives and definitions. It also includes a literature review summarizing several sources on the relationship between poverty and social development. For data collection, the author used a questionnaire distributed to households in the village as well as secondary sources like books and articles. The document goes on to present and analyze the collected data, discuss findings, and provide conclusions and recommendations.
This document is a Sociology Internal Assessment based on the high rate of unemployment in relation to youth groups. I also have uploaded a copy of my Entrepreneurship IA for your perusal if needed.
You can contact me at: erica5dacas@gmail.com
1) In the 1930s, economic conditions in the Caribbean deteriorated severely, leading to widespread labor protests and strikes. Charismatic labor leaders emerged and transitioned to political leadership, advocating for better working conditions and social welfare. This helped give rise to Caribbean political parties.
2) Initially, the right to vote was restricted based on property ownership and wealth. Over time, suffrage expanded to include more of the male population. Movements in the late 19th century advocated for universal male suffrage.
3) As countries moved toward independence, they gained more control over domestic matters and the ability to self-govern politically and determine their own economic development path.
CAPE Sociology Unit Two Population controlpolicycapesociology
The document discusses reduction in fertility as a population control policy in developing countries. It presents arguments from both supporters and critics of this approach. Supporters argue that lowering population growth rates through reduced fertility can help achieve social stability by balancing population size with resources. However, critics argue that population size is not the root cause of problems in developing nations, and that coercive population control policies can undermine individual freedoms and fail to achieve their goals. The document concludes that reducing fertility alone may not guarantee social stability, and that unequal resource distribution between nations also contributes to social and economic issues.
The document summarizes a study examining the impact of tourism in Negril, Jamaica on the local ecology. Key findings include:
1) Tourism development has resulted in significant loss of natural vegetation cover and destruction of habitats.
2) Infrastructure growth and increasing tourist numbers are placing pressure on water resources and contributing to pollution in local waters.
3) Comparison of data from 1980-2008 shows that sand dunes in Negril, which help protect the coastline, have been reduced by over 50% due to tourism activities.
This document provides the syllabus for CSEC Caribbean History from 2011-2017. It outlines the rationale, aims, skills, organization, exam format, regulations and recommended time allocation for the course. The core covers the period 1492-1838 and provides an overview. There are 9 themes divided into 3 sections that students must study in depth. Section A covers indigenous peoples, slavery and the economy, and resistance. Section B examines emancipation, post-emancipation adjustments, and the economy from 1875-1985. Section C focuses on the US in the Caribbean, political development to 1985, and Caribbean society from 1900-1985. Guidelines are provided for the School-Based Assessment component.
caribbean studies material ... questions along with the answers
hope it comes in handle for persons who are doing the subject make good use of it
*i am not the owner of the material*
This document provides an introduction and background to a research project investigating the impacts of socialization on students from single-parent families at St. Jago High School in Jamaica. The research team acknowledges those who assisted with the project. The document includes a table of contents and overview of the research design which will utilize a questionnaire to collect quantitative data from a stratified random sample of 15 students. It discusses the sociological perspective of positivism that will guide the research.
This document provides an overview of Caribbean society and culture. It discusses the geographic location and definitions of the Caribbean region, as well as characteristics of Caribbean society such as cultural diversity and the impact of historical processes like slavery and indentureship. The document also examines social stratification in the Caribbean and the hybridization of cultures. It analyzes the effects of geography, institutions, and global interactions on Caribbean society and culture, as well as Caribbean influences abroad through areas like migration, music, and festivals.
Social Studies M4 Objectives of CaricomeLearningJa
The document provides information about CARICOM (Caribbean Community) and the OECS (Organization of Eastern Caribbean States). It discusses the objectives of CARICOM, which include increasing market size, employment, and cooperation across member countries. The CSME (CARICOM Single Market and Economy) aims to allow free movement of goods, services, and people within the CARICOM region. The OECS consists of smaller Eastern Caribbean islands and seeks economic harmonization and free movement among its members.
The document discusses secularization of religion in Caribbean society. It provides arguments both for and against secularization using Wilson's theory of secularization. It examines secularization in four key elements - statistical decline in religious participation, growth of rationalism replacing religion, disengagement of churches from society, and religious pluralism fragmenting society. While some statistics show declining religiosity, others show growth in sects and ethnic religions. Overall, secularization is a complex phenomenon with evidence both supporting and limiting its presence in the Caribbean.
The document is a research study on bullying among students at Princes Town West Secondary that examines the causes and effects of bullying through a questionnaire. It finds that verbal and physical bullying are most common, negatively impacting students' self-esteem, with 45% of bullied students believing the bullying is true. The study aims to understand bullying's effects to help address the issue and improve students' well-being.
The document discusses factors that may influence educational achievement among different ethnic groups in the UK. It examines both internal school factors like labeling and pupil subcultures, as well as external factors in wider society such as cultural deprivation, material deprivation, and racism. The document also explores theories of cultural deprivation and how they have been evaluated, noting that explanations for ethnic differences in education can generally be divided into internal and external causes.
The document outlines the aims, objectives, research questions, and methodology of a study on the impact of the St. John the Evangelist Anglican Parish Church on the Black River community. The aims are to make citizens and church members aware of the church's spiritual and community impacts. Research questions address the church's effectiveness in spiritual guidance, youth development, and addressing community challenges. The methodology will involve questionnaires distributed to 20 community members over 4 weeks to collect both primary and secondary data.
This document presents evidence and arguments that Africans discovered the Americas prior to Christopher Columbus in 1492. It summarizes the research question, aims, and introduction claiming Columbus was not the first to reach the Americas. It then analyzes evidence including terra cotta heads found in the Americas that displayed Negroid features, pyramids built in Mexico dating to 1000 BC resembling those in Egypt, and 1,200 skeletons found in the Dominican Republic identified through DNA analysis as African. The document argues this evidence proves African presence and influence in the Americas preceded Columbus, though some historians reject this claim due to racism.
This document discusses several ideologies that have been influential in the Caribbean, including Pan-Africanism, Negritude, Capitalism, Marxism, and Feminism. It provides background on the origins and objectives of the Pan-African movement in the 18th century, spearheaded by figures like Henry Sylvester Williams. It also discusses how these ideologies were taken up and advanced by various Caribbean thinkers and activists in the 19th-20th centuries, including Marcus Garvey, Cyril Briggs, and Malcolm Nurse in the case of Pan-Africanism, and the celebration of black identity and culture through Negritude. The document further examines the adoption of Marxist and capitalist frameworks to analyze and guide Caribbean economic
The document contains past exam questions from the Caribbean Studies CAPE (Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination) relating to issues in Caribbean development. The questions assess understanding of indicators of development, the impact of unequal wealth distribution and lack of cricket competitiveness on development, factors that encourage Caribbean integration and their impact on social, political and economic development, and challenges faced by Caribbean governments in promoting tourism. Other questions address the impact of globalization, discrimination against women, freedom of the press, the tourism industry, productivity, integration challenges due to varying development levels, the role of popular culture and sports, and the impact of imported technology on Caribbean economies.
Wealth and race/ethnicity are two major determinants of social stratification in the Caribbean. Wealth determines one's social class, with those who own the means of production dominating the upper class and those with little wealth in the lower class. Race/ethnicity also structures stratification, as seen during periods of slavery and indentureship, with different ethnic groups like whites, Africans, Indians, and Chinese maintaining distinct social patterns. While some argue class has become more important, others believe race/ethnicity continues to influence Caribbean social stratification.
Jim is overworked by his demanding boss which leads to high stress levels. The stress causes Jim to consider suicide but he has a sudden realization in the rain and decides to change his life for the better. The story highlights how excessive workloads and stress can negatively impact mental health and lead one to make irrational decisions if not properly managed.
Assess the extent to which population control policies are essential to a soc...capesociology
Population control policies can support national development by ensuring women's reproductive rights and preserving limited resources, but they are not the only means of development. Two population control policies implemented in the Caribbean include family planning programs and educational campaigns to encourage smaller families. However, some sociologists argue that truly developing the region requires investing in education, health care, and industrialization to improve human resources and technology.
The document discusses population movement and migration trends in the West Indies over time. It notes that the region has historically seen significant migration both internally and internationally for reasons such as opportunities for work, education, and improved living standards. Internally, people have migrated between islands, while internationally many have moved to places like England, the US, and Canada since the 1960s. Push factors driving migration include lack of jobs and opportunities, while pull factors attracting migrants are better opportunities in other places. The document also examines concepts like emigration, immigration, urbanization, and factors influencing levels of employment and unemployment in the Caribbean region.
This document discusses challenges related to migration and development cooperation. It notes that while migration brings both opportunities and challenges, perceptions of migrants are often negative. The 2030 Agenda and Global Compact on Migration provide a framework for managing migration in a way that benefits development. However, locally-led solutions tailored to specific contexts are needed. Collecting disaggregated data on migration and the SDGs can help inform evidence-based policies. Advocacy is also important to change negative narratives around migration and highlight migrants' contributions. Protecting vulnerable groups like women and ensuring their participation is key. Cooperation between countries is necessary to develop protection-sensitive policies on mixed migration flows.
The document summarizes information about refugees and the global refugee crisis. It discusses how wars, conflicts and state terrorism cause many people to flee their homes and become refugees. The total number of displaced people, including refugees and internally displaced persons, has now reached crisis levels globally. Most refugees are women and children fleeing conflict zones where rape and abuse have been used as weapons of war. While UN agencies and some governments set up refugee camps, conditions in camps are often poor and security issues are common. The refugee crisis intersects with issues of immigration, asylum, and human rights as countries tighten border controls and some refugees face prolonged detention or lack of due process. Globalization and economic issues like poverty, inequality and lack of opportunity also contribute
Training/Awareness Creation Workshop on Challenges and Solutions to Illegal E...SWAIMSProject
Training/Awareness Creation Workshop on Challenges and Solutions to Illegal Emigration By Sea From West Africa: Case Studies From The Gambia
DAWDA FODAY SAINE
This PPT focuses on topic of human migration, Internal And International Migration, Effect of Immigration and Emigration on economy, covering cases of India and Unites states.
The documents summarize information on globalization, migration trends, the US-Mexico border, NAFTA, and immigration trends in the US. The key points are:
1) Despite globalization and outsourcing, the US continues to attract the most immigrants worldwide. The US-Mexico border sees over 250 million crossings annually.
2) NAFTA aims to reduce trade barriers but does not allow free movement of people. It has led to outsourcing of US manufacturing jobs to Mexico, costing an estimated 1 million US jobs.
3) Most modern immigrants to the US come from Latin America and Asia, especially Mexico. They tend to settle near the US-Mexico border or in traditional immigrant
A long presentation of Globalization for European Section students. This includes the questions of new actors and processes in the globalized world, the US-Mexico border, immigration changes in the USA, document analyses and alternatives to Globalization.
The document discusses human migration and trends in global migration. It defines different types of migration such as internal migration, rural to urban migration, and discusses reasons people migrate such as for education, jobs, family reunification, marriage, political or environmental factors. The effects of migration on immigrants, host countries, and home countries are also examined, such as issues of identity, economic impacts, and brain drain. Potential solutions to migration issues include promoting migrant rights, family-based immigration policies, ensuring fair wages and protections for migrant workers, and developing employment and infrastructure in places with high emigration.
The document discusses global migration trends and remittances sent home by immigrant workers. Some key points:
- International migration has doubled since 1965, with over 3% of the world's population now living outside their country of birth. This has led to increased remittances being sent home.
- In 2005, an estimated $232 billion was remitted globally through formal channels, with over 70% ($167 billion) going to developing countries.
- Latin America is the largest recipient region for remittances, receiving 31% of the global total, mainly from the United States. Mexico, Brazil and Colombia receive the most remittances in the region.
- Remittances to Latin America exceed foreign aid and
The document discusses the effects of globalization on communication and youth. It notes that while globalization has connected the world and increased opportunities, it has also negatively impacted many youth by failing to provide economic opportunities. Specifically, it has changed the job market in ways that have displaced many low-skilled jobs. It has also led to increased migration among youth both within and between countries in search of opportunities. Additionally, globalization has spread Western media and consumerism among youth globally but some youth have been unable to attain raised expectations. It concludes by arguing ways to address youth unemployment and migration through developing opportunities in home countries.
A pattern for global policy excursion into the causes and implications of mig...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the causes and implications of migration from African and European perspectives. Some key findings:
1) Violence and poverty in Africa are major push factors for migration to Europe, while restrictive European policies and anti-immigrant sentiment marginalize African migrants.
2) African governments should promote development while controlling illegal emigration, and Europe should reform trade policies and establish international agreements with Africa.
3) Interviews with experts found that migrants from communal African cultures feel alienated in individualistic European cultures, lacking a sense of belonging. Cultural differences in childrearing and gender roles also cause challenges.
This document provides background information on the exploitation of migrant workers. It defines migrant workers and notes that over 220 million people globally are migrant workers, a number that is growing each year. The document outlines the history of international laws and conventions regarding migrant worker rights from 1919 to present day. It analyzes key events and issues facing migrant workers over time, such as guest worker programs, the Kafala system in the Middle East, and the impact of economic crises on migrant workers in Asia. The Special Political and Decolonization Committee is tasked with finding a resolution to better protect migrant worker rights and help them "breathe a little easier."
This document discusses remittances in the context of globalization and leveraging the economic power of immigrant remittances. It provides background on remittances, including that they have grown substantially in recent decades and now exceed official development assistance to many developing countries. It also discusses remittance flows and their importance for Latin America. The document advocates for policies to help more immigrants access mainstream financial services and harness the development potential of remittances.
The document discusses several topics related to globalization including:
1. Globalization refers to the growing interdependence between countries through increased trade, capital flows, and technology diffusion.
2. Key drivers of globalization include advances in transportation and technology, the rise of multinational corporations, and international organizations.
3. Globalization has contributed to both increased economic opportunities but also greater inequality between wealthy elites and poor populations in many countries.
The document discusses the phases and patterns of migration from the Caribbean region from 1791 to present. It outlines the costs and benefits of migration as a development strategy. The benefits included remittances, employment and investment opportunities, while the costs comprised brain drain, loss of tax revenue, and social issues like family separation. Overall, while migration has improved living standards, facilitating involvement of the diaspora could further contribute to development through trade, tourism and channeling remittances into investment.
Caribbean influences on extra regional countriesVeeshalla100
The document discusses the influence of Caribbean people and culture on extra-regional countries in several areas. It notes that the largest Caribbean diaspora populations are Cubans in the US and Haitians in the US, both of which have influenced politics through voting blocs. Caribbean migrants also impact policies around immigration and national security in host countries. Caribbean culture, especially music genres like reggae, have also spread globally and impacted industries like music and fashion. Caribbean food and steel pan music have maintained cultural relevance within Caribbean diaspora communities while also exposing new audiences.
Smugglers and vulnerable migrants in central america and mexico finalUN Global Pulse
Executive summary of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) research: “Smugglers and Vulnerable Migrants in Central America and Mexico,” conducted as part of UN Global Pulse’s Rapid Impact and Vulnerability Assessment Fund (RIVAF). For more information: http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/rapid-impact-and-vulnerability-analysis-fund-rivaf
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Migration In The Caribbean Dr. Karoline Schmid
1. Migration in the Caribbean: Brain-Drain – Remittances - Diaspora
Dr. Karoline Schmid, ECLAC Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean
Overview of the Caribbean
Historically the nature, direction and magnitude of migration in the Caribbean have
always been influenced by trends in global and regional socio-economic development. The slave
trade in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries caused the first major immigration waves into the
region. After Emancipation in the nineteenth century, workers began moving within the region in
search of employment or better working conditions. In the twentieth century, the movement of
labor to destinations within the region continued. The oil-boom in the 1970s attracted many
migrants from the smaller and less developed islands to work in the oil refineries in the
dependencies of the Netherlands and the United States, particularly the United States Virgin
Islands, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. Also the booming energy sector in Trinidad and
Tobago was a magnet for many in search of employment. With the global crisis in the energy
sector in the 1980s the demand for labor declined and new employment opportunities were
needed. The growing tourism sector in the Caribbean in the 1990s increased the demand for
workers in the service sector which, in many instances, could not be supplied by the domestic
labor force in some of the smaller Caribbean islands. As a consequence, workers from other
islands and neighboring countries in Latin America, particularly Columbia and Venezuela, came
to fill in the gaps.
With the move towards independence in the 1960s and 1970s, chances to easily move
north decreased only temporarily. The growing demand for qualified labor in Northern America
and, to a lesser extent in the United Kingdom, opened new windows of opportunities for the highly
qualified. The United States, but also Canada and the United Kingdom, introduced legislation that
favors the admission of skilled workers to fill the gaps in selected sectors of the domestic labor
market which cannot be filled by nationals. As a consequence, a mass exodus of professionals,
particularly skilled women in health and education has begun which threatens the already
achieved accomplishments in health and education in the source countries.
This trend towards greater willingness to accept and even to promote the free movement
of qualified professionals can also be observed in the Caribbean, where the Caribbean
Community (CARICOM) has launched the Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME) in
early 2005. This agreement provides for the free movement of a certain group of highly qualified
nationals within the CARICOM1 region.
1
CARICOM member States are: Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica,
Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the
Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. Associate members are Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin
Islands, Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands.
1
2. With the selection and recruitment of people who meet certain predetermined profiles,
chances to migrate legally have increased for a few while many semi- or unqualified laborers find
it more and more difficult to legally enter the labor markets in the developed world. The global
economic crisis that began in the late 1990s along with a raising demand for national security has
led to more restrictive immigration regulations at most destination countries. Nevertheless,
regardless of tighter border controls, the continued and growing demand for cheap labor in the
formal and informal sectors in Northern America and parts of Europe have continued to attract
large numbers of migrants from poorer countries. The latter has increasingly become an incentive
for illegal trafficking in human beings and unregulated and illegal employment and exploitation at
the workplace. Undocumented and particularly vulnerable migrants work under unregulated
conditions without access to protective recourse mechanisms and quite often in fear of being
caught and deported. Consequently, a growing number of undocumented migrants in many
instances are denied their basic human rights as, for example, liberty and security of person or
discrimination to equal protection of the law.
In total over the last 50 years, the Caribbean, with a present population of about 37
million people (United Nations, 2003), has lost more than five million people. Based on the most
recent data on migration provided by the United Nations Population Division (United Nations,
2002) the net-migration rate2 for the Caribbean is one of the highest world-wide, with a great
variation within the region itself. The countries that have experienced the greatest losses over the
past decades are Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica and Saint Lucia. New trends in return migration
suggest that these losses may be temporary since many younger migrants but also retirees who
spent their economically active lives in the Diaspora are showing considerable interest to return to
their home countries.
Extra-regional migration and its impact on the Caribbean – Brain-drain
In many Latin American and Caribbean countries, emigration seems to have helped to
alleviate tensions between population trends and job creation as well as those arising from socio-
political, ethnic and religious conflicts or from acute forms of environmental degradation. At the
individual level, emigration has always been one option for seeking employment opportunities
and personal training outside of the country of birth. In this connection, this type of emigration is a
source of currency – through remittances – for the home communities and, moreover, makes it
possible to establish links that favor the incorporation of technology and productive investment in
the home country. Increasing job opportunities in certain sectors of the labor market along with
2
Net migration: Net average number of migrants: the annual number of immigrants less the number of
emigrants, including both citizens and non-citizens. Net-migration rate: The net number of migrants, divided
by the average population of the receiving country. It is expressed as the net number of migrants per 1,000
population. Source: Population Division of the United Nations Secretariat, International Migration, Wallchart,
2002, ST/ESA/SER.A/219, Sales No. EO3.XIII.3
2
3. the hope of a prosperous life make moving north an attractive option for many Caribbean
nationals. Based on data provided by the United States Bureau of the Census3, of all foreign
nationals living in the United States, 10 per cent are of Caribbean origin with the majority coming
from Cuba (34 per cent) and the Dominican Republic (25 per cent) and more than 10 per cent are
from Haiti and Jamaica. Of all migrants from South America, each 10th is originally from Guyana4.
Skilled migration can be considered as one of the most important results of emigration. In
specialized literature, it is frequently stated that the basis for international migration is essentially
an economic one, linked to the inequality in the distribution of job opportunities, income and
material living conditions between countries. This not only operates in relation to potential
migrants, but also to the supply that exists in the recipient countries; both continuous
technological innovation and the search for increased competitiveness –for which labor flexibility
is considered a prerequisite– are a factor in attracting migrants (ECLAC-CELADE,1999b). Thus,
in developed countries, there is a growing interest in importing human capital. For that reason,
measures are promoted to attract immigration; in addition, wage levels are substantially higher
than those offered in the countries of origin (CEPAL, 2002, Iredale, 1998). According to a most
recent study published by the IMF (IMF, 2006) for most source countries in the Caribbean the
percentage reduction in the labor force is considerably large in the higher-schooling categories.
The majority of Caribbean countries have lost more than 50 per cent of their labor force in the
tertiary education segment, and more than 30 per cent in the secondary segment. About 12 per
cent of the Caribbean labor force has migrated to OECD member countries over the period 1965-
2000. Family ties, geographic proximity and the use of the same language make the United
States and Canada and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom, a preferred destination for
Caribbean migrants. With more specific regard to migration of qualified labor in health and
education, Caribbean countries like Jamaica, Cuba and Trinidad and Tobago are strong
exporters of such skills.
Whereas some governments seem to favor the exodus of their skilled in exchange for
desired remittances to boost their economies, many countries suffer tremendous constraints in
their capacities to provide equal, qualitative and affordable social services to their populations.
Worse, the continued depletion of professionals deprives the region of its desperately needed
qualified staff whose education and training were often a considerable expense to its taxpayers.
Since qualified professionals play a critical role in sustainable development, this continuous loss
threatens to paralyze progress underway in the economic and social sectors in the region. In
some cases, emigration may have also meant an increase in economic dependency with respect
3
Immigration Statistics were retrieved in April 2003 from the following web-site of the Department of
Homeland Security in the United States:
http://www.immigration.gov/graphics/shared/aboutus/statistics/index.htm
4
The regional grouping applied by the Census Bureau differs from that applied by ECLAC in so far as
Guyana and Suriname are part of South America, while ECLAC includes these two countries to the
Caribbean.
3
4. to external savings-remittances. Similarly, on the individual level, emigration can be a source of
instability, frustration and discriminatory treatment.
Therefore more needs to be done to alleviate the impact of the brain drain and to provide
for attractive options at home for those who would otherwise seek greener pastures abroad.
Research has shown that in the case of health workers an improvement in pay and working
conditions could act as an incentive to stay. Also national security, a raise in pensions, better
child care, educational opportunities and recognition of the profession are also known to be
important (WHO, 2002). With the negative consequences of the brain drain becoming more
severe, the understanding in the developed world that the negative impact of a severe shortage
of professionals in the developing world has begun to hamper global development efforts5.
Since the Caribbean has been one of the more seriously affected regions, ECLAC has
conducted a study on the brain-drain in the health sector in Trinidad and Tobago. This effort was
undertaken to contribute to the better understanding of the causes and consequences of the
brain-drain on the public health system and to provide the government with possible policy tools
to address the root causes and cope with the losses (ECLAC/CDCC, 2003).
The analysis of the situation of nurses in Trinidad and Tobago has shown that the
present crises in nursing is the result of a variety of push and pull factors6:
(a) Inadequate remuneration and benefits;
(b) Unfavorable working conditions;
(c) Lack of management and leadership;
(d) Insufficient training and professional development;
(e) Insufficient career-perspectives;
(f) Under-utilization of acquired skills;
(g) Burn-out due to increased workload as a consequence of resignations;
(h) Lack of recognition of profession
The growing shortage of nurses in the developed countries and the emerging gaps in the
public health sector can be seen as the main driving force for renewed efforts by the developed
countries to enhance international recruitment of nurses. International initiatives to control
recruitment and to stop poaching from already drained countries seem to have had only a
5
Significant progress in addressing the brain-drain in the health-sector has been made in the United
Kingdom where, in 2001, a Code of Practice for ethical recruitment was put in place by its National Health
Service.
6
A general weakness in the Caribbean is the lack of timely and reliable data. Particularly difficult is the task
of gathering information on migrating nurses from various sources in the source and destination country.
Data collection systems are weak and the available data do not allow for further in-depth analysis. No
systematic system to monitor the in- and outflow of migrants has been established and only scattered
information is available on the emigration of nurses. No data are available on return migration, which would
be essential to systematically trace return and recurrent migrant flows. Also no coherent data have been
collected to analyze the outflow of nurses over the past 20 years.
4
5. temporary impact, since international recruitment has resumed from all countries and fast track
immigration procedures have been put in place in the United States and the United Kingdom.
While global efforts are undertaken to urge developed countries to refrain from overseas
recruitment, source countries need to undertake more serious efforts to address the root causes
for this mass-exodus of the skilled by implementing already existing policies and programs at the
country level.
Similarly, with the growing nurse shortage in the United States, Canada and the United
Kingdom, attractive job offers are made by those in need and consequently the pull factors
identified earlier have become stronger over the past decades:
(a) Attractive payments and benefits;
(b) Modern human resources management;
(c) Professional work-environment;
(d) Possibility of permanent residency in the receiving country (Green-card in the
United States);
(e) Financial support for registration and immigration procedures provided by
foreign employers;
(f) Supportive network of family and friends;
(g) Opportunities for professional development and career advancement;
(h) Professional Recognition;
(i) Improved quality of life for self and family.
To ease the pressure on the public health system in Trinidad, the government has begun
to recruit nurses from Cuba and the Philippines. While this is not a viable long-term solution, it
provides immediate relieve for those in need of health services.
Remittances and other socio-economic benefits of emigration
Remittances and in-kind contributions sent by migrants provide important benefits to the
immediate family members as well as to the national economy back home. Countries like
Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Haiti are among those that benefit worldwide most from the
remittances received. According to a recent study conducted by the IMF the Caribbean is the
World’s largest recipient of remittances as a share of GDP (13 per cent of the region’s GDP in
2002) (IMF, 2006).
However, the measurement of remittances is extremely imprecise and the value of the
flows of non-monetary goods has to be estimated in most cases. Since many Caribbean migrants
do not have bank accounts, a significant amount of these flows moves unrecorded through
informal channels. To increase the flow of in-cash remittances some countries have undertaken
5
6. efforts to facilitate the transfer of monies by establishing remittance service companies (e.g.
Western Union, Remittance Express, etc.) and by making efforts to negotiate lower fares charged
for such services.
Regardless of the efforts already undertaken, more research is needed to gain insight
into the flow of resources to better understand the flow of remittances. It cannot be assumed that
all migrants remit to the same extent. While male migrants with dependants back home generally
remit more and more regularly, young professional women with neither children nor spouse most
probably will remit much less. Also people who intend to return home at some time later in their
lives generally remit more than those who have left their country for good. It has been shown
(Elisabeth Thomas-Hope, 2005) that the sending of remittances and financial transfers are not
necessarily part of the return movement, but they are certainly associated with the transnational
nature of households and families and in many cases, with the intension or idea of subsequent
return. While, as stated above, remittances count for substantial proportions of the GDP in some
countries in this region (for example in Jamaica remittances are contributing more to the national
economy than revenues from the traditional export-sector), these financial flows are not being
used as efficiently as they potentially could be. The point has been made that the volume of
remittance flows to the Caribbean is still lower than would be expected compared with other
migrants societies, for example in Asia, and that the flow is currently too unpredictable to be used
for national investment projects (Samuel, 2000).
Apart from mere economic benefits, countries also profit from a wider array of returns.
For example, health and education facilities have been strengthened through people-to people
partnerships. Overseas based nationals, school alumni and professionals contribute time,
technical assistance and equipment to support population and development services in their
home countries. For example, teams of Jamaican physicians in the Diaspora periodically visit to
perform operations, or donate much-needed equipment and supplies to support the health
system back home. Similarly alumni of teachers’ colleges provide scholarships for students. Last,
but not least, Caribbean tourism revenues have also grown through these and other networks of
nationals in the Diaspora. Experience in the Caribbean has shown that Diaspora contributions
increase considerably, when natural disasters, such as hurricanes or floods affect a specific
country. However, these efforts are in most instances not coordinated at the national level and
depend pretty much on the good will of individuals. Therefore more needs to be done to identify
ways to formalize such partnerships and to identify new areas for cross-border collaboration
between Diaspora and home country. Strong migrant networks could also lead to more trade and
investment and could also contribute to human capital formation in the source countries by raising
the expected returns from education funded through remittances.
Further with the ageing of Caribbean migrants in the Diaspora and their desire to retire
back home, the need to address return migration and reintegration of older migrants has become
6
7. more urgent. Also quite a few of those retirees are economically well off and would be willing to
invest in the region, provided that lucrative and sustainable opportunities are being offered. Apart
from addressing only the return of wealthy retirees, there is a need to recognize the repeatedly
expressed interest of younger nationals living abroad to return in order to establish a business or
find employed work.
The realization on the part of some Caribbean governments that the Diaspora constitutes
or contains human and economic resources that would be of value to national development and
that the returning population has a potentially major contribution to make, has led to the
establishment of programs in Jamaica, Barbados and St. Kitts-Nevis to facilitate and encourage
return.
With respect to incentives and partnerships for development between Diaspora and
home country, not much is known for the Caribbean and more attention needs to be given to
efforts to strengthen and enhance already existing co-operations. What is already known is that
according to studies undertaken in Guyana, Jamaica and Haiti (Global Equity Initiative, 2005) the
overall environment relating to personal safety and financial security seems to be the main basis
on which investment and project partnerships will succeed.
Conclusions and recommendations for policy oriented research
In countries with high unemployment and low wages, emigration of the less skilled quite
often serves as a safety valve for the labor-market and remittances are seen to be a welcome
boost to the national economy. Very different is the situation in the case of out-migration of the
more qualified, as is the situation in many Caribbean countries, where the total losses outweigh
by far the benefits gained through remittances (IMF, 2006). This is particularly true for countries
where also advanced education is free or highly subsidized (as is the case in the Caribbean) and
little can be done to ensure that the nation will directly benefit from these heavy investments into
human capital.
There are two possible approaches countries could take to cope with the losses and to
benefit from the out-migration of their skilled professionals:
(i) Minimize the losses by trying to retain the highly skilled
(ii) Seek to increase the benefits of emigration by adopting a ‘Diaspora Approach’, i.e. to
use the Diaspora:
- to build networks of trade, tourism, and investment promotion;
- harness its knowledge, skills and assets;
- and attract higher and more efficient forms of remittances.
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8. Ad (i) minimize the losses by trying to retain the highly skilled
With close proximity to the Northern America and strong historical ties to Europe and the
growing need for specific highly skilled labor in these countries, retention of the skilled will
continue to pose a challenge to Caribbean Governments.
Talking to prospective migrants and the Diaspora, many indicate a strong desire to either stay
in their native country or to even return from abroad. However, the majority of the countries in the
Caribbean are seldom in a position to provide a conducive environment that would encourage
such endeavours. Shortages of resources, inadequate policy and programming and at times the
lack of a political will at the origin countries make it rather difficult for those who wish to return. A
good example for this seems to be the situation with regard to the brain-drain in the health sector
in the Caribbean. Considerable research has been undertaken to identify the root causes and
consequences of the loss of health professionals in the region. Based on the insight gained,
policies and programs have been adopted at the highest government echelons7, however, very
little has been done on the ground to implement these strategies that could retain potential out-
migrants in the country or even trigger the return of those who have left already for greener
pastures abroad.
An area that has been neglected so far is to explore the use of so far unexploited domestic
resources to cope with the loss. Research could be conducted to identify the scope of additional
domestic resources, such as for example early retirees from other professions who could be
trained as helpers and assistants and thus allow the remaining professional stuff to focus on
critical areas in the provision of health care. Further, following the example of other countries,
training for export could be one option as well as lifting age restrictions and increase the
mandatory retirement age. Further, a review of licensing procedures could be beneficial to
increase the domestic labor force.
Ad (ii) Seek to increase the benefits of emigration
While the impact of the brain-drain in health and also to a lesser extent in education in
the Caribbean has been the topic of several studies and initiatives, very little research has been
undertaken to identify ways on how to better involve the Diaspora in the development of the
region.
With regard to remittances, it is known that Caribbean countries are recipients of the
largest proportion of remittances per GDP (IMF 2006) and that the largest share of these
remittances seems to be spent on consumer items and to a very limited amounts geared towards
7
In 2001 the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Regional Nursing Body has, in collaboration with other
partners in the region, defined a strategy for retaining adequate numbers of competent nursing personal.
This strategy is based on the recognition that migration can not be stopped where principles of individual
freedom are respected and supports the view that migration of nurses can be managed to the benefit of all
stakeholders concerned.
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9. more sustainable investments. In order to increase the long-term impact of remittances on the
development of the source countries, more research needs to be undertaken to identify ways to
strengthen already existing partnerships and to identify attractive new avenues for future
collaboration between Diaspora and home countries that could constitute a win-win situation for
all parties concerned.
In order to guide governments and policy makers in their efforts to identify critical areas
for direct policy intervention, more research needs to be done in the following areas:
(a) With regard to the Diaspora:
- Assess socio-economic impact of both, monetary and non-monetary Diaspora
engagement and remittances and their role in development;
- Establish skills & business data base and provide analysis of available information to fill
the supply and demand gap in the labor and investment market, but also to support
establishment of transnational trade and business networks;
- Identify mechanisms to engage in a constructive dialogue with the Diaspora to identify
appropriate ways and mechanisms to promote their contribution to the region;
- Assess involvement of civil society, academia and the corporate sector in Diaspora
contribution;
- Provide demographic and socio-economic analysis of Diaspora with regard to their
propensity to remit.
(b) With regard to the source country level:
- Assess scope for investments in source countries and identify appropriate and attractive
areas for investment of remittance – short and long-term – other than consumers goods;
- Identify possible partners for transnational trade and identify appropriate incentives to
support transnational trade between Diaspora and home country.
- Identify remitting costs and find ways to reduce expenses for such transactions.
Based on the findings of the above suggested research, the following strategies for enhanced
Diaspora involvement are suggested:
- Develop Diaspora groups and networks as a link between migrants abroad and source
country;
- Encourage open dialogue with the Diaspora and establish formalized processes for
continued information exchange (newsletters, websites, regular meetings, etc.);
- With involvement of the education sector, establish brain-gain-circulation networks to
make use of professionals skills of nationals abroad;
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10. - Adopt official Diaspora policies;
- Provide supportive environment in source country (personal safety, secure banking).
This brief discussion of migration in the Caribbean has shown that migration also in this part of
the work does not happen in isolation. Caribbean islands and countries are geographically
sandwiched between the North American continent and Latin America. This along with historic
cross-border family-ties and often also a common language had encouraged mobility within the
Americas and also to Europe over the past decades. Given the fact that gaps in economic and
social development between sending and receiving countries will persist, migration to
destinations outside the Caribbean will continue. To address the negative consequences and to
enhance the benefits for all stakeholders concerned, sustainable partnerships are indispensable
to find viable solutions to the present challenges migratory societies are facing in the 21st
Century. The credibility of these partnerships, their strength and universality will directly depend
on the political will and commitment of all stakeholders concerned.
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11. References:
CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe) (2002), Globalización y desarrollo,
CEPAL, Santiago de Chile, LC/G.2157(SES.29/3).
ECLAC/CDCC (2003b). Emigration of Nurses from the Caribbean: Causes and consequences for the
socio-economic welfare of the country: Trinidad and Tobago – a case study. Port of Spain,
Trinidad and Tobago, LC/CAR/G.748.
ECLAC–CELADE (Economic Commission of Latin America and the Caribbean–Centro Latinoamericano
y Caribeño de Demografía) (1999a), Migración internacional en América Latina y el Caribe: algunos
antecedentes empíricos, CELADE, Santiago de Chile, (LC/DEM/R.266).
Harward University, Global Equity Initiative (2005); Beyond Money: Diaspora Engagement in
Development, Case Studies (Haiti, Guyana, Jamaica).
Iredale, R. (1998), The Need to Import Skilled Personnel: Factors Favouring and Hindering its
International Mobility, Technical Symposium on International Migration and Development, The
Hague, Netherlands, June.
Prachi Mishra (2006), Emigration and the brain Drain: Evidence from the Caribbean; IMF working Paper,
WP/06/25, Washington.
Samuel, Wendell (2000), Migration and Remittances: A Case Study of the Caribbean, in,
I.O.M./C.E.P.A.L, Simposio sobre migracion internacional en las Americas (San Jose, Costa
Rica, U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America and the International Organization for
Migration) 6.1.1 – 6.1.20.
Thomas-Hope, Elisabeth (2002). Human Trafficking in the Caribbean and the Human Rights of
Migrants, paper presented at the Hemispheric Conference on Migration: Human Rights and the
Trafficking of Persons in the Americas, ECLAC/CELADE, Santiago, Chile.
United Nations (2003). Population Division of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population
Prospects, The2002 Revision, Vol. I: Comprehensive Tables, ST/ESA/SER.A/222, Sales No.
E.03.XIII.6.
United Nations (2002). Population Division of the United Nations Secretariat, International Migration,
Wallchart, 2002, ST/ESA/SER.A/219, Sales No. EO3.XIII.3.
World Health Organisation (WHO) (2002). Imbalances in the Health Workforce, Briefing Paper by
Pascal Zurn, Mario Dal Poz, Barbara Stillwell and Orvil Adams.
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