Migrant Farm Workers In America

Migrant Farm Workers In America
The agricultural sector in the United States is a significant contributor to the economy. The
agricultural sector depends on manual labor that is provided by farm–workers who are involved in
harvesting, planting, plants processing, houses packing and facilities preparation that are connected
to farming (Bruhn 79). Most of the farm–workers are Latin American migrants and minor
representations from other regions. Migrant farm–workers in America are a representation of one
group that exists among the most marginalized and less served population in the state. A migrant
farm worker is described as a person whose primary employment lies in the agricultural sector on a
recurring basis and exists in houses that are temporary. In America currently, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Payment of taxes means that the individuals are directly linked with social and economic growth,
and therefore, this qualifies them in accessing social needs such as quality health care (Allender,
Rector and Warner 939). The migrant's workers provide labor in a secondary market which is
agriculture. In this sector jobs are not normally stable which results in the lack of labor standards
enforcement. Manual labor that is required in the farms is physically challenging and it is also
performed in conditions that are harsh. The American health care is normally ranked among the
highest in terms of cost, and this makes it difficult for the individuals to access quality care. Despite
the rising agricultural high–risk scenery, farm employers fail to offer health insurance to the
employees based on their immigration status, low income and temporary status. However, the
insurances cover can be offered to the employees on a temporary basis for the period when they
work for the farm (Allender, Rector and Warner 940). This is because the farm–workers wellness is
essential towards productivity and economic
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The Migrant Worker Lifestyle Can Be Largely Explained As A...
The migrant worker lifestyle can be largely explained as a subculture. These people have their own
values and behaviors that distinguish themselves from the average American. The migrant workers
work for little pay, and believe that hard work will pay off for them. They travel north and south and
across the United States following the harvests of different crops so they can work and get paid. The
one thing that sets this apart from the larger culture is that they are not following around the easiest
or the highest paying work. They are following some of the hardest and lowest paying work that can
be found. This is what sets their values and behaviors apart from the rest of the United States. These
people live and grow up in a completely different world than the average American child. They start
working at in their preteen years and do not stop working until their bodies won't let them anymore.
The children do not get forced into labor that early although many are. They choose to do it on their
own because they have a desire to help their family out. This is not common among the average
American household. In fact, most of the country would rise in an uproar if white children were
found to be doing this sort of work, but it seems an exception has been made for these ones. The
lifestyle that these people live is very different from the one the average American lives which
makes their lifestyle a subculture inside our larger American culture. Their experiences in life give

Rural Migrant Workers And Agricultural Workers
Introduction
The production of agricultural products in the United States is dependent on the hand labor provided
by migrant agricultural workers. However, this population is at higher risk for certain chronic
illnesses that must be monitored frequently. With most of them working long hours, English
illiterate and living in a poor socioeconomic status, access to preventive health care services
becomes very challenging. Different solutions to tackle this challenge have been proposed,
including mobile clinics as well as clinics devoted to providing medical care to this population. Both
still face significant barriers in delivering health care services to agricultural migrant workers
(AMWs). Building upon an idea proposed at the Finding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Migrant Clinicians Network, a non–profit organization working on strengthening the infrastructure
for health care facilities serving farmworkers and mobile populations, defines migrant farmworker
as: "an individual who is required to be absent from a permanent place of residence for the purpose
of seeking employment in agricultural work". In both cases the definitions implies mobility and job
instability (high turnover?). The term Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers (MSFWs) is used by the
DOL to refer to the sum of multiple AMWs groups like farmworkers of perishable crops, workers in
dairy and poultry farms, meat packers, cattlemen, tobacco fields and plant nurseries.
Estimates of the numbers of AMWs in the United States vary enormously. This is probably due to
the different definitions followed for the census or the nature of their mobile lifestyle, but also
because some counts consider only workers on payroll while others includes all migrant family
members (e.g. dependents). Data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey estimates there are
over 3 million migrant and seasonal farmworkers in the US, with 75% of them born in Mexico and
around 42% entered the US within the 5 years prior to survey. These waves of Hispanic migrant
workers follow certain routes or streams outlined in Fig.1 by the National Migrant Resource
Program. The Midwest route starts in Mexico and travels through Texas, Arizona, Colorado Kansas
and Missouri to Minnesota, Wisconsin

Maids to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Migrant Workers by...
Maids to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Migrant Workers by Nicole Constable
Nicole Constable, in Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Migrant Workers describes the
physical and psychological lives of those domestic workers in the homes of Chinese in Hong Kong,
their attitude towards their own lives and work, and the attitudes of the workers and the Chinese
toward one another. Constable's primary purpose, from a scholarly perspective, is to document the
particulars of the lives of these women for others interested in labor relations, cross–cultural
attitudes, class differences, and the role of the state in regulating foreign workers. This
anthropological and historical study of the lives of Filipino domestic workers in Hong Kong ...
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No doubt that this symbol serves to control present maids, as it locates this occupation in a specific,
cultural context. Thus, one of the main advantages of this part of the book is a strong historical
background and multicultural archival data. The next three chapters describe how employment
agencies, government and law regulations control and discipline foreign domestic workers, how
maids become docile; powerless and passive. Investigation of the methods used to discipline their
bodies seems to be the most important issue. The Author shows how the process of recruitment and
selection is oriented to mold women into docile domestic workers, becoming unconscious victims.
"Applicants are fitted into uniforms, examined, photographed, x–rayed, measured and evaluated
(74)," thus making the role of a maid fully standardized. Maids have to accept very detailed
regulations such as: an obligation to be patient, polite and respectful to all people in a family of the
employer, never complain about a salary, and never go out without permission or not to attend any
religious rituals other than simple prayer at night (84–85). All these practices turn home workers
into "standardized products" for trade. Certainly, the book profits from a very detailed analysis of
agencies, employers and government control over domestic

The Value Of A Migrant Worker Essay
A.) Social Location / pg.3: The group memberships that people have because of their location in
history and society
In The Harvest, it was interesting how the entire make–up of the families was based on being a
migrant worker. Every person in the family seemed to already know what their role was going to be
as a child, there role in society was already pre mapped out for them. The goal as a family was to
have everyone in the United States working together in the fields. The families followed a yearly
routine, following the harvesting of different crops around the country. Their travels, their homes,
their income, their education, their social life, their human survival all based on the harvesting of the
different crops. The views of the world and the individual's role in life and society is very limited.
The one little girl actually said she wasn't sure that she had a dream. That she had goals in life, but
she wasn't really sure of an actual dream. Me coming from and growing up in the working middle
class, my role as a child was to play and receive an education. I knew on some sort of level that my
responsibility was going to school, have friends and a social life, and hopefully work and progress in
my field of studies. Making a comfortable living and having hopes of an increase of salary. The
migrant workers in this video have very different dynamics. There was a large responsibility placed
on the young children not even old enough to legally work in the United

Migrant Farm Workers: Cesar Chavez
Migrant Farm Workers "52 out of every 100 migrant farm workers in the United States are
unauthorized workers and have no legal status." Migrant farm workers are those who leave their
countries to come and work in fields. They are trying to support families back home by making
some money for things like food, land, and houses. Others, bring their families with them in hopes
for a better life here (González). Many people become migrant farmers for a better life, although
their treatment depends on where they are, and one famous person in the migrant farm worker
movement is Cesar Chavez. Many farm workers come for a better life. They will usually make less
than people born in the United States, but they typically make enough to support their ... Show more
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From there, the economy kept plummeting and they even had trouble selling product from the farm.
Cesar and his family started bartering products like eggs for flour or bread. Eventually, the family
got behind on tax payments and owed $4,000. They pack up their very few items along with $40 and
headed to California. They went all around the state looking for jobs, while living out of their car.
When they found jobs working in fields, they all pitched in. Even with everyone helping, they didn't
make a lot. They spent most days hungry and tired. They lived in labor camps, but they often only
had one restroom with no water, plumbing, or electric (Altman 16). From experience, Cesar spent
the rest of his life trying to get better living conditions for those were still working in farm labor
jobs. In 1962, he started the National Farm Workers Union. He had held protest, boycotts, marches,
and fast to bring light on the treatment of migrant farm workers. All his protest were peaceful, but
strong. He wanted to make a difference, and in 1970 he did. He help farm workers get higher pay
and better rights. In 1993, he died and 40,000 attended his service. The next year, he would receive
the Medal of Freedom. The Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian award in the United States

Migrant Farm Worker: Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez become a migrant farm worker at a young age. As an adult he moved to California
and worked up and down the state in felids helping migrant farm workers. Chavez created the
organization called United Farm Workers (UFW). Chavez went on strikes, boycotts, hunger strikes
and marches to get his word out (History.com Staff, 2009). Cesar Chavez childhood Chavez was
born on March 31, 1927 in Yuma, Arizona. As a child Chavez worked with his parents in field work
(The Story of Cesar Chavez, N/A). His parents lost their farm and business and he and his family
moved to California in 1937 (FIGHTING FOR FARM WORKERS' RIGHTS: CESAR CHAVEZ,
THE DELANO GRAPE STRIKE AND BOYCOTT N/A). He later stopped going to school to work
full time on fields, to help his mom with bills and because he did not want her to work alone, he
didn't like school very much. He remembers always hearing racist jokes about immigrants and it
was forbidden for him to speak Spanish. Cesar and his Brother Richard attended 37 schools. Chavez
felt that school was not related to immigrant farm work, the way he was living (The Story of Cesar
Chavez, N/A). Getting Started At the age of 19 Cesar joined the U.S. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By 1970, he got grape growers to join him, to accept union contracts. Chavez at some point he had
about 50,000 dues, paying members. Chavez was willing to sacrifice his life for the union to
continue and for no violence to be involved (The Story of Cesar Chavez N/A). Sacrifices Cesar
Chavez was willing to die for what he believed. In 1968 Chavez completed a fast of 25 days with
only water. Again, he did the same fast for 24 days in 1972 and 36 days in 1988. The reason Chavez
gave for his motivation was that Farm workers are worried and angry they cannot win this without
violence. Adding to that Cesar said that they have proved it before with hard work, persistence and
willingness to sacrifice (The Story of Cesar Chavez N/A).

Cesar Chavez: Mexican American Migrant Workers
Cesar Chavez will forever be an influential role to the Mexican American migrant workers. He
changed history for all the migrant workers by raising equal rights and better pay. He would strive to
do his best to improve the living for all migrant workers in California, Texas, Arizona, and Florida.
To say Cesar Chavez was born into a less fortunate family would be an understatement. He was born
and raised on a farm near the city of Yuma in Arizona. He lived there until around the age of 12
when the great depression wiped out his farm. Then his family decided to move to California to start
new and in the 7th grade he dropped out of school and helped his family on their new farm. He
worked on his family farm until he was old enough to go to the

The Migrant Worker : Factors
The Migrant Worker: Factors Needed in Reshaping the Future
A migrant worker as defined by Dictionary.com as "a person who moves from place to place to get
work, especially a farm laborer who harvests crops seasonally." Why people migrate? Is it for the
family? Or is it for a personal advancement? Perhaps, you wanted to build your family a big house,
buy a new car and save enough money before you retire from working. It might be your dream is to
work in a place surrounded by tall buildings, busy streets, cafes, theaters, and different shops.
Whatever your reasons for migrating, it has something to do with the future. A better future is what
you want for yourself and family. This future is something you need to ponder because there are key
factors you need to consider such as mental state, emotional state, laws, cultural and social including
long–term plans (if you plan to migrate permanently or temporarily) before you migrate.
Have you ever asked this question to yourself; why I am migrating? Am I emotionally and mentally
ready to migrate? Embarking a journey to the unknown place is not an easy thing. Brace your
emotion and mental state for what you will encounter on the place you will get to work, especially
in a country that is far different from your culture, tradition and way of living: clothes to wear, food
to eat, music to listen, and a place to dwell. It might be a big culture shock for you at first, but
surely, slowly, you will embrace this change and it will

Causes Of Migrant Labor In The Philippines
Introduction Approximately 10–12 million Filipinos work as migrants abroad; the number of people
leaving the country to find work is so high that migration is a regular part of life in the Philippines
(Pardis, 121). Due to deeply embedded structural flows of capital and labor present in
postcolonial/neocolonial economic arrangements, the Philippines depend on migrant labor as a
significant export (Pardis, 123). The combination of neoliberal policies and globalization result in
push and pull forces across portions of societies and national borders that motivate migration in
search of employment or safety, such as increasing poverty and anemic development, causing the
Philippines to rely significantly on migrant labor to strengthen the domestic economy. (Pardis, 143).
The heavy reliance on migrant labor has created, in some instances, a situation of forced migration
that renders potential migrants at risk of being a trafficked person prone to exploitation as cheap
labor, bonded workers, or prostitutes (Saat, 137). Aspirant migrants depend on others to facilitate
their movement, making them susceptible to criminal intentions of those offering work opportunities
abroad and organizing travel requirements (Kempadoo, 74). The logistics of migration (recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons) do not constitute trafficking when carried
out formally and the person is fully informed of the conditions of work and understandings of
payments and obligations

Migrant Farm Workers Research Paper
Melissa, I enjoyed reading your primary task posting concerning work related issues that migrant
farm workers face in the United States. In fact, I completely agree with your statement that even
though the United States agricultural industry heavily depends on the labor migrant farm workers
provide, the men, women, and children performing the work are for the most part seriously
underappreciated. Additionally, you made an extremely interesting point about migrant farm
workers who are in the country legally, even though they are eligible for government assistance
(WIC, Medicaid, and food stamps), who do not receive these benefits because they are frequently
traveling from state to state to find work. I had not considered this element of

Health Care for Migrant Farm Workers Essay
Although agriculture is one of the most hazardous jobs in the United States, there is a huge gap in
healthcare for those that work in the industry. Due to the large migrant and seasonal worker
population, especially those from Mexico, it is a hard population to reach when it comes to
healthcare needs. Fear, language barriers and cultural norms are all barriers that need to be
addressed for this special population. "(Holmes 2011) Agriculture is one of the most hazardous
occupations in the United States. In 2000, there were 780 deaths and 130,000 disabling injuries in
agriculture. The only industry that had more deaths was construction, with 1,220."(Hansen and
Donohoe 2003) "Migrant workers face numerous barriers to medical care, including ... Show more
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These results are useful for targeting injury prevention efforts and future research needs for this
unique worker population." (Wang, Myers et al. 2011) Those that experience food insecurity and
hunger are at an increased risk for occupational injury and illness when compared to those that were
food secure. (Borre, Ertle et al. 2010)Food insecurity by definition is the "lack of access at all times
to enough food for an active and healthy lifestyle due to socioeconomic and environmental barriers."
Hunger is the "lack of access to sufficient food and eating regularly to prevent both stomach pain
and the desire to eat."(Borre, Ertle et al. 2010) Out of the study participants, 63.8% were found to be
food insecure and 34.7% of those experienced hunger. (Borre, Ertle et al. 2010)In addition to
studying food insecurity and hunger, this paper also looked at the prevalence of overweight and
obesity in the children of these farm workers. The majority of interviewed participants cited that
they were concerned about obesity and the related health problems. It was found that food secure
families were more likely to have children with overweight and obesity than those families that were
food insecure. This study illustrates the extreme health disparities related to diet in the MSFW
population that needs to be addressed. The Migrant Head Start Program, a health promotion
program in North

The Migrant Worker : Factors For Reshaping The Future
The Migrant Worker: Factors for Reshaping the Future
A migrant worker as defined by Dictionary.com as "a person who moves from place to place to get
work, especially a farm laborer who harvests crops seasonally." Why do people migrate? Is it for the
family? Or is it for a personal advancement? Perhaps, you wanted to build your family a big house,
buy a new car and save enough money before you retire from working. It might be your dream is to
work in a place surrounded by tall buildings, busy streets, cafes, theaters, and different shops.
Whatever your reasons for migrating, it has something to do with the future. A better future is what
you want for yourself and family. This future is something you need to think clearly because there
are key factors you need to consider such as mental state, emotional state, laws, cultural and social
including long term plans (migrate permanently or temporarily).
Have you ever asked this question to yourself; why I am migrating? Am I emotionally and mentally
ready to migrate? Embarking a journey to the unknown place is not an easy thing. You have to brace
your emotion and mental state for what you will encounter on the place you will get to work,
especially in a country that is far different from your culture, tradition and way of living: clothes to
wear, food to eat, music to listen, and a place to dwell. It might be a big culture shock for you at
first, but surely, slowly, you will be able to embrace this change and it will be part

Migrant Workers Essay
Migrant workers are people who leave their hometowns to live and work in other cities or countries.
Everyday, there are people moving from one place to another, it may because of wanting to change a
working condition, to break away from unemployment, or to find new opportunities for self–
development. Someone may against that they bring a lot of negative impact on the places they
moved to live and work, but in my opinion, whenever in economic, cultural and social aspect, they
bring much more advantages to those places. First, the diaspora makes positive impacts on the
economy of a country. In the view of economy, when there are more people are looking for a job,
which means the demand for jobs increased, a lower wages can be resulted, so that the country can
be benefited by getting more and cheaper labour force, which would help increase the productivity
of the country, the competitiveness of it increased. Also, the migrant workers would bring new
capitals to the cities or countries, that they must have to bring money for the livings, or if they are
come to that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As there are people from other countries comes, there would have people from different places in a
workplace, or neighborhood, so that people can communicate different cultures at the same place.
And by communicating cultures, cultural integration can be promoted, which would benefit those
places that migrant workers moved in. By promoting cultural integration, the domestic people's
acceptance for the diaspora increase, they can agree to more cultures, so that more migrant people
would like to come and develop. For instance, if the local people would not resist trying food from
different countries, outsiders may be more willing migrating to that place to start a new business
providing featured dishes from their hometown, so that people can have more choices when
choosing a meal, different food cultures can be shared and

The Labor Of Migrant And Seasonal Farmworkers
Many economically important ﬁeld crops in the United States depends on the labor of migrant and
seasonal farmworkers. Over the past years the United States has had the largest population of
immigrants. Of course many of these immigrants are from different places in the world; but the
largest population is from Latin America. Over half of the immigrant population is from Latin
America and almost 40% entered the US in the past decade (Pransky, 2002). Recently many of these
immigrate live and work in the metropolitan area. The ages rang from 18 to 64. Considering the
number of immigrants thriving the health status and needs of immigrants is important. This issue of
immigrant farmworker is not being discussed in day to day basis. Many of these immigrants migrate
for work but find themselves living in poverty, language barriers, working conditions, no health
insurance and etc...Agriculture in the United States highly depends on chemicals like pesticide,
growth regulator, and fertilizer. Every year 1 billion chemical is applied. Considering the amount of
chemicals applied migrate are at a high risk of pesticide exposure since chemicals are in water, soil
and plants. Pesticide exposure means getting pesticides in or on the body. This article will discuss
four primary immigrates, reasons immigrate farm workers work mostly on fields, farm owner's
benefits, stress, pesticide explores, heavy machinery and treatments after being hurt. All of these
terms will describe how they affects

How Did Cesar Chavez Help Migrant Farm Workers
Throughout the era of the great depression, migrant farm workers were put at unfair labor. A man
named Cesar Chavez helped migrant farm workers by boycotting the fruit companies they worked
for and forming unions for them. The beginning of Chavez's life, striking and boycotting fruit
companies, and his new projects were the biggest impact in changing farm worker's lives. Cesar E.
Chavez was born in 1927, in Arizona. Chavez worked as a migrant farm worker when he was
young. He has the experience of working in the scorching hot weather. His family had lived with his
grandmother, where he learned all if his values, morals, and beliefs. As Chavez grew older, his
father would teach him how to be respectful, and how he should always stand up for what he
believes in. His father lost their land and was forced to work as migrant farm workers. After a
month, the Chavez family moved away in search of more farms. Cesar rarely went to school, and
would never stay at one school for a long time. Cesar dealt with poverty and racisms at a young age.
Later, his father had got hurt in an accident and was forced to leave school to support himself and
his family (Valbuena1–3). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Cesar turned thirty–five on March 31, 1962, he quit his job to help create unions for migrant
farm workers. This acted as a major change in his life. In mid–1962, a labor organizer told Cesar
that a union was impossible. At that time, there was too much against Cesar like money, law, and
people (Hudock 1–3). A year after his birthday the National Farm Workers Association was created.
The association was doing well for the first two years. All the members of the association had a
credit union, as well as an auto repair co–operative, burial insurance, and a newspaper. Cesar started
to get the idea that he wanted to start a strike but he knew they still needed several more years of
intense organization and fundraising (Hudock

Migrant Hostel ' And ' 10 Mary Street '
An individual 's sense of belonging is determined not only by their own choices but also attitudes of
others.
Belonging is the connection to person place, or thing. Belonging can have a positive impacts for
example, immigrants arriving in a new country and bad examples can include someone blending
into a bad population. Poems 'Migrant Hostel ' and '10 Mary Street ' portray belonging via literary
techniques by Peter Skrzynecki, and also 'The Lost Thing ' by Shaun Tan convey belonging and how
ones choices and attitudes of others affect the sense of acceptance. 'Migrant Hostel ' includes poet
Skrzynecki and his family living in a hostel along with other Polish migrants, Peter Skrzynecki
documents his experiences, as well as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The objective was to establish a comparison between Polish migrants and birds such as pigeons.
Birds are free and accepted in their micro communities, unlike Skrzynecki whom is isolated from
belonging. The poet struggles to find a sense of belonging, using the technique irony to highlight his
search for acceptance. Alternatively, another poetic technique can include imagery which is utilized
in the line "A barrier at the main gate". Skrzynecki thoroughly conveys the barricade that segregates
the foreigners from Australian society. This leads to separation of the Migrants and the rest of the
local Australian society being an example of racism at the poets time. The poet, Peter Skrzynecki
adequately applies techniques to convey belonging in order to encourage society to accept migrants
who have already experienced hardship. In summary, Skrzynecki uses an array of techniques to
evoke the search of belonging to the readers.
The poem '10 Mary Street' by Peter Skrzynecki portrays a sense of acceptance to place as he feels a
bond to his childhood home which offered him stability in a new environment . The poem by
Skrzynecki conveys feelings to readers received from the place of his memories, in the home. The
poet utilizes literary technique personification, which allows the audience to visualize his admirable
home. This is demonstrated in the quote "The house stands in its China blue coat – with paint
guaranteed for another 10 years". The notion

Migrant Workers In China Case Study
1. New Pension System
The Chinese government shall consider establishing a unified old–age insurance system. To be more
specific, migrant workers shall have old–age insurance schemes that feature a mixed model with
both personal accounts and a public fund; they shall be entitled to monthly old–age benefits after
retirement; and the government must provide them better legal protection regarding old–age
insurance benefits [33]. Other policy recommendations regarding improving the social security
system for migrant workers in China include: making innovations in the Social Relief System,
gradually raising the level of overall planning to national from municipal / provincial, intensifying
law enforcement, letting trade unions come into full ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, measures shall be taken to facilitate social interaction between migrant workers and
local residents so as to promote better social integration.
3. International Experience
Population aging has been a global issue. According to the United Nations statistics, population
aging is occurring throughout the world. In 2015, there are 901 million people aged 60 or over,
comprising 12% of the global population. The population aged 60 or above is growing at a rate of
3.26% per year. It is projected that by 2050, the global population of all major areas of the world
except Africa will have nearly a quarter or more of their populations aged 60 or over. [37]
Population aging can be expected to have far reaching economic, social and political implications,
and many governments are consider increasing the statutory ages at retirement in an effort to
prolong the labor force participation of older persons and improve the financial sustainability of
pension systems. At the same time, population aging and growth in the number of persons at very
advanced ages, in particular, puts pressure on health

The And The Filipino Migrant Workers
The Asian–Americans of No–No Boy and America Is in the Heart faced faced great discrimination,
but both groups internalized the hatred and fear in different ways. Carlos Bulosan and the Filipino
migrant workers dealt with a lack of governmental support in all sectors of civilized American life
including fair pay, housing, and protection. The Japanese–American no–no boys were similarly
undermined by whites, but also by Japanese–Americans–a community they were originally a part of.
The no–no boys were not a community restricted by similar intentions or goals or regrets; they were
strictly a classification of imprisoned Japanese–American men. The two communities shared a
struggle for identity and fitting in; however, the Ichiro fought ... Show more content on
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The exploitation and passivity by whites over the subjects of workers and human rights was
blanketed over all Filipino workers who immigrated to America for work. The cannery workers sold
to work in Alaska had severely garnished wages and poor housing that instilled a mentality of anger
towards the factory owners and bosses, enough to spark the protests for Filipino trade unions. All
with the same goal of becoming self–sufficient, socially–recognized Americans, the Filipinos had
the ability to band together in their struggle for freedom and self–worth. Bulosan 's dream of
America was one of freedom; every man that shared Bulosan 's notion of 'America ' was able to take
part in a movement to overcome their oppressor. Bulosan attempted to gather Filipino workers '
support in his newsletter process, and the underground group of activists including Pasquale and
Jose acted as leaders for the Filipinos ' unionization. Any success that Bulosan 's newsletter
campaign had can be attributed to the mutual understanding of the Filipino–American 's grapple
with identity. Bulosan 's character specifically had an attainable goal that drove his actions: "It was
this small yet vast heart of mine that had kept me steering toward the stars," (314). All involved in
Bulosan 's newsletter were driven together towards a goal of education and unification of the
Filipino workers–the workers themselves needed little convincing to realize that they 're strife was
conquerable. Their

Mexican Migrant Workers and Lynch Culture Essay
Mexican Migrant Workers and Lynch Culture
More than a million agricultural workers migrated to the United States in the early twentieth
century. The majority of these persons found work on small family farms in California; the white
owners of these farms welcomed cheap labor. Although most migrant workers in California today
are of Mexican descent, they originally came from all over the world: East and West Europe, China,
Japan, Korea and Latin America, along with Mexico. The shift to almost exclusively Mexican
migrant workers in the early 1900s was intentional. Growers at this time anticipated racial conflicts
between the immigrating workers and the "natives" of California. Growers minimized local
opposition to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Texas Rangers were infamous for their brutality. In the name of justice they executed thousands
of Mexican migrant workers without any repercussions. As early as the late 1800s, the Rangers
began their violent attempt at repression. Onofrio Baca, a Mexican migrant worker, was arrested in
1881 on the suspicion of murder. The Rangers arrested him and promptly had him lynched, his body
left to hang for days in front of the courthouse. [3]
Though the Rangers were the most well known law enforcement agency attacking the Mexican
immigrant, they were not alone. For example, Jesus Romo was being held in custody by officers in
California when he was taken by a group of masked men and hanged. [4] The majority of the
Mexican Americans lynched between 1848 and 1870 were already in custody when they were taken
and hanged. Records indicate 473 out of every 100,000 Mexican migrant workers during this time
period died as victims of a lynching. [5]
Over one–hundred years have passed since the beginning of large scale Mexican migrant worker
immigration, yet groups in San Diego County, and other border towns are still fighting to embrace
the lynch culture created by the Texas Rangers and similar organizations. Groups such as "The
Arizona Ranchers Alliance" and "American Patrol" are working ardently to ensure that

Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies : Migrant Farmworkers
The book Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies: Migrant Farmworkers in the United States illustrates the
fieldwork of the author Seth M. Holmes by explaining the myriad aspects of migrant workers' lives
in the U.S.–from the politics to the social environments to the physical body. By not only studying,
but living, the lives of these migrant workers, Holmes brings the reader a view unseen by the vast
majority and provides the opportunity for greater understanding through the intense details of his
work. The voices of vastly different characters–real people–are captured and expounded on without
judgment but with deep consideration for all factors that contribute to each person's life, opinions,
and knowledge. Ultimately, a picture of intersectionality is painted in the colors of migrants,
mothers, fathers, children, doctors, soldiers, executives, the poor, the rich, and more. Holmes'
purpose in conducting his fieldwork with the migrant workers (specifically the Triqui of Mexico) of
California and Washington fruit agriculture was to gain understanding from a perspective many do
not consider and that has not been assessed in this way before. Similarly, the goal of this book was
to pass that understanding to the common reader, the average American, those who are affected
directly and those who are believe they are unaffected by the migrants of American agriculture–and
to distinguish that they are not unaffected. Doing so creates the potential for change, even if by only
a small factor like

Cesar Chavez Influence On Migrant Workers
Labor unions have been instrumental in the lives of workers throughout American history, and have
led to important advances in the American workforce. Throughout history there have been patterns
of exploitation of immigrant workers by businesses in order to increase profits; the Mexican migrant
workers of southern California are the most recent historical group to fall into this pattern of
exploitation mostly from their lack of organization. Cesar E. Chavez was a great organizer and
leader of the United Farm Workers labor union. Robert Kennedy referred to him as "one of the
heroic figures of our time." Chavez used his life experiences in order to better the lives of many
migrant workers in America. Key points in Chavez's life that had ... Show more content on
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Chavez wanted to help the community that he came from, as well as others like it. The migrant
worker community became his main focus, this resulted his creation of the UFW in 1962 (Chavez
Foundation). His earlier life as a migrant worker would be a strong influence for attaining better
working conditions for those workers. Early in Chavez's life, he was exposed to the hardships of
migrant working. When Chavez was 10 his family was forced from their home in Yuma, Arizona
because of back taxes and because of the depression, his family couldn't pay the payments (Castillo
and Garcia, 7). Chavez began migrant work when he was 14, and the injustices had a memorable
effect. Migrant workers were often exploited because of their lack of organization in a uniform
union group, something that Chavez would eventually change. In future years the UFW would give
migrant workers a voice in the conditions under which they were living and working. Strikes,
boycotts, and other nonviolent protests were essential to the UFW's ability to attain advancements in
the Mexican American workplace. Though strikes previous to 1964 were often unsuccessful because
of the Bracero program that was implemented by both the United States and Mexican governments.
Farm owners encouraged this program because of labor shortages during wartime, but by the 1950's
the Bracero workers were being used to undercut wages and break strikes by the migrant workers.
This caused

Benefits Of Illegal Migrant Workers
Once working in the U.S., undocumented migrant laborers are perfectly exploitable. Because they
are not citizens or on work visas, they essentially have no rights in the minds of some farms. Farms
may provide poor quality housing, but no other work benefits. Agriculture doesn't have to pay
hourly minimum wage, so instead workers are paid by piece rate: employment in which a worker is
paid a fixed rate for each unit produced no matter the time invested. In some areas, farms make it
appear that they are paying laborers minimum wage by requiring laborers to pick enough produce to
equal a full day's pay. Over exhaustion induced by this is typically untreated because of the lack of
proper medical care available to migrant workers; either because of personal funds, or ignorant
lenses through which doctors view Mexican migrant patients (Holmes, 2013, p. 113). Then if a
laborer expresses any issues to their employers, employers will use the labor's undocumented status
against them. Essentially, they'll threaten the laborer with deportation if the laborer were to make
any action against the farm because of labor rights violations––first hand manipulation of the social
divides of labor.
Yet, if the conditions of this job are so poor, and the laborers severely exploited, why do people still
choose to make the dangerous journey? The answer is documented in Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies by
Seth Holmes. After spending time working and living with Mexican migrant laborers to better
understand

Migrant Workers In The 1930s And Today
People work very hard to provide the fresh produce that can be so easily purchased at the grocery
store. This is explained in the articles: "The Migrant Experience" by Robin A. Fanslow and "Young
Migrant Workers Toil in U.S. Fields" by Karen Fanning. In the 1930s, migrant workers had to go
through some pretty rough times in order to support themselves. Today, migrant workers work
extremely hard to support their families while, at the same time, sending their kids to school.
However, the world in the 1930s was very different than it is today. This makes for some variation
when it comes to what challenges they have had to face. Regardless of these differences, migrant
workers in the 1930s and today have faced similar and different forms of ... Show more content on
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In the 1930s and today, migrant workers struggled and struggle to find financial stability. In the
1930s, the crash of the stock market which lead to the Great Depression left people with practically
nothing. This caused them to become migrants. They would travel all over California following the
work. In the same way, migrant workers today struggle to find the money that they need while still
allowing their children to get an education, so just like in the 1930s, they travel from state to state
looking for work. Another similarity between the two times is the fact that in both cases there it a
glimmer of hope. In the 1930s, after working so hard for years, the economy improved and the
workers were able to settle down and have a better life. Today, programs like MET help the children
of migrant worker families make it through school. If these kids make it all the way through, they
will most likely be able to end the cycle. In contrast to these similarities, there are also some pretty
big differences. In the 1930s, migrant workers didn't have to worry about having to juggle working
in the fields with school. Having an education then wasn't as big of a deal as it is now. Today, if
workers don't get an education they will most likely be working in the fields for rest of their lives.
Another difference is that today people don't have to deal with the Dust Bowl. In the 1930s, people
lost their homes after they were covered up with dirt. Today, some of the only that could potentially
destroy a home are fires or floods, but today we have firefighters and insurance. Migrant workers
from these two times share some big similarities, but also have their

Chen Hong Xia is a Migrant Workers in China's Growing Economy
Chen Hong Xia is one of the 250 million migrants in China's growing economy. These migrant
workers are the people that supports China's whole economy, without them China will not be where
it is now. Although they are crucial in China's growth, migrant workers are treated with disrespect.
Chen Hong Xia is one of the 'luckier' migrant workers. She was able to work her way out of poverty
into a better future. There are many similarities between Chen Hong Xia and most migrants in
China, but Chen Hong Xia's life is significantly better than most migrants. In this essay we will be
comparing and contrasting Chen Hong Xia's expectations, working environment, living environment
and children to the migrant workers in China.
Like many of the migrant workers in China, Chen Hong Xia wanted a better future in the city and
find a job with good working conditions and high wages. Chen Hong Xia comes from a small town
in Shandong province, she grew up on a farm producing rice and corn. Although there were many
job opportunities in Shan Dong province, all the jobs were agricultural jobs that offered low pay and
required lots of physical activity. In the movie Last Train Home directed by Lixin Fan, Qin left
Sichuan Province and went to Dong Guan city because she wanted more money and be able to
pursue her dreams. Many of China's younger generation of migrant workers are abandoning
agricultural production and moving permanently to the city. (Zhou Jing, China's New Generation Of
Migrant Workers)

Accomplishments of The Justicia for Migrant Workers Essay
The Justicia for Migrant Workers (J4MW) is a non–profit organization run by volunteer aimed at
helping the migrant framworkers to gain their rights in Canada. This organization established in
April 2001 when over 20 Mexican migrant workers organized a strike in Leamington and
repatriated. They demand for a employment insurance created for the migran workers by the federal
government and the right to apply for citizenship in Canada. Moreover, they fight to gain the fair
treat and right to appeal for the workers (J4MW website, Our Main Demands). They offers
workshop to educate the migrant workers to understand their rights and collect their complaints.
Through the interaction with the farmers, helps them raise the awareness of legal issues. ... Show
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Today, the situation is not getting better. After 9/11, people come from other countries are seen as a
threat. Canadaian not only afraid that they could take the jobs, they also seen the migrant workers as
potential criminals (Street, 2003). In fact, white settlers came to Canada as foreigners. After the
white settler society been established, the racial hirearchy was created (Razack, 2002). Migrant
farmers worker have no insurance to protect them in case they become sick. When Canadian
worried about the migrants might become criminals, the workers' safty and health are under the risk.
Migrant workers are taking jobs that Canadians do no want to do (Chowdhury). Most of the workers
come to Canada without knowing their rights or unable to argue because of the language. J4MW
was established for the migrant workers to educate them to understand that they are treat unequally
and help them connect with the agency which can help them. J4MW organized mant labour
movement in Canada which link to race, gender, sexuality and class. Their supports helps migrants
to practice the organising skills and inspire many other eqity groups.
In 2004, J4MW wrote a open statement to the federal Imiigration Minister Joe Volpe to complain the
ignorance of government to the migrant workers. The statement titiled "Open Statement to Minister
of Immigration Joe Volpe" mentions that all the farm workers are working under a "slave–like

Migrant Workers : The Permanent Workers
Migrant Workers The Temporary Foreign Workers allows Canadian employers to hire foreign
nationals to fill temporary labor and skill shortages when qualified Canadian citizens or permanent
residents are not available for the migrant. (Canada, Canada, & Branch, 2015) Migrant workers can
stay in Canada for 4 years and later apply for residency since it is not available for them at that time.
There are four examples of Temporary Foreign workers: Skill workers are migrant workers who get
selected to immigrate to Canada because of their work experience and skills. Un–skill workers are
migrant workers that get selected to immigrate to Canada but do not have any experience or kills.
Seasonal workers are migrant workers who work in farmland and gardens who only work for that
certain time in the season. Live in/Live out caregivers are migrant workers who resides in and
provides childcare, senior home support care or the disabled without supervision in the private
household in Canada.(Reserved, 2011) I'll briefly explain the impact on migrant workers through an
article by Donald Payne, an Academic article, Government article and Assigned weekly reading.
Also though out the stages of Micro, Mezzo, Macro and Transnational level. Summaries Donald
Payne Article Throughout the article by Donald Payne explains codes of ethics and the ways things
operate according to the system. He explains on how now speed is put before fairness or what's
right, if there is an emergency is one country

Current Health Status of Migrant Farm Workers in Canada
Introduction As a result of poor economy which led to extreme poverty and massive unemployment,
migrant farm workers are forced to migrate from their home countries to different developed
countries to work in order to make a living for themselves as well as their families. Every year,
thousands of migrant farm workers from Mexico, Jamaica, Guatemala, Thailand etc. come into
Canada (Bauder, Preibisch, Sutherland, & Nash, 2002). They work in almost all the provinces
particularly in Ontario, and have become an important instrument in the economic viability of
agriculture in parts of Canada due to the fact that Canadians are not very attracted to agricultural
work. The 'migrant farm workers' are managed by two distinct federal programs: Seasonal
Agricultural Workers' Program (SAWP) and "Pilot Project for Occupations Requiring Lower Level
of Formal Training". (Pysklywec, McLaughlin, Tew, & Haines 2011). In theory, these workers are
entitled to and covered by same health coverage that every other Canadian in the province is entitled
to. However, in practice, the reverse is the case; these workers have almost no access to health care
facilities and suffer various health issues ranging from skin diseases up to sexually transmitted
diseases such as HIV. (Pysklwec et al., 2011).This paper will look into the current health status of
migrant farm workers in Canada and give possible suggestion to help alleviate the problems
affecting their health.
Evidences
Recently, most employers

Migrant Farm Workers In America
TJ Edgar Flushing
Migrant farm workers in America go through struggles that middle class and privileged people of
any race couldn't even begin to comprehend without deep research. The types of pain that migrant
farm workers endure on a day to day basis is incredible. As the consumers in a modern capitalist
society, middle–class Americans are the reason that migrant farm workers have to raise their kids
preparing them to work in servitude. The migrants don't want to work in the harsh conditions but
they have to in order to have a "steady" income. Migrant farm workers in America are some of the
most vulnerable of the oppressed groups because they work hard for endless hours at a time to
provide to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens
of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. (US
Constitution)
This means that all people in the U.S. legally are under the same protections regardless of where
they were born. The U.S. Supreme Court settled the issue (or migrant protection in the U.S.
government) well over a century ago. But even before the court laid the issue to rest, a principal
author of the Constitution, James Madison, the fourth president of the United States, wrote: that as
they [aliens] owe, on the one hand, a temporary obedience, they are entitled, in return, to their
[constitutional] protection and advantage. (Yes, illegal aliens have constitutional

Essay about Issues Surrounding the Migrant Farm Worker
More and more health–conscious individuals are scrutinizing the source of the food their family
consumes. However, even the most conscientious consumer is not fully aware of the exhaustive
efforts and struggle to get a juicy, ripe strawberry or that plump tomato in the middle of winter, even
in Florida. These foods are harvested and picked mostly by seasonal and migrant farm workers.
Migrant workers hail, in large part, from Mexico and the Caribbean, and their families often travel
with them. Migrant farm workers must endure challenging conditions so that Americans can have
the beautiful selection of berries, tomatoes, and other fresh foods often found at places like a
farmer's market or a traditional super market. Seasonal and ... Show more content on
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Over the past two decades the number of low–skilled workers in the United States has increased
because of immigration, both legal and illegal. (Chiswick, 2006) In order to achieve the perfect
selection of produce that the American consumer has come to expect, a high price must be paid by
the laborers who make it possible. At the top of the list is their physical and mental well–being.
Migrants and their dependents experience more frequent and more severe health problems than the
general population. Their illnesses are often caused by poor nutrition, lack of resources, lack of
education, or infectious diseases from overcrowding and poor sanitation. However, the health
problems migrants and their families face because of their low–income status and unfamiliarity with
the culture are compounded by a migratory lifestyle and the inherent dangers and health risks
involved in their occupations. Stress and depression is a concern among migrants which may be
related to isolation, economic hardship or the environment which can hinder their productivity. The
pressure imposed on laborers by their employers, often as a result of their own economic pressure,
to continue working despite chronic pain or illness begins to take its toll on their overall health. The
stress they experience can contribute to the development of other health problems. The worker's
physical well–being is challenged as well. Health problems inherent in this population can include
back

Observation Of Migrant Mother
Make observations:
The migrant mother is in the foreground of the image, while her children are in the background of
the image. The migrant mother is the major element in this image, while the children are the minor
elements are the children. The mother is staring out in the distance, and appears to have a concerned
expression on her face. She is worried, and her clothes are ragged. There are three children in this
image: two of them near her shoulders, and another in her lap. It appears that the child in her lap is
an infant, and was born somewhat recently.
Connect the observations:
In 1936, the Dust Bowl was occurring in the United States. The Dust Bowl was a series of dust
storms that destroyed lives, and forced many citizens in the Midwest to relocate to California.
According to Lange, this image was taken in California. It is possible that the mother and her
children have been displaced from their homes, and are escaping to California looking for work.
However, finding work in California was often a fruitless effort. There was typically little to no
work for migrants, which could be a source of stress for the migrant mother. She has three children,
but she is most likely unable to feed them. This is further supported by the state of her clothes and
her children's clothes. They are tattered, which indicates there is not enough money to buy new
clothes.
Draw inferences from the related observations:
A possible interpretation of this situation is that the woman has recently migrated from the Midwest,
and is struggling to provide for her family. She is in a difficult situation, because she loves her
children but is unable to provide them with an ideal lifestyle. Their faces are covered in dust, and the
mother is wearing an expression of hopelessness. The tone of this image is one of hopelessness, the
underlying emotion common in almost all the "Okies" at the time. The hardships have worn the
migrant mother down, and she is struggling to survive with her three children. There are no other
family members present in the image, suggesting that she is the sole provider and sole source of
income for her family.
Form a tentative interpretative conclusion:
By depicting the facial expression of the woman and her

The Origin of Migrant Farmworkers Essay
The Mexican Migrant Farm Workers' community formed in Southern California in the 20th century
because of two factors that came together: farming emphasized by migrations like the Okie farmers
from the East and Mexicans "imported" to the U.S. because of the need for cheap labor as a
replacement of Americans during World War II. The migrant labor group formed after an already
similar group in the U.S had been established in California, the American farm workers from the
East, known as the Okies. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s caused the movement of the Okies to the
West and was followed by the transition from American dominant farm labor to Mexican migrant
labor. The Okies reinforced farming in California through the skills they took with them, ... Show
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Thousands of families journeyed to California, settling in San Joaquin Valley. From 1930 to 1936,
the Dust Bowl caused damages in agriculture in the Central Valleys all the way to the East Coast of
the U.S. At the time, the majority of the farmers were from Oklahoma, in other words, they were
American. Although most of the farmers fleeing the Dust Bowl were U.S born, some were
Mexican–Americans living in Texas, Arizona and the states closer to the border (Gregory).
However, this event did not fully give rise to the Mexican Migrant Farm Workers' community. It
was instead, the beginnings of successful farm labor in the valleys of California, which transformed
California's view towards farming. California seemed perfect, the climate was good for a diversity
of crops and it promised a lot to the desolated farmers from the East. Why was this significant to the
formation of the Mexican Migrant community? In other words, if the Dust Bowl would not have
happened, then farm labor would have not been as significant in California as it is. Californians
would have continued mining and building factories in soils that today, are used primarily for
agriculture. James N. Gregory, professor at the University of Washington argues that "The twentieth
century drained rural Americans from the land as surely as it improved the technology and
efficiency of farming" as he discusses the effects of the

Disadvantages Of Migrant Workers
The impact of migrant worker Migrant worker becomes a concern issue. In my opinion, migrant
worker brings more benefits than loss. However, countries like America, England try to restrict the
number of the migrant workers now. But it is not quite successful. There is a different view of points
about the impact of migrant worker, including the advantage and the disadvantage. In my opinion,
migrant worker brings more benefits than loss. According to the definition of migrant from
International Labor Organization, migrant describes as a person who migrates from one country to
another with a view to being employed otherwise than in his own account and includes any person
regularly admitted as a migrant for employment. Most of the migrant workers come from the poor
family in the past. They went to other countries to capture the job opportunity to earn money and
most of them we do some low pay job since most of them were unskilled. Under the globalization
and the advancement of travel technology, many skilled labor aims to capture the commercial
possibilities oversea and send money back to their countries to support their family even their
country development. And not only money, but also the knowledge. The migrant will bring the
knowledge they learn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And they increase the labor supply in the host city and lower the price of many products which can
benefit the general public. Overall, migrant can enhance the host economy growth and the public
also can enjoy the benefit. I think migrant will be a good thing for a

Argumentative Essay On Mexican Migrant Workers
The phenomenal growth farming, minding, railroad construction, and commercial fishing all have a
story of transnational families and shattered dreams. With the coming of the Mexican Revolution in
1910, many mexicans fled north to the United States in order to escape the bloodshed in search of
new lives. Sadly their dream for a better life did not come true. Migrant workers work for low wages
in extreme conditions such as extreme heat, discomfort, and danger, as well as struggling to have a
stable life for their families. The disastrous great depression left many people unemployed. As a
result, a large number of caucasian people took over many migrant workers' jobs in California. This
left many Mexicans and Filipinos desperate and willing to do anything for money. Farm workers
were often unpaid and were denied the right to unionize, a right that all other American workers
enjoyed. Migrant workers are from different ethnicities such as Mexicans, Mexican–Americans,
Europeans, but most of the population is made up of Mexican migrant workers. Migrant workers
lived a very harsh work environment as well as a harsh society interactions. Mexican farm workers
were offered a legally binding work contract, but the majority suffered gross abuses of their labor
rights and racial discrimination. Migrant workers have always played a vital role in the US
economy, so they should not be treated as illegal or undeserving individuals. People have always
harassed migrant workers and soon it

Migrant Workers Violations
Introduction
In 1981, Mauritania became the last nation to abolish slavery, ostensibly freeing the world from the
clutches of an inhumane institution. However, world leaders face a disturbing issue today: the
emergence of modern slavery. This takes the form of migrant workers and their systematic
oppression, marginalization, and abuse. Although migrant workers, by definition, are compensated
for their labor and therefore cannot be considered slaves, they are often not paid enough, lack the
ability to exercise their natural human rights, and are held against their will. These problems arise
mainly due to the fact that no sovereign state feels responsible for these migrant workers. While they
are citizens of their sending countries, they are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some examples are Singapore, Taiwan, the Republic of Korea, and Qatar, and others tend to be
rapidly developing nations with a shortage of unskilled labor. They obtain workers by forming
contracts with third–party recruitment agencies, but it is often the negligence of receiving countries
that causes the exploitation of migrant workers. The specific labor contracts are rarely negotiated by
the employers themselves, and as a result migrant workers lack crucial social protections. It is
important to note, however, that the abuse of migrant workers can be either intentional or
unintentional. Receiving nations may have intentions to provide safe working conditions and equal
wages, but this rarely occurs in real life. Migrant workers are often enter into labor contracts
because they are promised more than what they will actually receive by recruitment agencies. When
formulated solutions, nations in this bloc should examine their immigration policies and determine
whether they contribute to the problem or not. Delegates should also be aware of the political,
economic, and social reasons behind their countries' use of migrant workers, as well as the specific
causes of abuses in their specific cases. Then, they must work towards measures to ensure legal
working conditions, equal pay, the elimination of discrimination, and social protections according to
country

Employment And Wages Of Migrant Workers
Employment and Wages There are an estimated 274 million rural migrant workers in China, making
36% of total working population and is divided into two categories i) short distance; and ii) long–
distance.[footnoteRef:1] Short–distance migrant workers live near to their dwelling regions. The
majority of rural migrant workers are employed in low–paid jobs in manufacturing, construction and
services. In addition to low wages, migrant workers do not have a job security and work long hours.
Long distance migrants work on average 25.3 days and 8.8 hours a day. In addition, even with the
implementation of ?Labor Contract Law?, in 2014, only 38% of long–distance migrant workers had
signed a formal employment contract with their employers and for short–distance migrant workers
the number was even lower at 33%.[footnoteRef:2] This clearly portrays that the ?Labor laws? are
in place, but they are not applied rigidly. [1: http://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/migrant–workers–
and–their–children ] [2: Ibid] Social Security and Healthcare The trouble is not just restricted to low
wages or exceeding working hours, number of migrant workers, enjoying any form of pension or
social security remain low as compared to the national norm. The annual study of migrant workers
in 2014 found that just 16.4% of long–distance migrant workers received a pension program and
18.2% had medical insurances. Education Although the ?Compulsory Education Law? states that all
children are entitled to schooling

The Steinbeck 's Book And The Migrant 's Choice Of Words...
Having The Grapes of Wrath and Their Eyes Were Watching God on my library shelf occurred
because the two novels are required summer reading for my junior year language arts class. I doubt I
ever would have read Hurston's book, but Steinbeck's book is known to me. So, I took advantage of
this opportunity, to become involved with Tom Joad (and his family) and Janie Crawford (and her
grandmother and three husbands). From my reading, I saw connections with the issues of power and
self–fulfillment, survival, family life and relationship, and community connections. Both books take
place in the 1930's; one in rural Florida and the other from Oklahoma to California. The writing
style in the books relies on conversation indicative to the identity of the characters and the setting.
The initial problem I had is reading the southern dialect spoken by the characters in Hurston's book
and the migrant's choice of words and speech patterns in Steinbeck's book. Eventually, I succumbed
to it and became engaged with the character 's determination and the impact of events on their lives
as the stories evolved.
Power is important in both books. For the Joads and the migrants it is confronting and dealing with
the landowners. The idea of power results in a bond between the Joads and the Wilsons, and later
incorporates the other migrant families. I see this as an example of self–preservation.On the other
hand, for Janie, power of others prevents her from achieving independence and self

A Brief Note On Older Care And Employment Of Migrant Workers
3. Marketisation of Older Care and Employment of Migrant Workers in Western Countries
Researchers focus on the marketization of older care in western countries, including Northern
European countries, Italy, Spain, and the UK (Bettio et al., 2006; Shutes and Chiatti, 2012).
Meanwhile, there are findings revealing the difficulties of care workers recruitment and retention, as
well as potential labour shortage in the care sector and demand for migrant workers (Shutes, 2014).
The migrant workers they concerned are foreign–born migrants who are undertaking care work for
the older people in the input countries. The employment of migrant care workers in European
countries is influenced by state policies towards care and the intersection with immigration policies
(Williams, 2012; Shutes and Chiatti, 2012). The care service for older people has been shaped by the
increasing role of the market. The marketization of care and the implications of the processes of
marketization for who provides care and under what conditions need further researches (Daly and
Lewis, 2000). Based on date of the employment of migrant care workers in the familial care in Italy
and in the residential care services in the UK, Shutes and Chiatti (2012) argued that different
institutional contexts produce similar outcomes as regards the employment of migrant workers in
care work for older people. The marketization of care and immigration controls contributed to the
recruitment of migrant workers in both contexts

Migrant Farm Workers In America

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