Although migraine treatments determined to be effective for adults are frequently adapted for use in children with little evaluation prior to implementation, existing research suggests that this approach may not be best practice. Specifically, pharmacological interventions found to be statistically significant for adults may not be as effective or safe for children. Psychological treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have shown efficacy for both children and adults, but are underutilized, especially as first-line treatment options. Better evaluation of treatment efficacy across different age groups is needed to determine the most appropriate migraine interventions for children versus adults.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...inventionjournals
The purpose of the present investigation was to study personality factors as related to stresses
among parents of mentally sub-normal children. To measure the level of stress 30 item stress factor scale based
on (Olley, Brieger and Olley, 1997) and for measuring personality, 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Hindi
adaptation by S.D.Kapoor (1970) was administered to 150 parents of mentally sub-normal children. Subjects
were in the age range of 35 to 55 years and were residents of the city of Meerut. The high and low scorer on
different factors of 16 PF were compared in respect of their stress level in 6 areas namely, hospital factors,
disease factors, financial factors, familial factors, psychological factors. Result indicates that out of 16
personality factors 7 factors A, B, E, F, H, O and Q4 were found to be significant in contributing to stress level
of the respondents. However a majority of personality factors like C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2 and Q3 were found to be
insignificant in corroborating the stress level of the subject.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...inventionjournals
The purpose of the present investigation was to study personality factors as related to stresses
among parents of mentally sub-normal children. To measure the level of stress 30 item stress factor scale based
on (Olley, Brieger and Olley, 1997) and for measuring personality, 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Hindi
adaptation by S.D.Kapoor (1970) was administered to 150 parents of mentally sub-normal children. Subjects
were in the age range of 35 to 55 years and were residents of the city of Meerut. The high and low scorer on
different factors of 16 PF were compared in respect of their stress level in 6 areas namely, hospital factors,
disease factors, financial factors, familial factors, psychological factors. Result indicates that out of 16
personality factors 7 factors A, B, E, F, H, O and Q4 were found to be significant in contributing to stress level
of the respondents. However a majority of personality factors like C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2 and Q3 were found to be
insignificant in corroborating the stress level of the subject.
Power point upload for class TECA 1311 about early childhood pioneer Bruce Perry, MD, Ph.D. Made by Jack DisPennett. Plagiarism is wrong and is just plain rude, so please do not copy without giving proper credit. Enjoy!
Preventive psychiatry in india: Preventing on Child Psychiatric FrontDevashish Konar
Parenting training of would-be-parents, early detection of vulnerable children and timely intervention are some of the efforts that will give large dividend. We have very limited number of child psychiatrists. So including general psychiatrists, pediatricians, family physicians, health workers and teachers would be the most suited public health strategy for India. They need to be trained to work within their limits and need to learn to refer at the right time without wasting precious time of the growing children and adolescents.
Impact of covid 19 on families’ well-being and functioningDaniel_Klem
When the COVID-19 pandemic struck in early 2020, many families were forced to isolate themselves together at home. A year later, new studies have shown that this period has had detrimental effects on most families’ well-being and functioning.
KEYNOTE presentation by professor Celso Arango (Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. IiSGM, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM. Madrid, Spain) on developmental trajectories in early-onset psychoses, held at the ESCAP 2015 Congress in Madrid, Monday June 22nd 2015
Eeva Aronen: Parenting as a risk or protective factor for child's mental healthTHL
Eeva Aronen, Professor of Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, at Supporting Non-violent and Participatory Childhoods, EU side event, 26 Nov 2019, THL, Helsinki
The article is an Insight Paper on Mental Health, a lingering issue magnified by Covid-19 pandemic. Written for Health Ethics, MBA-H Ateneo Graduate School Business.
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ANALYSING THE LEVEL OF DEPRESSION AND ITS CAUSATIVE F...amsjournal
Depression is a pathological state of the mind characterised lack of self-confidence and self-esteem. The
cause of depression is multi factorial and various physical, psychological, environmental and genetic
factors have been implicated in the causation of depression. Despite being a serious condition in all age
groups, depression is more common and significant in the geriatric population as it is associated with
significant morbidity and mortality. Various scales have been developed to assess depression of which the
Geriatric Depression Scale is most suited for elderly population. It has a long form and short form, the
latter being more appropriate for elderly patients with dementia. In our study, we aim to analyse the
prevalence of depression among elderly patients visiting the outpatient departments of a tertiary care
hospital and determine the factors influencing depression in them. The study was an Observational cross sectional
study carried out on 51 elderly patients over the age of 60 years attending the various outpatient
departments of PSG Hospital. The Geriatric Depression Scale Short form was used to determine the
prevalence of depression. A self-designed questionnaire considering various factors causing depression
was administered to determine the factors influencing depression. It was found that among 51 elders in the
age group of 60 to 80 years, 58.8% were depressed of which 54% were males and 68% were females.
Financial fears regarding future and income insufficiency were the most important factors contributing to
depression. This shows that monetary fear is a major factor resulting in depression. The most effective
strategy to combat depression is to ensure appropriate self-report. The government and other organizations
must ensure that better support, both financial and other services like healthcare are provided to the
elderly in order to prevent depressive illnesses.
Jurnal Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality du...Rindang Abas
China has been severely affected by COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) since December, 2019. This study aimed to assess the population mental health burden during the epidemic, and to explore the potential influence factors
Our study identified a major mental health burden of the public during 38 COVID-19 epidemic in China. Young people, people who spent too much time on the epidemic, and healthcare workers were at high risk for mental illness. Continuous surveillance and monitoring of the psychological consequences for outbreaks should become routine as part of preparedness efforts worldwide.
Background: The numbers of caregivers burdened by dementia is increasing. Depression is also found more in this group and
causes higher morbidity. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of depression among Thai family caregivers in order to develop effective interventions in primary care Methods: A total of 177 participants were recruited in primary care setting. They were assessed for sociodemographic data, health status, caregiver burden and depressive symptoms measured by Charlsons Comorbidities (CCI), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. The data for dementia patients included severity and functional status. Depression was defi ned as PHQ-9 ≥ 9. Multivariate linear regression model was applied to assess the independent relationship between possible risk factors and risk of depression.
Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi During the Second...Dr. Nasir Mustafa
Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi
During the Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi
During the Second Lockdown of COVID-19
Parent Experience of Stress and Coping When Caring for a Child With Mitochond...mitoaction
* Describe what is known about stress and coping when caring for a child with chronic illness
* Describe what is known about the needs of parents caring for a child with Mito
* Discuss the importance of identifying the specific needs of stress and coping for parents of children with Mito
Power point upload for class TECA 1311 about early childhood pioneer Bruce Perry, MD, Ph.D. Made by Jack DisPennett. Plagiarism is wrong and is just plain rude, so please do not copy without giving proper credit. Enjoy!
Preventive psychiatry in india: Preventing on Child Psychiatric FrontDevashish Konar
Parenting training of would-be-parents, early detection of vulnerable children and timely intervention are some of the efforts that will give large dividend. We have very limited number of child psychiatrists. So including general psychiatrists, pediatricians, family physicians, health workers and teachers would be the most suited public health strategy for India. They need to be trained to work within their limits and need to learn to refer at the right time without wasting precious time of the growing children and adolescents.
Impact of covid 19 on families’ well-being and functioningDaniel_Klem
When the COVID-19 pandemic struck in early 2020, many families were forced to isolate themselves together at home. A year later, new studies have shown that this period has had detrimental effects on most families’ well-being and functioning.
KEYNOTE presentation by professor Celso Arango (Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. IiSGM, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM. Madrid, Spain) on developmental trajectories in early-onset psychoses, held at the ESCAP 2015 Congress in Madrid, Monday June 22nd 2015
Eeva Aronen: Parenting as a risk or protective factor for child's mental healthTHL
Eeva Aronen, Professor of Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, at Supporting Non-violent and Participatory Childhoods, EU side event, 26 Nov 2019, THL, Helsinki
The article is an Insight Paper on Mental Health, a lingering issue magnified by Covid-19 pandemic. Written for Health Ethics, MBA-H Ateneo Graduate School Business.
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ANALYSING THE LEVEL OF DEPRESSION AND ITS CAUSATIVE F...amsjournal
Depression is a pathological state of the mind characterised lack of self-confidence and self-esteem. The
cause of depression is multi factorial and various physical, psychological, environmental and genetic
factors have been implicated in the causation of depression. Despite being a serious condition in all age
groups, depression is more common and significant in the geriatric population as it is associated with
significant morbidity and mortality. Various scales have been developed to assess depression of which the
Geriatric Depression Scale is most suited for elderly population. It has a long form and short form, the
latter being more appropriate for elderly patients with dementia. In our study, we aim to analyse the
prevalence of depression among elderly patients visiting the outpatient departments of a tertiary care
hospital and determine the factors influencing depression in them. The study was an Observational cross sectional
study carried out on 51 elderly patients over the age of 60 years attending the various outpatient
departments of PSG Hospital. The Geriatric Depression Scale Short form was used to determine the
prevalence of depression. A self-designed questionnaire considering various factors causing depression
was administered to determine the factors influencing depression. It was found that among 51 elders in the
age group of 60 to 80 years, 58.8% were depressed of which 54% were males and 68% were females.
Financial fears regarding future and income insufficiency were the most important factors contributing to
depression. This shows that monetary fear is a major factor resulting in depression. The most effective
strategy to combat depression is to ensure appropriate self-report. The government and other organizations
must ensure that better support, both financial and other services like healthcare are provided to the
elderly in order to prevent depressive illnesses.
Jurnal Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality du...Rindang Abas
China has been severely affected by COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) since December, 2019. This study aimed to assess the population mental health burden during the epidemic, and to explore the potential influence factors
Our study identified a major mental health burden of the public during 38 COVID-19 epidemic in China. Young people, people who spent too much time on the epidemic, and healthcare workers were at high risk for mental illness. Continuous surveillance and monitoring of the psychological consequences for outbreaks should become routine as part of preparedness efforts worldwide.
Background: The numbers of caregivers burdened by dementia is increasing. Depression is also found more in this group and
causes higher morbidity. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of depression among Thai family caregivers in order to develop effective interventions in primary care Methods: A total of 177 participants were recruited in primary care setting. They were assessed for sociodemographic data, health status, caregiver burden and depressive symptoms measured by Charlsons Comorbidities (CCI), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. The data for dementia patients included severity and functional status. Depression was defi ned as PHQ-9 ≥ 9. Multivariate linear regression model was applied to assess the independent relationship between possible risk factors and risk of depression.
Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi During the Second...Dr. Nasir Mustafa
Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi
During the Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi
During the Second Lockdown of COVID-19
Parent Experience of Stress and Coping When Caring for a Child With Mitochond...mitoaction
* Describe what is known about stress and coping when caring for a child with chronic illness
* Describe what is known about the needs of parents caring for a child with Mito
* Discuss the importance of identifying the specific needs of stress and coping for parents of children with Mito
For each of the learning objectives, provide an analysis of how thShainaBoling829
For each of the learning objectives, provide an analysis of how the course supported each objective.
1. Discriminate among the mechanisms of action for the major classes of drugs/medications
2. Critique evidence that supports proposed pharmacotherapeutic protocols for appropriateness of application across the lifespan
3. Integrate the teaching-learning needs of clients across the lifespan when proposing pharmacotherapies
4. Propose prescriptive therapies for selected clients evaluating safety factors while utilizing knowledge of how current health status, age, gender, culture, genetic factors, ethical concerns and prescriptive authority impact decision making
Explain how the material learned in this course, based upon the objectives, will be applicable to professional application.
Provide evidence (citations and references) to support your statements and opinions.
All references and citations should in APA format.
14
Mental Health and Social Work
Shanae Hampton
Cal Baptist University
Introduction
How well a person is able to live a full life, build and maintain relationships and pursue their education, profession or other pursuits requires them to maintain their well-being ranging from physical to mental health. When assisting others to achieve good and self-motivated changes, social workers draw on their relationship-based abilities and emphasize personalization and rehabilitation. A key issue is, "What components and obstacles of an assessment are there in order to reach these outcomes?" When it comes to health promotion and public involvement, social workers are well-suited for this role since primary care is all about these things. Social workers who deal with mental health have unique challenges in assessment, which necessitates them learning and using psychiatric principles. Identifying the need for mental health care requires an understanding of assessment principles.
For this research, the focus is on urban youth's increase in mental health cases which is more influenced by lack of access to mental health care as a result of poverty that affects many children and families in the US. Young people are the most impacted by poverty, accounting for 33% of the total number of individuals in poverty. Children who live in "high risk neighborhoods" are more likely to lack access to the mental health supports they need to manage their symptoms. Stabilization, individual treatment, and symptom management are all important aspects of aftercare for children who have been hospitalized for behavioral difficulties by the time they are six years old (Hodgkinson, 2017).
Literature Review
Inequality based on race and class has been shown to be associated with a variety of negative health outcomes, including poor mental health. Increased financial disparity is associated with an increase in the prevalence of mental illness along a social gradient in mental health. However, psychiatric and psychological approaches have dominated ment ...
Running head: SCHIZOPHRENIA 1
Working with Families
1. Effects of a psych educational intervention program on the attitudes and health perceptions of relatives of patients with schizophrenia
The article highlights the importance of both family and relatives to support the victim who has schizophrenia. Moreover, the article goes further and highlights the purpose of the study. The article assesses the effectiveness of a family psych educational program in the different outlook and health insights of the relatives of the patient with suffering from schizophrenia. Various programs aid in supporting both the family and relatives to gain more information about the schizophrenia and how they can best offer support to them.
The psych educational program was efficient in adjusting to the caregivers’ outlooks. Nonetheless, the program did not influence the perceptions of healthcare. Moreover, the family and relative psych educational management program transforms the deleterious approaches of both family and relatives to schizophrenia. On the other hand, not all the agenda of this type may advance health difficulties; otherwise, their consequences might only appear in a long-term condition or situation.
The psycho-educational plan gave an enhancement in the outlooks of families to schizophrenia. Besides, this signifies that they have known how to think, feel, and act, in a positive method in regards to the disorder.
Seeing the unfortunate result of the majority of people who have schizophrenia, the process has made it possible for individuals to discover the influence of psych educational programs, which may aid indirectly or directly to advancing the quality and the course of life of these people and their families. Besides, it is vital to evaluate the efficiency of the agendas in diverse cultures and nations.
2. The Mediating Effect of Family Cohesion in Reducing Patient Symptoms and Family Distress in a Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Parallel-Process Latent-Growth Model
The paper examines whether a CIT-S (Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia outdid the usual family psych education (PSY-ED) by not only in reducing patient schizophrenia signs but also in diminishing a person’s DASS. Since CIT-S nurtured family consistency in therapy; moreover, it is anticipated that an increase in family solidity would facilitate the cure effects.
The procedure permitted individual’s to be fixed in latent-change or latent-growth models to check the treatment impacts and guarantee the model fit was sufficient prior to joining them to parallel-procedure models and investigating the secondary outcomes. The latent-change model is assessing the medication influence on family solidity from standard to average, as shown in a Time Treatment Interaction (TTI). The CIT-S team displayed a natural growth of approximately on.
Running Head GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDERGENERALIZED ANXIETY .docxjeanettehully
Running Head: GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER 2
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Professor’s Name
Student’s Name
Course Title
Date
This paper will focus on the article titled “Generalized Anxiety Disorder” by Stein & Sareen (2015). Generalized anxiety disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by exaggerated persisted worry. This can be as a result of health family, finances or even the future and is not an easy task to manage. The worry is also accompanied by other physical and psychological health issues. The prevalence of generalized anxiety is at 3.1% in the United States according to epidemiologic surveys. While some cases begin at early childhood, most of the reported cases start in adulthood. This disorder is prevalent in the primary care occurring among 7% of the patients.
It is difficult to distinguish generalized anxiety from major depression as their symptoms overlap. However, persistent anhedonia one of the main characteristics of major depression does not manifest itself in generalized anxiety. People suffering from generalize anxiety will often have a sense of helplessness unlike major depression patients who experience hopeless. Patients suffering from generalized anxiety are at a higher risk of harming themselves. They are also at a higher risk of other physical and mental health conditions. The diagnosis of generalized anxiety is therefore difficult due this overlap in symptoms.
Management of generalized anxiety requires serious considerations of a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms due to the high rate of coexisting conditions. Some risk factors for this disorder include parental issues, exposure to childhood adversity, low socio-economic status and female sex. Nevertheless, these risk factors are not specific and are also associated with other mood and anxiety conditions. Multiple studies have also showed that there is a moderate generic risk. Patients suffering from generalized anxiety react negatively to uncertain situations. While the origin of this construct has not been determined, it provides significant insights ion how behavioral therapy can help improve the symptoms.
There are various treatments that can be used to manage generalized anxiety. Multiple studies have provided strong evidence that some types of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are very effective in managing the disorder. The choice of treatment in most cases depends on the preference of the patient. Physicians can provide medication for patients suffering from generalized anxiety. However, in serious cases, referrals are made so that the patients can be attended by psychiatrists. The physician providing the referral should also provide support to the therapeutic work for the patient. Primary care physicians can involve social workers and nurses to help them handle to patients. This approach is more effective as compared to the normal treatment.
Pharmacologic treatment of the conditi ...
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumptio.docxcravennichole326
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumption must be made cautiously as most studies have used a cross-sectional methodology, poor definitions of alcohol use, and inadequate assessments of risk perceptions. Despite a lack of evidence, the concept of adolescent “invulnerability” remains pervasive in both scientific and lay circles, is used to explain adolescents' decisions to engage in a potentially harmful behavior and is incorporated into many intervention programs (Fell, et al., 2015). Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to understand fully the extent to which perceptions of low risk predict and motivate alcohol use.
I. Perceptions of Alcohol-Related Benefits:
An emphasis on perceived risk alone may be inadequate to predict or change behavior because a risk is only part of the behavioral decision-making equation. What is missing knows the extent to which adolescents perceive benefits of risky behaviors. The decision literature has argued that individuals should consider both the risks and benefits when making decisions. In addition, alcohol expectancy researchers have found that perceived benefits, in addition to perceived risks, are significant predictors of drinking behavior. More recently, Goldberg and colleagues (2002) concluded that, regardless of age, participants with more drinking experience perceived benefits to be more likely to occur, and risks less likely (Grube & Voas, 2014).
Indeed, adolescents' reasons for drinking alcohol often include an acknowledgment or identification of alcohol-related benefits, such as alcohol being used in social interactions to help them to reduce inhibitions, feel more relaxed reduce tension, foster courage, and reduce worry. Attachment theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring.
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan (Miller, et al., 2010). Through the formation of secure bonds to parents, children acquire a robust internal working model of themselves and others.
Youth with secure attachment to parents develop the skills necessary to regulate their Attachment emotional theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring (Foster, et al., 2013).
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan. Through the formation of ...
Creating a Needs AssessmentIn this assignment, create a needs CruzIbarra161
Creating a Needs Assessment
In this assignment, create a needs assessment outline that describes and documents the health status issue that your project will address and the target population it will serve. The purpose of the needs assessment is to help reviewers understand the community and/or organization (i.e., the population) that will be served by your proposed project.
The needs assessment document should describe the need for the project in the proposed locale and include baseline data on the prevalence and demographic characteristics of the targeted population as well as supporting racial/ethnic data. The document should provide a description of the prevalence of health indicators (e.g., overweight, obesity) in the proposed geographic area. It should describe the current availability of preventive health services that address the health issue in the targeted group. In addition, discuss any relevant barriers in the service area that your project hopes to overcome. You should also describe gaps in the current provision of services as well as gaps in knowledge and the capacity of health care providers and key public/private community agencies to adequately screen, routinely assess, effectively intervene, and/or coordinate their efforts within a comprehensive network of preventive health services.
Here is a suggested structure for your needs assessment outline. It should be between 3 and 5 pages in length.
I. Health Status
a. Introduce the health issue
b. How does the health issue affect the target population?
II. Community Description
a. Describe the setting, which might include national, state, local, or campus
information depending on the program scope
III. Needs Assessment
a. Qualitative assessment
b. Quantitative assessment
IV. Community Link
a. What is currently being offered to the specific population?
b. Will the proposed program be complementary, competing, or new to the area?
1
3
Mental Health in college students
Alexis Heard
Program Design in Kinesiology
Dr. G. Palevo
Columbus State University
February 9, 2022
Mental Health in College Students
Mental health is a serious public health issue that impacts society at large. It includes mental conditions, depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, headaches, and back pain. When compared to other people, college students are routinely found to experience high rates of mental distress. For example, compared with the rest population, Australian medical students exhibited much higher levels of psychological distress. According to studies, mental anguish is more common among college students in Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries. According to Mboya et al. (2020), the largest incidence reported was 71.9 percent among medical students at Jizan Higher education institution in Saudi Arabia, almost identical to the percentage observ ...
1Mission and Vision StatementAlexis HeardSP22 PrAnastaciaShadelb
1
Mission and Vision Statement
Alexis Heard
SP22 Program Design in Kinesiology
Dr. G. Palevo
Columbus State University
Feb 24, 2021
Mission and Vision Statement
Mission statement
The mission of the College Student Mental Health program is to assist, train, and give services to college students who are dealing with psychological health issues. This can be done by offering a secure space for individuals coping with mental wellness issues as college students and their psychological illnesses needs to express their concerns and get help. Mental health difficulties can affect a student’s way of learning and the success rate of passing a class. The Student Mental Health program aims to connect students with services that will assist students in leading higher productive lives. We operate as the college's central hub for psychological health, providing mental health counseling as well as well teaching and programming to learners. Our products are sensitive to cultural differences, cutting-edge, and research-based.
Objective
· Creating a well-being environment at college by concentrating on mental health assistance, health promotion, and well-being activities and programs is the objective.
· To help encourage cooperation in the establishment of mental wellness services and to encourage self-help activities in college.
Goals
· To collaborate with the administration, institutions, and other participants to facilitate improved psychological health and wellness all through campus, focusing on a rehabilitation and peer group participation philosophy.
· To create effective and reliable student-managed mental health institutions within the campus, as well as to advocate the worth and results of peer mental health facilities.
· As in secure, hygienic, courteous, and therapeutic care settings, offer psychological, educational, and problem managing assistance.
Greater degrees of well-being are associated with increased rates of engagement, productivity, and satisfaction, as well as better academic performance, reduced absences, and a decreased incidence of serious health concerns.
1
3
Mental Health in college students
Alexis Heard
Program Design in Kinesiology
Dr. G. Palevo
Columbus State University
February 9, 2022
Mental Health in College Students
Mental health is a serious public health issue that impacts society at large. It includes mental conditions, depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, headaches, and back pain. When compared to other people, college students are routinely found to experience high rates of mental distress. For example, compared with the rest population, Australian medical students exhibited much higher levels of psychological distress. According to studies, mental anguish is more common among college students in Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries. According to Mboya et al. (2020), the largest incidence reported was 71.9 percent among medical students at Jizan Higher education in ...
Effects of Coping Skills Training in School-age Children with.docxSALU18
Effects of Coping Skills Training in School-age Children with
Type 1 Diabetes
Margaret Grey, DrPH, RN, FAAN[Dean and Annie Goodrich Professor],
Yale School of Nursing, New Haven, CT
Robin Whittemore, PhD, APRN[Associate Professor],
Yale School of Nursing
Sarah Jaser, PhD[Post-doctoral Associate],
Yale School of Nursing
Jodie Ambrosino, PhD[Clinical Instructor],
Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine
Evie Lindemann, LMFT, ATR[Assistant Professor],
Albertus Magnus College, New Haven, CT
Lauren Liberti, MS[Trial Coordinator],
Yale School of Nursing
Veronika Northrup, MPH, and
Yale Center for Clinical Investigations, New Haven, CT
James Dziura, PhD
Yale Center for Clinical Investigations, New Haven, CT
Abstract
Children with type 1 diabetes are at risk for negative psychosocial and physiological outcomes,
particularly as they enter adolescence. The purpose of this randomized trial (n=82) was to
determine the effects, mediators, and moderators of a coping skills training intervention (n=53) for
school-aged children compared to general diabetes education (n=29). Both groups improved over
time, reporting lower impact of diabetes, better coping with diabetes, better diabetes self-efficacy,
fewer depressive symptoms, and less parental control. Treatment modality (pump vs. injections)
moderated intervention efficacy on select outcomes. Findings suggest that group-based
interventions may be beneficial for this age group.
Keywords
coping skills training; child; type 1 diabetes
Effects of Coping Skills Training in School-age Children with Type 1
Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common severe chronic illnesses in children,
affecting 1 in every 400 individuals under the age of 20, over 176,000 American youth
Corresponding Author: Robin Whittemore, Yale School of Nursing, 100 Church Street South, New Haven, CT 06536-0740,
[email protected]
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
Res Nurs Health. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 August 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Res Nurs Health. 2009 August ; 32(4): 405–418. doi:10.1002/nur.20336.
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(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, 2002). Diabetes is the
seventh leading cause of death in the United States, and adults with T1D are twice as likely
to die prematurely from complications compared to adults without T1D National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, 2007). Management of T1D is demanding,
requiring frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels, monitoring and controlling
carbohydrate intake, daily insulin treatment (3-4 injections/day or infusion from a pump),
and adjusting insulin dose to match diet and activity patterns (American Diabetes
Association, 2008). Such an intensive treatment regimen and maintenance of near-normal
glycemic control may delay or prevent long-term complications of T1D by 27-76%
(Diabe ...
Running Head PICOT1PICOT4Comment by Crystal Bowm.docxglendar3
Running Head: PICOT 1
PICOT 4
Comment by Crystal Bowman: Hi Yeni…..You did a good job overall with your paper. I do not see an actual PICOT question presented so it is difficult to tell what your primary focus is. Please see the comments for feedback. Thanks, Prof Bowman & Tania
PicotPICOT
GCU NRS-490Yeni Hernandez
Yeni HernandezGrand Canyon University: NRS 490 Comment by tania: Incorrect title page format.
Title
Student’s Name
Grand Canyon University: course prefix and number
Date
December 9, 2018
Picot
This paper discusses the unprecedented complexities and issues related to dementia and particularly people living with dementia (PWD) and research in the field utilizing the quantitative measures to understand the severity of the symptoms as stipulated by Pan et al. (2013) of 51 patients with vascular dementia. The primary focus of the study is based on the demographics of old or aging populations who have been outlined as people at higher risks and prevalence of vascular and dementia complexities.
Problem/Patient Population
The research analysis presents the aging population as the primary population considering that dementia affects people in their senior years. The severities of the behavioral and psychological symptoms consistent with vascular dementia are outlined based on the metrics set through quantitative measures for 51 patients in three environments, diurnal, evening and nocturnal events. Considering that dementia dimension is mainly characterized by amnesia and memory loss the conflict in concern with this population, especially with the old or aging population, is presented through the effective delivery of care to and achieveing better patient outcomes for the PWD. patients. It is critical to note that dementia reduces the functionalities of the patients, thereby increasing the risks of other issues includingsuch as becoming unfit due to lack of exercise. among other concerns.
Intervention
For this particular group of patients, the intervention is solely based on improving outcomes and maintaining a comfortable lifestyle for the outlined patients at risks (Hughes & Common, 2015). The intervention is based on a combination of two aspects:; exercise and medication. By iIntegrating a routine exercises plan to for patients with dementia, it has been shown that exercise can to improve memory loss symptoms as well as keep improving the patient fitness. It has been shown that rRegular exercise results in an improvements of brain functions in two ways; both indirect methods and direct methods. Indirectly exercise helps by stimulatinge and improvinge mood, and sleep, as well as reducinge stress and anxiety. Theseis is are common characteristics of vascular dementia in among the older populationgenerations. Directly the benefits are derived from the ability of exercise to reduce insulin resistance, decrease reducing inflammation and stimulateion of the growth factors. In the older population people with dementia, “chem.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
Migraine in adults and children
1. Similarities and Differences between Migraine in Children and
Adults: Presentation, Disability, and Response to Treatment
Ashley M. Kroon Van Diest, PhD1,*, Michelle M. Ernst, PhD1,2, Shalonda Slater, PhD1,2,3, and
Scott W. Powers, PhD, ABPP, FAHS1,2,3
1Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical
Center
2Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
3Headache Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Abstract
Purpose of Review—This review presents findings from investigations of migraine in children
and adults. Similarities and differences in the presentation, related consequences, and treatments
between children and adults are reviewed.
Recent Findings—Significant similarities exist in the presentation, disability, and treatments for
migraine between children and adults. Despite such similarities, many adult migraine treatments
adapted for use in children are not rigorously tested prior to becoming a part of routine care in
youth. Existing research suggests that not all approaches are equally effective across age groups.
Specifically, psychological treatments are shown to be somewhat less effective in adults than in
children. Pharmacological interventions found to be statistically significant relative to placebo in
adults may not be as effective in children and have the potential to present more risk than benefit
when used in youth. The placebo effect in both children and adults is robust and is need of further
study. Better understanding of treatment mechanisms for all interventions across the age spectrum
is needed.
Summary—Although migraine treatments determined to be effective for adults are frequently
adapted for use in children with little evaluation prior to implementation, existing research
suggests that this approach may not be best practice. Adaptation of adult pharmacological
treatment for use in youth may present a particular risk in comparison to benefits gained. Because
of the known efficacy of psychological treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, more
universal use of these interventions should be considered, either as first-line treatment or in
combination with pill-based therapies.
Keywords
migraine; headache; treatment; pediatric; adult
Corresponding Author: Scott W. Powers, PhD, ABPP, FAHS; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Behavioral
Medicine and Clinical Psychology, MLC: 7039 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039; Phone: 513-636-8106; Fax:
513-636-7544; Scott.Powers@cchmc.org.
*Dr. Kroon Van Diest is now an Assistant Professor at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, OH.
HHS Public Access
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Curr Pain Headache Rep. ; 21(12): 48. doi:10.1007/s11916-017-0648-2.
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2. Introduction
Migraine is a common health complaint affecting approximately 12% of the population in
the United States aged 12 years or older [1]. Migraine is a leading cause of disability across
all age groups, resulting in a significant annual economic impact of approximately $36
billion (direct medical costs + lost productivity) in the U.S. [2]. It is a chronic illness that
represents challenges due to the episodic nature of painful attacks as well as the inter-event
worry about the next attack and the recurrent, unpredictable interruptions in day-to-day life
[3]. Typical onset of migraine occurs during early to mid-adolescence, although it can begin
at any age [4]. Those who experience migraine at a younger age often continue to experience
migraine episodes into adulthood [5]. Given this common pattern of early onset and
continuation of migraine throughout the lifespan, understanding the trajectory of migraine
from childhood to adulthood and best practices for treatment within different age groups is
pertinent for appropriate and efficient patient care.
Despite high frequency of migraine in youth persisting into adulthood, differences between
youth and adults in migraine etiology, presentation, and treatment have not been well
elucidated to date. In fact, children are often managed as ‘little adults’ in terms of migraine
treatment. As such, adult migraine treatments are often adapted for use in children and are
expected to be as effective in youth as they are in adults. The goal of the current review is to
highlight similarities and difference in migraine between youth and adults, specifically
highlighting relevant research suggesting treatment approaches to migraine in children
should not simply be adapted from existing adult migraine treatments despite similarities in
the presentation of migraine.
Presentation
Clinical presentation of migraine is generally similar regardless of age, and is characterized
by head pain that is moderate to severe in intensity [6, 7]. It is typically unilateral (or
bilateral in youth) and frequently accompanied by a throbbing or pulsating sensation. Other
associated migraine symptoms include nausea, vomiting, phonophobia, and photophobia.
Migraine episodes can occur with or without sensory disturbances known as aura. Migraine
episodes are labeled as chronic when they occur on 15 or more days per month with at least
eight episodes including moderate to severe intensity and the above listed features and
associated symptoms.
Disability
The World Health Organization (WHO) lists migraine as one of the top 20 causes of
disability worldwide [2, 8, 9]. The significant disability related to migraine is associated
with high costs to individuals and society. While direct medical costs to patients is
significant, indirect costs of missed work exceed medical costs. Additional costs associated
with migraine-related disability include missed school for youth, and decreased ability to
participate in social or extracurricular activities across all age groups.
Although migraine-related disability is common across all age groups, the contexts in which
disability interferes differs between children and adults. For children and adolescents,
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3. migraine often leads to significant levels of functional disability in home, school, and social
settings, including frequently missing days of school or functioning while at school at less
than 50% of typical productivity due specifically to migraine. Among the areas of
functioning impacted, school functioning is particularly important given that many children
and adolescents with chronic pain-related conditions have been found to miss more school,
have poorer academic performance, greater difficulty paying attention in class, and increased
risk of depression than their healthy same-aged peers [10].
Similar to youth, migraine-related disability has significant impact in home, and social
settings for adults [11-13]. Impact on home life for adults includes challenges in maintaining
the home environment and caring for children and/or other family members. Adults with
migraine also frequently experience comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders. One major
area where migraine-related disability is more likely to impact in adults than youth is the
work environment. Adults with migraine miss significantly more workdays than their same-
aged colleagues without migraine. Further costs associated with loss of productivity for
adults who attempt to work with a migraine are significant and create indirect burden for
employers.
Family Factors
For both children and adults, migraine impacts those around them (e.g., causes problems for
their loved ones, such as parents and/or partners)[14]. Studies have demonstrated increased
burden on family members as a result of migraine, with the burden for children with
migraine falling on parents or caregivers [15, 16] and adult migraine burden falling on
partners or spouses[17] (and children in the family). Such burden includes increased stress
on family members, decreased relationship quality, and decreased family involvement in
leisure or social activities. Such stressors are also related to increases in anxiety and
depression in family members [16, 18]. Increased stressors on family are often positively
correlated with higher levels of migraine-related disability in children and adults [19].
Migraine is, in turn, influenced by family members; however, this relationship has not been
widely studied across age groups, with most research in this domain focusing on the parent-
child relationship. Existing research has demonstrated that certain parenting variables can
negatively impact children's migraine because of children's heavy dependence on their
caregivers [20]. For example, existing problems with family communication can lead to
increased problems with pain management in children as well as increased relational
difficulties between parents and children [21]. Additionally, pre-existing physical or mental
health concerns in parents can have negative impact on frequency, intensity, and ability to
manage migraine in their children [22, 23]. Such conditions can include parents with chronic
pain conditions (including migraine), and mental health conditions such as depression and
anxiety. Importantly, it can be difficult to determine if conditions such as depression and
anxiety in parents developed as a result of managing a child with migraine or if they existed
prior to their child developing migraine [20].
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4. Treatment
Treatment for pediatric migraine is often approached similarly to that of adult migraine, such
that once a treatment is deemed effective in adults it is typically used to treat migraine in
children without rigorous assessment prior to implementation. While common, this pattern
of translating adult treatments for use in children without careful study may not reflect best
practice. This is particularly true and challenging for pharmacological interventions. In fact,
some recent research on use of preventive medication in children suggests that this approach
may have more risks than benefits [24]. Further, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
guidelines regarding use of medications for pediatric migraine treatment clearly state that
there are differences in migraines between children and adults, such that “one cannot assume
that a drug effective in adults will also be effective in children”(pg. 7) [25].
Medication
Both abortive and preventive medications are frequently recommended and used for
migraine treatment across all age groups. Common abortive medications for migraine that
are used in both children and adults include acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-
inflammatories (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen), and triptans[7, 26-30]. Of these medications for
acute migraine treatment, many have been tested and demonstrate effectiveness in both
children and adults [26].
Preventative medications are also commonly recommended and prescribed for migraine
treatment in children and adults [7, 26, 31-38]. A number of medications are used for
migraine prevention, and include antidepressants (amitriptyline), antiepileptics (topiramate),
and antihypersensitives (propranolol). This list is by no means exhaustive, but includes those
that are most frequently used in both children and adults. Importantly, many of these
medications were tested and deemed effective (i.e., a significant statistical difference was
found between medication and placebo) for migraine treatment in adults [7], followed by
their use in children and adolescents with little scientific exploration prior to being used in
patients under the age of 18. Of note, what is considered clinically significant improvement
versus a certain level of statistical separation found to be significant between treatment
groups in clinical trials may not be the same, and we generally find greater clinical
improvement in youth than adults [39, 40]. In many adult studies, generally a 1 to 2
headache day reduction difference between a medication and control condition (e.g.,
placebo) has been found, and viewed potentially to be of clinical benefit as well [31-33];
while in our NIH-funded clinical trials of pediatric migraine, a 50% or greater reduction in
headache days is commonly seen, and an even more relevant clinical outcome can be
reduction of headache days to 1 or less per week with little to no disability [40]. When
considering differences that may be found between pediatric and adult outcomes, the level of
expectation for what can result from treatment in terms of headache day and disability
reduction may differ. Certainly these likely differences between a pediatric and adult
patients' outcomes can affect clinical trial design as well as day-to-day clinical care. Because
of this, more discussion and careful thought about this issue is needed across the age
spectrum [41].
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5. While it may seem that medications effective in migraine prevention for adults should also
be effective for migraine prevention in youth, a recent clinical trial assessing the
effectiveness of two commonly used prevention medications for migraine prevention in
children suggests that this may not be the case [24]. The CHAMP Study compared
amitriptyline, topiramate, and placebo groups in youth ages 10-17 years across a 24-week
period. Results from this study revealed no significant between-group differences in
headache-related disability or headache days between any of the groups, indicating that
preventive medication is no better than placebo in reducing headache days or disability in
youth with migraine. Additionally, patients receiving active drug (amitriptyline or
topiramate) had significantly more adverse events when compared to patients on placebo,
suggesting that medication may have greater cost than benefit to patients. These findings
highlight the importance of investigating medications prior to use in children despite
demonstrated effectiveness in adults. Further, the results indicate that it is important to study
non-pharmacological interventions as potentially effective treatment for pediatric migraine.
The placebo effect is robust in both adults and youth. Further study of the placebo effect and
its mechanisms are needed. Results from such investigations could be promising in terms of
harnessing this impact (versus trying to minimize it) [42, 43].
Lifestyle recommendations
Recommendations of daily lifestyle activities for migraine management are typically
consistent across age groups. These recommendations include consistent intake of food,
staying hydrated, and sleeping and exercising regularly [7, 12, 26, 44]. Specifically, at
minimum, food intake should include three meals a day (without skipping meals). Hydration
recommendations vary slightly depending on age and activity level, but include an average
of 8-10 cups of non-caffeinated fluid per day (greater physical activity includes increased
recommendations of fluid intake). Consistent with best practice for physical activity
regardless of migraine diagnosis, exercising 30 minutes or more 3-5 times per week is
recommended. And finally, recommended duration of sleep also varies by age, but falling
asleep and waking around the same time on a consistent bases is encouraged [28, 34].
While such recommendations are consistent across age groups, some age-related challenges
faced by adults may interfere with their ability to adhere to these practices [12]. For
example, adults with migraine typically have more health-related comorbidities as a result of
ageing that make it difficult for them to regularly exercise. Age related changes in sleep can
also result in less consistent sleeping patterns and fewer hours of sleep each night for adults.
Psychological treatment
Psychological treatments for migraine have been evaluated for use in both children and
adults [13, 45, 46]. Such approaches can be used in place of or in combination with
pharmacological migraine treatment. The most commonly used psychological treatment for
migraine is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Specific skills commonly taught in CBT for
migraine management include behavioral relaxation strategies of deep diaphragmatic
breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and guided imagery, as well as problem solving,
and cognitive restructuring. Biofeedback is often incorporated in CBT during teaching of
relaxation strategies, as it allows patients to see physiological changes that occur in their
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6. body (i.e., decreased heart rate, muscle tension) as a result of using relaxation skills[13, 45,
46]. The goal of CBT is to teach people with migraine how to employ coping skills to
manage migraine pain when it occurs, prevent migraine episodes through regular use of
relaxation strategies and other stress reducing skills, and assist in alleviating related
disability and/or comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression [47].
Psychological treatments delivered in a face-to-face format have been found to be effective
in reducing pain and disability in children and adolescents with headache, with therapeutic
gains maintained across time [45]. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in particular, has
shown good evidence for the management of headache pain in children and adolescents and
focuses on coping skills training, including biofeedback-assisted relaxation training [48].
Results from a randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of CBT as a form of
treatment for chronic migraine among children and adolescents indicated that participants in
a CBT plus amitriptyline condition showed greater reductions in migraine days per month
than patients who were in a headache education plus amitriptyline condition [46].
Additionally, parents are likely to be involved in CBT that their child completes for migraine
management given children's reliance on parents for help and guidance in migraine
management [20].
CBT for adults includes similar components to those skills taught to youth (biofeedback
assisted relaxation skills, cognitive restructuring, problem solving etc.), and are simply
tailored to be appropriate for adults [13, 49]. New approaches such as mindfulness and
acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) are also being tested with adults who have
migraine [50]. Studies exploring face-to-face delivered CBT to adults for migraine
management also support its effectiveness in reducing migraine frequency and intensity.
While such results are encouraging, findings also indicate that in general adults do not
respond to CBT quite as well as youth receiving similar treatment [49]. On average, adults
tend to report only moderate responsiveness to CBT treatment in terms of decreases in
headache frequency and severity compared to more significant results in children and
adolescents [49]. Research suggests that for adults, medication and/or combination of
medication and psychological treatment may be most effective for adult migraine treatment.
Conclusions
Migraine characteristics, such as presentation and associated disability overlap significantly
between children and adults [7, 13]. As such, migraine treatment is often similar across age
groups. Commonly used treatments for migraine in both children and adults include
preventative and abortive medications, lifestyle habits, and psychological treatments [7, 12,
26, 44]. Although similar treatments are used to treat migraine in both youth and adults,
existing literature suggests that this may not be the best approach for effective treatment.
Psychological interventions appear to be more effective in children, while preventative
medications may be more useful in adults and can present greater risk than benefit when
used in children [13, 24]. The placebo effect is notable in adults and children, and studies
that lead to leveraging this impact are needed. Understanding of the common and unique
mechanisms of treatments for migraine across the age spectrum is quite limited, and
research in this area could have great potential to inform precision-focused care [51-55].
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7. Overall, existing research on migraine treatment suggests that children are not simply ‘little
adults’, thus their treatment for migraine should not be handled this way. The principles of
evidence-based care and shared-decision making with patients and families strongly suggest
that rigorous scientific investigation for treatments is needed to prove their effectiveness and
safety in children prior to being used in younger patients with migraine [24, 39].
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