1. The document discusses the history of electromagnetism and electronic warfare, and how microwave photonics links are used in radar systems.
2. It explores using phase sensitive amplifiers for microwave photonic links and whether they add distortion. Experimental results showed that phase sensitive amplifiers do not degrade the spurious free dynamic range of the link.
3. The document covers topics ranging from electromagnetic waves, electronic warfare techniques through history, microwave photonics, and different types of optical amplifiers that can be used in photonic links such as phase insensitive and phase sensitive amplifiers.
Design of Planar Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsAnil Pandey
Planar antennas, including microstrip and printed antennas, metal-plate antennas, ceramic chip and dielectric resonator antennas have a low profile hence, these antennas have extensive applications in mobile systems (such as 900/1800 MHz bands), wireless local area networks (WLANs, such as 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands), ultra-wideband (UWB, such as 3.1 ~ 10.6 GHz band) communications.
Possible media for communication
Introduction to Communication Media
Introduction to Microwave communication
Manufacturers of Microwave
Why Microwave?
Characteristics of microwave
Types of Microwave communication
Types of Microwave Links
Requirements for the microwave communication
What is LOS?
Wave Propagation in the atmosphere
Multi path Propagation
LOS Purpose & requirements
Limitations of Line of Sight Systems
Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links
K- factor
Variations of the ray curvature as a function of k
Fresnel zone
Obstacles & Loses
Knife Edge Obstacles
Smooth Spherical Earth Obstacles
Path Loss
Other losses
Why vertical polarization favorable at high freq
Antenna type & Gain
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY, FADE MARGIN AND SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
Fading Margin
Reliability
Design of Planar Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsAnil Pandey
Planar antennas, including microstrip and printed antennas, metal-plate antennas, ceramic chip and dielectric resonator antennas have a low profile hence, these antennas have extensive applications in mobile systems (such as 900/1800 MHz bands), wireless local area networks (WLANs, such as 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands), ultra-wideband (UWB, such as 3.1 ~ 10.6 GHz band) communications.
Possible media for communication
Introduction to Communication Media
Introduction to Microwave communication
Manufacturers of Microwave
Why Microwave?
Characteristics of microwave
Types of Microwave communication
Types of Microwave Links
Requirements for the microwave communication
What is LOS?
Wave Propagation in the atmosphere
Multi path Propagation
LOS Purpose & requirements
Limitations of Line of Sight Systems
Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links
K- factor
Variations of the ray curvature as a function of k
Fresnel zone
Obstacles & Loses
Knife Edge Obstacles
Smooth Spherical Earth Obstacles
Path Loss
Other losses
Why vertical polarization favorable at high freq
Antenna type & Gain
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY, FADE MARGIN AND SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
Fading Margin
Reliability
The term “radar” is generally understood to mean a method by means of which short electromagnetic waves are used to detect distant objects and determine their location and movement. The term RADAR is an acronym from “RAdio Detection And Ranging”.
A complete radar measuring system is comprised of a transmitter with antenna, a transmission path, the reflecting target, a further transmission path (usually identical with the first one), and a receiver with antenna. Two separate antennas may be used, but often just one is used for both transmitting and receiving the radar signal.
Measuring the level of liquids or solids in vessels is a frequent requirement in industry. RADAR level measurement is the use of a radar signal is emitted via an antenna, reflected from the surface of the product and the echo received again after a time interval “t”.
This document, courtesy of KROHNE, is an excellent technical reference for a strong understanding of RADAR level measurement.
A New Design of an UWB Circular Fractal Printed AntennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A Microstrip Antenna (MSA) has been computed and analysed in this study by using CST of Microwave studio as Electromagnetic solver by generating the coefficient of reflection, the Gain, the density of current and the radiation pattern in the frequency range 3.1-10.6 GHz which commercialised by the Federal communication commission (FCC) as an Ultra-wide band (UWB) frequency range. The substrate used to achieve the proposed structure is the FR4-Epoxy with a thickness of 1.6 mm, a constant dielectric of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.025. The radiating patch is a circular shape etched with different sizes to create the fractal geometry. The transmission line has been designed by including a tapered section in the part connected to the radiator. The design of the antenna has been verified by using ADS and CST solvers. The fabrication of the antenna has been performed in order to measure the coefficient of reflection and the radiation pattern.
Presentation made by Prof. Adriano Camps (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) at ICMARS 2010 (India, 16-December-2010) on the MIRAS instrument aboard ESA's SMOS mission.
Electro Dynamic and Plasmonic Features of Nano-Plasmonic Bow Tie Antenna
Citation: Manu Mitra (2018) Electro Dynamic and Plasmonic Features of Nano-Plasmonic Bow Tie Antenna. SF J Telecommunic 2:3.
The term “radar” is generally understood to mean a method by means of which short electromagnetic waves are used to detect distant objects and determine their location and movement. The term RADAR is an acronym from “RAdio Detection And Ranging”.
A complete radar measuring system is comprised of a transmitter with antenna, a transmission path, the reflecting target, a further transmission path (usually identical with the first one), and a receiver with antenna. Two separate antennas may be used, but often just one is used for both transmitting and receiving the radar signal.
Measuring the level of liquids or solids in vessels is a frequent requirement in industry. RADAR level measurement is the use of a radar signal is emitted via an antenna, reflected from the surface of the product and the echo received again after a time interval “t”.
This document, courtesy of KROHNE, is an excellent technical reference for a strong understanding of RADAR level measurement.
A New Design of an UWB Circular Fractal Printed AntennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A Microstrip Antenna (MSA) has been computed and analysed in this study by using CST of Microwave studio as Electromagnetic solver by generating the coefficient of reflection, the Gain, the density of current and the radiation pattern in the frequency range 3.1-10.6 GHz which commercialised by the Federal communication commission (FCC) as an Ultra-wide band (UWB) frequency range. The substrate used to achieve the proposed structure is the FR4-Epoxy with a thickness of 1.6 mm, a constant dielectric of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.025. The radiating patch is a circular shape etched with different sizes to create the fractal geometry. The transmission line has been designed by including a tapered section in the part connected to the radiator. The design of the antenna has been verified by using ADS and CST solvers. The fabrication of the antenna has been performed in order to measure the coefficient of reflection and the radiation pattern.
Presentation made by Prof. Adriano Camps (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) at ICMARS 2010 (India, 16-December-2010) on the MIRAS instrument aboard ESA's SMOS mission.
Electro Dynamic and Plasmonic Features of Nano-Plasmonic Bow Tie Antenna
Citation: Manu Mitra (2018) Electro Dynamic and Plasmonic Features of Nano-Plasmonic Bow Tie Antenna. SF J Telecommunic 2:3.
A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFIDTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.
Towards realization of Orbital angular momentum Hall effect of light (Masters...Debanuj Chatterjee
Light has angular momentum. Angular momentum can be classified into : spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum. Due to the handedness of the circularly polarized spin states, they show spin Hall effect. Analogously, orbital angular momentum also exhibits Hall effect which has not yet been experimentally realized. In this work we developed a setup for observing orbital angular momentum Hall effect of light by detecting the orbital angular momentum spectrum of the light beam. The setup was tested with beams of known orbital angular momentum distributions and was also used to probe and quantify the orbit-orbit interactions due to reflection from a reflecting surface.
Fractal analysis of a sequence of LSD influenced self-portraitsDebanuj Chatterjee
Fractal analysis is a very well known art analysis technique. Since modern day research on psychedelic drugs gained a lot of limelight, I decided to apply the fractal analysis technique to analyze some paintings by an artist who is in a LSD trip. I found that the fractal dimension of the paintings increase as the artist moves into a psychedelic state of mind.
I presented this research in the 2019 Bridges conference on Mathematical Art.
This is a fun presentation. DO NOT take it seriously. It was prepared as a part of a competition organized by science club of IISER Kolkata where you need to come up with an absurd hypothesis and defend it scientifically. So just relax and enjoy :)
This presentation is mainly for the undergraduate students who wish to apply for summer internships. It encompasses how to write to a professor for a position in his/her lab and also gives an overview of different internship opportunities available for science students.
Is it possible to transmit information faster than the vacuum velocity of light? Einstien says no. But indeed the group velocity of a light pulse can be made larger than c! Let us see how is it possible.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
7. History of Electromagnetic Waves
Figure: James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879).
1873 Developed theory of electromagnetism. Predicted
coupled electric and magnetic fields can travel
through vacuum as electromagnetic waves.
Predicted the speed of these waves is equal to the
speed to light.
8. History of Electromagnetic Waves
Figure: Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894).
1886 Demonstrated existence of electromagnetic waves
as predicted by Maxwell. Produced 450 MHz
waves.
1887 Showed these waves are reflected off metallic
surfaces.
1894 Died at age 36.
18. Meaning of Electronic Warfare
The use of electromagnetic spectrum to :
Detect Interception of enemy communication.
Exploit Use of acquired information to inflict damage on
enemy.
Inhibit Prevent the enemy to execute its offensives.
19. Russo-Japanese War
Figure: British cruiser HMS Diana
1904 HMS Diana at Suez canal intercepted Russian
wireless signals of mobilization of Russian fleet in
the eastern front. This message was passed to the
Japanese who were British allies. This helped the
Japanese win the Russo-Japanse war of 1904.
20. Battle of Beams in WWII
Figure: Reginald V. Jones (1911-1997)
1939 German aircrafts were bombing England at night
and bad weather. Jones, a young physicist
suspected the Germans were using radio waves for
communication. He looked for such signals near
bombing sights, but did not find them.
21. Battle of Beams in WWII
Figure: Transmitter beam shadow due to curvature of earth.
1939 Jones was not able to get the signals as he was
looking for it in the shadow region. Once he tried
it from an aircraft, he picked the signal.
22. Battle of Beams in WWII
Figure: Germans used the Knickbein system for aerial navigation.
1930 The Germans developed the Knickbein system for
aerial navigation. It worked in 30 MHz and used a
dot beam and a dash beam at an angle. The pilot
navigated in the constant tone region.
23. Battle of Beams in WWII
Figure: Knickbein system with an extra beam for bombing.
1939 An extra beam was used for bomb dropping.
When the pilot intersected, the extra tone he
dropped the bomb.
25. Battle of Beams in WWII
Figure: The British used a third beam of dots to confuse the pilot.
1939 As a counter measure, the British used a third
beam of dots to deceive the bombers. Thus most
of the dropped bombs fell short of target.
27. Beginning of Stealth Technology
Figure: Petr Ufimtsev (1931-present).
1964 Published a paper ”Method of edge waves in the
physical theory of diffraction”, describing
scattering of electromagnetic waves off different
surfaces. American company Lockheed developed
a software called Echo based on his theory.
28. Example of Stealth Technology
Figure: Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk.
1981 F-117 Nighthawk became the first stealth design
aircraft to be inducted in military. This design
reduced radar cross section by deflecting the
incoming waves. However it had low
maneuverability.
1991 Deployed successfully in the Gulf War.
1999 One aircraft downed in Yugoslavia by an
anti-aircraft missile in the Kosovo War.
2007 Retired from US Airforce.
29. Failure of Stealth Technology
Figure: Bomb door of a F-117 Nighthawk.
1 In spite of stealth design, the bomb-bay doors
when opened increased the radar cross section of
the aircraft.
2 It was designed for higher wavelength radars than
the radars were using. Bandwidth is important in
electronic warfare.
30. Modern Stealth Technology
Figure: Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber.
1997 B-2 Spirit or Stealth Bomber was first inducted as
a nuclear weapon delivery platform. It has a
laminar shape devoid of sharp edges. It is coated
with radar absorbent material (probably tiny
spheres coated with ferrite). All these make it
almost radar invisible. (Details classified)
1999 First deployed successfully in the Kosovo War in
Serbia.
31. Phased Array Radar
Figure: Solid angle of scan of a directional radar antenna.
Problem To have a strong beam, the radar can only point
to one direction at a time. Thus to scan the sky
the antenna is mechanically rotated. This poses a
limitation on fast communication.
Solution Using a phased array antenna.
32. Phased Array Radar
Put phase difference φ between each adjacent antenna. The
resulting wavefront will propagate at an angle θ.
34. Example of Phased Array Radar
Figure: Swathi weapon locating radar developed by DRDO.
1998 India wanted to buy high precision phased array
radars like AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder from USA and
France, but was turned down due to India’s
nuclear test at Pokhran the same year.
1999 Kargil war. India suffered high casualties due to
absence of a good radar.
2004 DRDO completed the first indigenous phased
array radar, Swathi. India is making it for 8.5
million USD each whereas the price of US made
AN/TPQ-37 was 17 million USD each.
35. Quantum Radar
Figure: Scheme of a quantum radar (Barjanjeh et al, 2020).
2015 Barjanjeh et al entangled microwave photons.
China claims to have this technology with a range
of 60 miles, while experts doubt it.
2020 Proof of concept of quantum radars at short length
scales. Field of ongoing research.
38. Meaning of Microwave Photonics
The optimized use of two different waves :
Microwaves 300 MHz(1 m) - 300 GHz(1 mm).
Photonics 30 THz(100 µm) - 300 THz(1µm).
39. Comparison of Microwaves and Photonics
Table
Attribute Microwaves Photonics
Wavelength High Low
Sensing resolution Low High
Atmospheric transparency High Low
Frequency Low High
Available bandwidth Low High
Transmission loss High Low
Conclusion
Microwaves are better for long range wireless sensing while
photonics is better for efficient data transmission link.
47. Mach-Zehnder Modulator
One Modulation Frequency : Ω
Using Jacobi-Anger identity we get, Eout(t) :
Eout(t) =
ξ0
2
e−iωst
eiφ
∞
m=−∞
im
Jm(A)eimΩt
+ e−iφ
∞
p=−∞
ip
Jp(−A)eipΩt
+ c.c.
(4)
48. Mach-Zehnder Modulator
ω
Signal
ωs
ωs + Ω
ωs + 2Ω
ωs + 3Ω
ωs + 4Ω
Figure: Output spectrum of a Mach-Zehnder modulator with single
modulating frequency Ω. (Not to scale)
49. Mach-Zehnder Modulator
Two Modulation Frequency : Ω1, Ω2
Modulation voltage Φ(t) :
Φ(t) = φ + A (cos(Ω1t) + cos(Ω2t)). (5)
Output electric field Eout(t) :
Eout(t) =
ξ0
2
e−iωst
eiφ
∞
m=−∞
im
Jm(A)eimΩ1t
∞
n=−∞
in
Jn(A)einΩ2t
+ e−iφ
∞
p=−∞
ip
Jp(−A)eipΩ1t
∞
q=−∞
iq
Jq(−A)eiqΩ2t
+ c.c.
(6)
50. Mach-Zehnder Modulator
Large number of unwanted frequencies are generated.
ω
Signal
ω1,0ω0,1
ω2,1ω1,2
ω2,2
ω2,0
ω−2,2
ω1,−1
ωs = ω0,0
ω2,−2
ω−1,1
ω−1,2 ω2,−1
ω1,1
ω0,2
Ω1
Ω2
2Ω1 − Ω2
Figure: Output spectrum of a Mach-Zehnder modulator with two
modulating frequency Ω1 and Ω2. The frequencies are labelled as :
ωi,j = ωs + iΩ1 + jΩ2. (Not to scale)
51. Distortion in a Link
Two tone test
A modulator is modulated with two closely space
microwave frequencies.
Inter-modulation products are generated.
We look at the third order products (IMD3) and observe
its power as a function of the modulation power.
This helps us determine the operational range of the link.
52. Distortion in a Link
Figure: Spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) determines how
resistant the link is to distortion.
53. Distortion in a Link
Effect of amplification
What about optical amplification? Do we increase distortion
when we add an optical amplifier?
55. Linear Optics
Polarization
When an external electric field is applied to a material, it
creates dipoles. The dipole moment per unit volume is the
polarization P(t).
P(t) = 0χ(1)
E(t). (7)
where 0 is the electric permittivity of vacuum. χ(1) is the linear
susceptibility.
56. Nonlinear Optics
Nonlinear Polarization
In nonlinear optics, the optical response can be described by
expressing the polarization P(t) as a power series in the field
E(t) as :
P(t) = 0 χ(1)
E(t) + χ(2)
E(t)2
+ χ(3)
E(t)3
+ ... . (8)
57. Second Harmonic Generation
Frequency doubling
Electric field E(t) (scalar) is given by :
E(t) = E0e−iωt
+ c.c. . (9)
E(t)2
= 2E0E∗
0 + (E2
0e−i2ωt
+ c.c.) . (10)
58. Parametric Amplification
Nonlinear fiber : χ(2) = 0, χ(3) = 0
No frequency doubling as χ(2) = 0. But more complicated
four wave mixing processes due to χ(3) = 0.
Two pump photons can annihilate to create a signal and
idler photon.
ω
ωs ωP ωi
Signal
Pump
Idler
59. Parametric Gain
PIA vs PSA
PIA Only signal and pump is launched at input. Gain
of signal does not depend on relative phase of
waves.
PSA Signal, pump and idler is launched at input. Gain
of signal depends on relative phase between pump
signal and idler.
63. Results
Thesis of Tarek Labidi 2017.
Conclusion
PSA does not degrade the SFDR of the microwave photonic
link.
64. Summary
Few basic concepts of electromagnetism.
History and overview of electronic warfare.
Role of microwave photonic links in radar systems.
What kind of amplifiers can be used for microwave
photonic links.
Does a phase sensitive amplifier add distortions to the link?
No!