anatomical landmarks

1. MACROSCOPIC & MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY OF MAXILLA AND
MANDIBLE.
PRESENTED BY-DR. VAISHALI SHRIVASTAVA.
PG1ST YEAR STUDENT.
DEPT. OF PROSTHODONTICS ,CROWN & BRIDGE &
IMPLANTOLOGY.
1

2. CONTENTS
2
• INTRODUCTION
• INTRAORAL LANDMARKS-Macroscopic & Microscopic anatomy of
A) Bone
B) Oral mucous membrane
C) Maxillary
D) Mandible
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
3
A prosthesis must function in harmony with tissues that support them (supporting structures) & those
that surrounds them(limiting structures).
This knowledge aid in determining –the selective forces by the denture
bases.

4. BONE 4
• Maxillary denture is supported by two pairs
of bone – maxillae & palatine bone.
• Mandibular denture is supported by one set
of bone-mandible
• Microscopically -Two types of bone seen
• MATURE BONE
1} Compact or cortical bone
2} trabecular or cancellous bone
• IMMATURE BONE[woven bone]
: the hard portion of the connective tissue that constitutes the
majority of the skeleton; it consists of an inorganic or mineral
component and an organic component (the matrix and cells); the
matrix is composed of collagenous fibers and is impregnated with
minerals, chiefly calcium phosphate (approx. 85%) and calcium
carbonate (approx. 10%), thus imparting the quality of
rigidity(GPT9)

5. ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE. 5
Entire oral cavity is lined by oral mucosa
Acts as a CUSHION between denture base & supporting bone.
Composed of MUCOSA & SUBMUCOSA.
Mucosa
• Classified as-
1)specialized mucosa(keratinized)-dorsal surface of
tongue.
2)lining mucosa(non keratinized)-lips , cheek , sulcus,
soft palate , ventral surface of tongue, slopes of residual
ridge.
3)Masticatory mucosa (keratinized)-hard palate , gingiva
Formed by stratified squamous epithelium & subjacent
narrow layer of connective tissue-lamina propria
submucosa
Formed by connective tissue,
Contains- glandular , fat or muscle cells
transmit blood & nerve supply to mucosa.
Varies in thickness & character from dense
to loose areolar connective tissue.

6. 6
Microscopic structure of mucous membrane
1

7. 7
Macroscopic & microscopic structure of mucosa

8. Anatomy of denture bearing areas.
8
• The anatomy of edentulous ridges in maxilla & mandible is important for the design of
complete denture.
• The total area of support from the mandible is significantly less than from maxilla.
• The average available denture bearing area for an edentulous mandible is
14cmsquare,for an edentulous maxilla it is 24cmsquare. That’s why mandible is less
capable of resisting occlusal forces.
• The consistency of mucosa & underlying bone is different in various parts of
edentulous ridge.

9. 9
Intraoral landmarks
Supporting
structures
Limiting
structures
Stress bearing areas Relief areas
Primary stress bearing area
Secondary stress bearing area
Stress bearing areas-
the surfaces of oral structures that resist forces,
strains, or pressures brought on them during
function.(GPT9)
Primary stress bearing area- areas which are
able to resist vertical force of occlusion.
Secondary stress bearing area- areas that resist
lateral forces of occlusion.
Limiting structures-
Supporting areas- those areas of the maxillary and
mandibular edentulous ridges that are considered best
suited to carry the forces of mastication when the dentures
are in function.(GPT9)
Relief areas - that portion of the dental prosthesis that
is reduced to eliminate excessive pressure. (GPT9)
Structures which confine the extent of denture. (GPT9)

10. Anatomical Landmarks
Of Maxilla.
10
*According to BOUCHER’s 13th edition
1]labial frenum 2] labial vestibule 3]buccal frenum 4]buccal vestibule
5]coronoid bulge 6]residual alveolar ridge 7]maxillary tuberosity
8]hamular notch 9]Posterior palatal seal region 10]fovea palatine
11]median palatine raphe 12]incisive papilla 13]rugae
Stress bearing areas
primary –hard palate
maxillary tuberosity
secondary – Rugae
residual alveolar ridge
Limiting structures-
Labial frenum
Labial vestibule
Buccal frenum
Buccal vestibule
Hamular notch
Posterior palatal seal
Fovea palatine
Relief areas
Torus palatinus
Mid palatine raphe
incisive papilla
Supporting
structures

11. Hard palate (Macroscopic structure)
11
Hard palate
fig1
Mid palatine suture fig2
The ultimate support for a maxillary denture is bone of two maxillae and palatine bone.
This area capable of bearing masticatory load – primary stress bearing area
The palatine processes of maxillae are joined together at mid palatine suture (fig2)
: the bony portion of the roof of the mouth{GPT9}
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
The trabecular pattern in the bone is perpendicular to the direction of force, making
it capable to withstand masticatory force without any marked resorption.

12. Hard palate (microscopic structure)
12
Hard palate is covered by
mucosa- KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM of varying thickness.
Submucosa – anterolateral – adipose tissues, posterolateral- glandular tissues.
Clinical consideration
If these tissues are not recorded in a resting condition
Displaced tissues tend to return in the normal form.
Unseating forces on denture that will lead to soreness.

13. 13
Maxillary tuberosity
13
The most distal portion of maxillary alveolar ridge(GPT9)
Macroscopic structure
It is the bulbous extension of residual alveolar ridge in 2nd & 3rd maxillary molar region.
Clinical consideration-
• It can be used for the retention of the denture.
• Area is less likely to resorb therefore it is most important area for support.
Microscopic structure-
Mucosa – keratinized , masticatory mucosa

14. Residual Alveolar ridge 14
: the portion of the residual bone & its soft tissue covering that remains after the removal of teeth.(GPT9)
Residual alveolar ridge
(Macroscopic structure)
• Crest Considered as the most important area for support.
• After natural teeth extracted ,alveolar ridge may become small, & crest of ridge
may lack a smooth , cortical bony surface.
• Bone is subject to resorption which limits its potential for support because of this it
is considered as a secondary stress bearing area.
Clinical significance- foundation of denture

15. Residual Alveolar Ridge
15
(microscopic structure)
Mucous membrane-
• Firmly attached to the bone.
• thickly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
• submucosa is devoid of fat or glandular cells & have dense
collagenous fibers.
BONE- covering the crest of upper ridge is COMPACT
Clinical consideration-
Mucous membrane- if loosely attached to the bone,
* non keratinized epithelium.
*submucosa contains loose connective tissue & elastic fibers.
This loose attached tissues will not withstand the force of mastication.
Bone – if resorbed it cannot take up stresses.

16. ; the irregular fibrous connective tissue ridges located in the anterior third of the hard palate (GPT9)
16
Rugae
Mucosal folds located in the anterior region of palatal mucosa
The palate is set an angle to the residual ridge, thinly covered by soft tissues which
contributes it to secondary stress bearing area.
Clinical Significance:
• Said to be concerned with phonetics.
• Increase the surface area of the foundation and thus supplement the values of retention.
• It is the denture stabilizing area in the maxillary foundation.
rugae
(Macroscopic structure)

17. 17
• Rugae are covered by a keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium, & its
core is formed by a dense connective
tissue.
• The epithelium has an irregular basal
surface due to alternating papillary pegs
and epithelial crests.
Clinical consideration-
if rugae are distorted during impression
making
distorted tissues will rebound
unseating of denture base
(Microscopic structure)

18. Labial frenum
18
• It is a fold of mucous membrane present in the midline extends
from labial aspect of residual ridge towards lip.
• Contains no muscles, no action of its own.
• FAN shaped superiorly.
Microscopically –
• lined by lining mucosa.
• Clinical Consideration: Sufficient relief should be given during
final impression procedure and in completed prosthesis because
overriding of function of frenum will cause pain and
dislodgement of denture.
Macroscopic structure
Limiting structures
Fan shaped, V shaped

19. Labial vestibule 19
• It extends on both sides of the midline from
anteriorly-labial frenum
posteriorly- buccal frenum,
laterally-labial mucosa,
medially-residual alveolar ridge.
• Muscle forms outer surface of vestibule-orbicularis oris.
• Clinical Consideration: labial flange of denture will completely in
contact with labial vestibule to provide peripheral seal in denture.
: the portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge
(in the edentulous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the other by the lips anterior to the buccal
frenula.(GPT9)

20. 20
Fibers of orbicularis oris muscle fibers of
buccinator muscle(as fibers are in horizontal direction)
That’s why orbicularis oris has only the indirect effect on
extent of impression & denture base
Mucous membrane
• Mucosa-thin
devoid of keratinized layer & freely movable with
tissues to which it is attached –lamina propria elastic nature
• Submucosa-thick
contains large amount of loose areolar tissues & elastic
fibers.
(microscopic structure)
anastomose

21. Buccal frenum 21
*It divides labial and buccal vestibule.
• Levator anguli oris (caninus muscle) attaches beneath frenum
• Orbicularis oris muscle pulls frenum forward
• Buccinator muscle pulls frenum backward
Thus it require more clearance for its action
Microscopic-
Lined by lining mucosa
Clinical Consideration:
During final impression procedure and in final prosthesis sufficient relief should be given for
the movement of frenum because overriding of function of frenum will cause pain and
dislodgement of denture.
* Fold or folds of mucous membrane extending from mucous membrane reflection area to
or towards the slope or crest of residual alveolar ridge.[GPT9]
Broad & fan shaped

22. Buccal vestibule 22
• It lies opposite to the maxillary tuberosity , extends from buccal frenum to hamular
notch
• It is bounded
anteriorly - buccal frenum
laterally -buccal mucosa
Medially- residual alveolar ridge.
• Size of buccal vestibule varies with-
*contraction of buccinator muscle
*position of mandible
*amount of bone loss from maxilla
the portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge (in the edentulous mouth, the
residual ridge) and on the lateral side by the cheek posterior to the buccal frenula.(GPT9)

23. 23
Clinical Consideration:.
• To effectively record the maxillary buccal sulcus the mouth should be half way closed because wide opening of
the mouth narrows the space and does not allow proper contouring of sulcus because the coronoid process of
mandible comes closer to the sulcus.
• Compared to labial flange , buccal flange has less interference so provide more retention.
Mucous membrane
Mucosa(lining)-
thin
devoid of keratinized layer & freely movable with tissues to which it is attached –
lamina propria elastic nature
Submucosa-
thick
contains large amount of loose areolar tissues & elastic fibers.
Microscopic structure

24. A depression present between maxillary tuberosity&
pterygoid hamulus.
Significance: Constitutes the lateral boundary of
posterior palatine seal area in maxillary foundation.
The pterygomandibular raphe attaches to hamulus.
Clinical Consideration: Denture should not extend
beyond the hamular notch, failure of which will result
in: Restricted pterygomandibular raphe movement.
When mouth is wide open the denture dislodges.
Under extension will lead to poor retention.
24
HAMULAR NOTCH
(Macroscopic structure)
Submucosa is thick contains loose areolar tissue
Clinical considerations- additional pressure can
be given to record posterior palatal seal
Microscopic structure

25. Fovea palatine
25
• They are the openings into which ducts of other palatal mucous glands open .
• Usually two in number on either side of the midline.
• a guide in identifying the posterior extent of the denture , denture should
extend 1-2 mm beyond this structure .
• Clinical considerations-
patients with thick saliva this structure left uncovered or else thick saliva flows
between tissue & denture base leads to displacement of denture.

26. Posterior palatal seal area 26
• Boundaries of posterior palatal seal area
anterior- anterior vibrating lines
posterior – posterior vibrating lines
laterally- pterygomaxillary notch
(Postdam, post palatal seal)
: the soft tissue area limited posteriorly by the distal demarcation of the movable and non movable tissues of the soft palate and
anteriorly by the junction of the hard and soft palates on which pressure, within physiologic limits, can be placed; this seal can
be applied by a removable complete denture to aid in its retention (GPT9)
Seal consist of two separate but confluent areas
Post palatal seal- extends medially from one tuberosity to another
Pterygomaxillary seal- extends through hamular notch for 3-4mm anterolaterally approximating mucogingi
junction.

27. 27
Vibrating line: an imaginary line across the posterior part of the soft palate marking the division between
the movable and immovable tissues; this line can be identified when the movable tissues are functioning.(GPT9)
Anterior vibrating line-
• imaginary line at junction of attached tissue overlying the hard palate & the immediate movable tissue of soft
palate .
• Shape- cupid’s bow –due to the projection of posterior nasal spine.
• It is located by-
1)Valsalva manoeuvre- both the nostrils are held firmly while the patient blows gently through the nose , this
will place soft palate inferiorly at junction of hard palate.
2) patient is asked to say “ah” in short vigorous bursts.
Posterior vibrating line-
• imaginary line at junction of aponeurosis of tensor veli palati muscle & musculature of soft palate
• line is usually straight.

28. 28
Clinical significance
• It maintains contact of denture to soft tissues during functional movements (mastication , phonation)
• Increase retention & stability by creating partial vaccum.
• Reduces gag reflex
• Reduce patient’s discomfort when contact occurs between dorsum surface of tongue & posterior part
of denture.
• Prevents food accumulation between posterior border of denture & soft palate.
Microscopic structure:
• Mucosa –stratified squamous epithelium
• Submucosa contains Glandular tissue
Clinical consideration-
Under extension of denture in posterior palatal seal
area- loss of retention
Overextension- causes gag reflex , ulceration

29. Incisive papilla
29
• Situated on a line immediately behind and between cental incisiors.
• It gives an indication for amount of bone resorption
• Incisive foramen lies near crest as resorption progresses
• Clinical consideration-
Relief should be given to avoid pressure on nerve & vessels.
Relief areas
the elevation of soft tissue covering the foramen of the incisive or nasopalatine canal
(GPT9)

30. 30
Mucosa-
Lined by Thin keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Submucosa contains-
nasopalatine nerves & vessels
Clinical considerations-
During final impression procedure, care should be taken not to compress the
papilla. Hence the incisive papilla should be relieved with a spacer. The
Reason is that the Compression of blood vessels leads to the obliteration of
the lumen deprives nutrition to tissues breakdown of tissues Pressure
on nerve causes paresthesia in the region of upper lip
Microscopic structure
Nasopalatine nerve &
vessels in submucosa

31. Mid palatine raphe
31
• It is the area extending from the incisive papilla to the distal end of the hard palate
• Significance:
*Area of sutural joint and covered with firmly adherent mucous membrane to the underlying bone with thin
submucosal tissue.
• Clinical Considerations: During final impression procedure this raphe is relieved in order to create
equilibrium between the resilient and non-resilient tissues.

32. Mid palatine
raphe
32
Mucous membrane-
• submucosa is extremely thin.
• Mucosal layer is in contact with bone.
Microscopic structure
Clinical consideration
Soft tissue covering the mid palatal is non resilient, need to be
relieved to avoid trauma from denture base

33. Torus palatinus
33
• A hard bony enlargement in the midline of
palate.
• Relief should be given in small tori
• In case of large tori relief may compromise
stability of denture.
• Surgical reshaping may required in larger tori.
Microscopic structure
Macroscopic structure
It is covered by thin layer of mucous membrane.
Clinical considerations- need to be relieved to avoid trauma to the mucous membrane.

34. Anatomical Landmarks
Of Mandible.
34
• Stress bearing areas
.primary- . Buccal shelf area
.secondary- .Labial & lingual slopes of residual ridge
• supporting structures
.Buccal shelf area
.Residual alveolar ridge
• Limiting structures
. Labial frenum .Labial vestibule
.Buccal frenum
.Buccal vestibule-masseteric notch
. Retromolar pad
. Alveololingual sulcus- retromylohyoid space
• Relief areas
. Crest of residual alveolar ridge
.Mylohyoid ridge .Genial tubercles
.Mental foramen . Torus mandibularis
1] labial frenum 2] labial vestibule 3] buccal frenum 4]
buccal vestibule 5]residual alveolar ridge 6]retromolar
pad 7]pterygomandibular raphe 8] retro mylohyoid
fossa 9] lingual tubercle 10] alveololingual sulcus
12]tongue 13]lingual frenum 14]buccal shelf area

35. Buccal shelf area
35
• Area between buccal frenum & anterior border of masseter muscle.
• Bounded
medially- crest of residual alveolar ridge
laterally-external oblique ridge
distally-retromolar pad
• alveolar bone resorption increases- width of this area increases
• Clinical consideration- buccal shelf area lies at right angle to the vertical occlusal forces primary stress bearing area.

36. Buccal shelf area 36
Mucous membrane
Loosely attached & less keratinized
Bone – compact but covered by the
layer of cortical bone
(microscopic structure)
Clinical consideration-
Nature of bone- compact-
primary stress bearing area,

37. Residual alveolar ridge.
37
• Slopes of ridge provide more support as compared to crest.
• The slopes of ridge-are at acute angle to the occlusal forces that’s
why it is considered as a secondary stress bearing area
• Clinical consideration-
Any movable soft tissue overlying ridge should not be compressed
while impression.
: the portion of the residual bone & its soft tissue covering that remains after
the removal of teeth.(GPT9)

38. Residual alveolar
ridge
38
Mucosa-keratinized
Submucosa-
• Thick
• firmly attached to residual alveolar
ridge
Bone- crest- cancellous & spongy
slopes-thin plate of cortical bone
(Microscopic structure)

39. Labial frenum
39
• It is a fold of mucous membrane extending from lips to or toward the crest of the residual alveolar ridge on the labial
surface.
• Band of fibrous connective that attaches the orbicularis oris muscle
• Microscopically- lined by lining mucosa
• Clinical Consideration:
*the activity of this area tends to be vertical so the labial notch in this area should be narrow
*because of the attachment of muscle frenum is sensitive , active
*denture must be fitted carefully around it without causing soreness.

40. Labial vestibule 40
• Extended from labial frenum to buccal
frenum.
• Mentalis muscle is active muscle in this region
• Length of labial flange of denture is limited by
muscle- orbicularis oris , incisive labii inferioris
: the portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge (in the edentulous
mouth, the residual ridge) and on the other by the lips anterior to the buccal frenula.(GPT9)

41. 41
Mucous membrane
Mucosa-
Thin
devoid of keratinized layer & freely
movable with tissues to which it is
attached –lamina propria elastic
nature.
Submucosa-
thick
contains large amount of loose
areolar tissues & elastic fibers.
Clinical Consideration:
• When the patient’s mouth open wide ,muscle becomes
stretched ,narrowing the sulcus , this would displace denture if
flange of denture is thick .
• Mentalis is vertical muscle-excessive activity in this region
results in short flange.
• Orbicularis oris muscle fiber are in horizontal direction- border
moulding is done to avoid over extension.
Microscopic structure

42. Buccal frenum
42
• It is a fold of mucous membrane extending
from mucous membrane of buccal mucosa to or towards the
crest of the residual ridge on the buccal surface.
• It may be single / multiple.
• It is underlined by depressor anguli oris, moves vertically & horizontally
• Microscopic-
Lined by lining mucosa.
Clinical Consideration:
During final impression procedure
and final prosthesis sufficient relief should be given to
prevent overriding of function of frenum which may result in
laceration.

43. Buccal vestibule 43
• It is bounded
anteriorly by the buccal frenum,
posteriorly by the massetric notch area,
medially by residual alveolar ridge
laterally by buccal mucosa.
• Buccinator muscle influences the extent of flange.
• Impression is widest in this region.
• Masseteric notch- distobuccal area of buccal flange converge to accommodate anterior fibers of masseter muscle which
pass outside the buccinator in this region.
• Clinical consideration-
• Overextension of the denture causes soreness & movement.
: the portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge (in the
edentulous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the lateral side by the cheek posterior to the buccal frenula.
[GPT9]

44. Mucous membrane
Mucosa(lining)-
thin
devoid of keratinized layer & freely movable with tissues to which
it is attached –lamina propria elastic nature
Submucosa-
thick
contains large amount of loose areolar tissues & elastic fibers.
Microscopic structure

45. Retro molar pad area
45
• Triangular area of mucosa with the base posterior to the
mandibular third molar, superior apex posterior to maxillary
third molar, laterally limited to lateral buccal sulcus, medially
limited to anterior tonsillar pillar; underlying anatomy includes
the buccinator muscle, and superior pharyngeal constrictor
muscle, the tendinous pterygomandibular raphe, and the deep
tendon of the temporalis muscle (GPT9)
• It provides posterior peripheral seal for lower denture

46. 46
Mucous membrane
• Mucosa-
thin, non keratinized epithelium
• Submucosa contains-
glandular tissue , loose areolar tissue,
fibers of buccinator [buccally],superior
constrictor[lingually],pterygomandibular raphe
[superoposteriorly] & tendon of temporalis muscle
Clinical consideration-
• the action of these muscle limit extent of denture & prevents
placement of extra pressure on distal part of retro molar pad
• Because of this denture base should extend one half to two
third of retromolar pad.
Microscopic structure

47. Lingual frenum 47
• Anterior attachment of tongue & overlies genioglossus
muscle
• Narrow , single band
• Extremely resistant & active.
• The anterior region of lingual flange – sublingual crescent
area.
• Microscopic-lined by lining mucosa.
• Clinical consideration-
*relief
*short frenum-tongue tie , it should be corrected for stability
of denture

48. Alveololingual sulcus
48
• A space between tongue & residual alveolar ridge.
• Extends posteriorly from lingual frenum to retromylohyoid curtain.
• Divided into 3 regions- anterior, middle , distolingual region.

49. Anterior region [sublingual crescent area ,
sublingual fold]
49
• Extends from the lingual frenum back to where mylohyoid
ridge curves above the level of sulcus[premylohyoid fossa]
Middle region
• Extends from premylohyoid fossa to distal end of mylohyoid ridge. Curving medially from
the body of mandible.
• Curvature is caused by the prominence of mylohyoid ridge & action of mylohyoid
muscle.
• Lingual flange slopes medially towards tongue.
• This sloping helps in 3 ways- 1] stabilizing denture
2]doesn’t cause displacement of denture
3]peripheral seal maintaining during function.
• Flange shorter anteriorly , should touch mucosa of floor of mouth-when tongue
touches upper incisors

50. Distolingual region-
50
• Flange passes into retromylohyoid fossa & turns
laterally towards ramus.
• No longer influenced by mylohyoid muscle
• Complete typical S form of lingual flange also
called LATERAL THROAT FORM.
• Denture border should be extended posteriorly to
contact retromylohyoid curtain.- when tip of
tongue is placed against upper residual ridge
• Microscopic- lined by lining mucosa.
Clinical consideration-
Sulcus not recorded properly-stability of denture will
be affected.

51. Retromylohyoid space
51
: an anatomic area in the alveololingual sulcus just
lingual to the retromolar pad
bounded
anteriorly by the mylohyoid ridge,
posteriorly by the retromylohyoid curtain, inferiorly
by the floor of the alveololingual sulcus,
lingually by the anterior tonsillary pillar when the
tongue is in a relaxed position [GPT9]
Microscopic structure- lining mucosa
Clinical consideration- If this area is not recorded properly
than retention & stability of mandibular denture will be
affected.

52. Retromylohyoid curtain
52
Situated between anterior pillar of fauces &
pterygomandibular fold
muscles which forms this curtain are
Posterolaterally-superior constrictor
Posteromedial-palatoglossal
Inferior-mylohyoid muscle
Microscopic-lined by lining mucosa

53. Mental foramen 53
• It lies between 1st & 2nd premolar
region.
• As resorption takes place mental
foramen will lie closer to crest of
ridge[fig1]
Clinical consideration-
,as mental nerve & blood vessels get compressed by the
denture & pressure in this area cause numbness of lower lip
that’s why this area need to be relived

54. Genial tubercle
[mental spines]
54
• Pair of dense prominence , at inferior
border of mandible in lingual midline.
Clinical consideration-
With resorption genial tubercles become prominent
& need to be relieved
rounded elevations (usually bilateral) clustered around the
midline on the lingual surface of the lower portion of the
mandibular symphysis; these tubercles serve as
attachments for the genioglossus and geniohyoid
muscles [GPT9]

55. Mylohyoid ridge
55
• Ridge is sharp & distinct in molar region & almost
indiscernible anteriorly.
• Denture flange should extend below mylohyoid ridge
• (microscopic structure)
• Mucosa- thin
an oblique ridge on the lingual surface of the mandible that extends from the
level of the roots of the last molar teeth and that serves as a bony attachment
for the mylohyoid muscles forming the floor of the mouth [GPT9]

56. 56
Clinical consideration-
• With resorption this ridge become prominent & sharp &
easily traumatized by denture base, relief is necessary in
such cases

57. Torus
mandibularis
57
Bony exostosis usually found bilaterally & lingually near 1st
& 2nd premolar may extend posteriorly to the molar area.
Microscopic structure-
Mucosa - thin
Clinical consideration-
Has to relieved or surgically removed, can be easily
traumatized by denture base.
Macroscopic structure

58. Conclusion
58
The basic goal of successful complete denture is reaching the patient’s expectations in fulfilment
of better masticatory activity , unaltered speech & better aesthetic.
The knowledge of oral anatomy , macroscopic as well as microscopic will result a successful
complete denture

59. REFRENCES
59
• Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients,
Boucher, 13th edit.
• Syllabus of Complete Dentures, Heartwell C.M., 4th
edit
• Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics,
Winkler S. 2nd edit
• International journal of applied dental sciences-
anatomic landmarks in maxillary and mandibular
ridge- clinical perspective.
• Orban’s oral histology & embryology

60. 60
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