This document summarizes the properties of various micronutrient fertilizers including iron, zinc, manganese, copper and boron fertilizers. It describes the main types of each micronutrient fertilizer such as inorganic fertilizers like ferrous sulfate and zinc sulfate, chelated fertilizers like iron EDTA and zinc EDTA, and natural organic complexes. It provides information on the chemical composition and properties of each fertilizer type to help farmers choose the appropriate fertilizers for different soil and crop conditions.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Classification of chemical fertilizers • organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer • Sources of Organic fertilizers • Inorganic fertilizers • Nitrogenous fertilizers • Phosphate fertilizers • Potassic fertilizers • Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers • Micronutrient Fertilizers • On the base of physiological effect • On the basis of physical forms • Granular fertilizers
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Classification of chemical fertilizers • organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer • Sources of Organic fertilizers • Inorganic fertilizers • Nitrogenous fertilizers • Phosphate fertilizers • Potassic fertilizers • Secondary major-nutrient fertilizers • Micronutrient Fertilizers • On the base of physiological effect • On the basis of physical forms • Granular fertilizers
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Sulfur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16 with atomic mass 32.065.
It is abundant, multivalent, brittle, yellow, tasteless, odourless and non-metallic element.
Sulfur is the tenth most common element by mass in the universe, and the fifth most common on Earth.
In the Bible, sulfur is called brimstone .
Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a by product of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.
Most soil sources of S are in the organic matter and therefore concentrated in the top soil or low layer.
Under normal conditions, sulfur atom forms cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8.
Sulphur is the most abundent and widely distributed element in the nature and found both in free as well as combined states.
Email:chinafertilizermachine@gmail.com
Website:http://www.fertilizer-machine.net
Fertilizer is divided into inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer. No matter what the fertilizer is, applying fertilizer properly to crops helps promote crops growth and increase crop yield.
prepared By ;Manzar abbas khan
University of pmas arid agriculture rawapindi pakistan
Molybdenum is trace element which is necessary for pant.
Email: Manzarabbas97@gmail.com
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. MICRONUTRIENTS
Nutrients required in trace amounts for the normal growth
and development of plants.
Micronutrients:
Iron (Fe),
Zinc (Zn) ,
Manganese (Mn),
Copper (Cu),
Chlorine (Cl),
Boron (B),
Molybdenum (Mo), and
Nickel (Ni)
2
3. IRON FERTILIZERS
These are generally water soluble substances,
predominantly sprayed as foliar nutrients on the crops.
Plants absorb iron in the form of Fe2+
The following kinds of iron fertilizers are available
1. Inorganic iron fertilizers
2. Iron frits.
3. Synthetic iron chelates
4. Natural organic complexes
3
4. 1. Inorganic iron fertilizers
- contain 14-77% Fe
Ferrous sulphate [FeSO4.7H2O] (19%)
- it is most widely used
Ferric sulphate (23%), Ferrous oxide (77%), Ferric oxide
(69%), Ferrous ammonium sulphate (14%) , Ferrous
ammonium phosphate (29%) etc.
2. Iron frits.
Fritted glass (20-40% Fe)
- suitable for acid soils
4
5. 3. Synthetic iron chelates
- contain 5-14% Fe
- they are more effective but expensive.
Na Fe EDTA(5-14%), Na Fe EDDHA(6%)
Na Fe DTPA(10%) , Na Fe HEDTA(5-9%)
4. Natural organic complexes
- contain 5-10% Fe
Iron polyflavanoid (9-10%) , Iron lignosulfonate (5-8%)
5
6. ZINC IN FERTILIZERS
Zinc fertilizers are of different kinds as follows
1. Inorganic Zn fertilizers viz. ZnSO4.7H20
2. Zinc-glass frits
3. Zinc chclates viz. Zn EDTA
6
7. Inorganic zinc fertilizers
1.Zinc Sulphatc (ZnSO4.7H20.)
- It is known as white vitriol
- It is colourless, crystalline and readily soluble in water
- It contains minimum 21% Zn and 1% S (as per FCO,India)
- Its use is wide sprcad. Because it is easily available,
relatively cheap and readily soluble in water
7
8. Zine sulphate monohydrate [ZnSO4.H2O]
- It contains minimum 33% Zn (as per FCO)
- It can be soil applied or foliar sprayed. Soil application is
more effective than foliar application.
- To correct Zn deficiency one spray is not sufficient Several
sprays are necessary.
For water logged rice, soil application of zinc sulphate after
flooding was more effective than application before flooding.
- ZnSO4 should be applied at close proximity of roots.
Becausc, Zn becomes immobile after application to soil. It
necessiates incorporation of ZnSO4 with soil.
8
9. 3.Zinc Carbonate (ZnCO3).
- It is white, amorphous and insoluble in water. But in
soil it dissolves slowly.
- It contains 52% Zn.
4.Zinc oxide (ZnO).
- It is white, amorphous and insoluble in water. But in
soil it dissolves slowly.
- If applied in granular form in soil it can not immediately
supply sufficient Zn to plants. Thus, its immediate
effectivencss is low.
- It contains 78% Zn
9
10. 4. Zinc sulphide (ZnS)
- It is white and insoluble in water.
- Contains 67% Zn
5. Zinc phosphate ( Zn3(PO4)2 ).
- It is insoluble in watcr.
- It contains 51% Zn.
6. Zinc Oxysulphate
- It is produced by partially acidulating ZnO with H2SO4.
- It is composed of ZnO and ZnSO4
- It contains 40-55% Zn. The % water soluble Zn in this
fertilizer depends on degree of acidulation.
10
11. 7 Ammoniated zinc sulphate
- It is an inorganic complex.
- When added to soil this complex decomposes to yield
Zn2+ ions that are absorbed by plant roots.
- It contains 10% N, 10% Zn and 5% S.
Zinc-glass frits/Zinc frits
- Glass and Zn compounds togetherly fused. After
freczing it is shattered. The small pieces, thus obtaincd,
arc called Zn frits.
- Its solubility is less than the solubility of Zn
compounds. Thus, leaching loss of Zn reduces.
- Its Zn content varies widely (10-30% Zn)
11
12. Zinc chelates
- They are organic compounds. They bond with Zn.
Several Zn chelates are available, such as
- Zn EDTA1 (12% Zn.)free flowing, crystalline or
powder.
- Zn HEDTA2 (9% Zn)
- Zn NTA3 (13% Zn)
- Zn chelates or chelated Zn can be foliar sprayed or soil
applied.
- When added to soil the mobility of chelated Zn is not
restricted. Thus, plants can absorb more Zn.
12
13. MANGANESE FERTILIZERS
Four kinds of manganese fertilizers are available.
1. Manganese-glass frits.
2. Inorganic mangancse fertilizers.
3. Natural organic complexes.
4. Synthetic manganese chelates.
13
14. 1.Manganese sulphate [MnSO4.4H20]
- It is crystalline, soluble in water and free flowing.
- It contains approximately 23-28 % Mn. [depending on
hydration] , 14-15 % S .
- Among all Mn fertilizers its use is wide
- It can be soil applied or aqueous solution can be foliar
sprayed
2.Chelated manganese [MnEDTA]
- It is a chelate of Mn and EDTA.
- It contains 5-12% Mn,
- Its aqueous solution can be sprayed over the foliagc.
- Its soil application is normally not recommended since
Fe and Ca in soils replace Mn in chelates. The replaccd
Mn is converted to unavailable form. Thus, Mn deficiency
may result.
14
15. 3. Manganese oxide [MnO]
- It is obtaincd in the form of powder.
- It contains about 41-68% Mn.
- It is slightly soluble in water.
- It can be applied to soil or its aqueous solution can
be spraycd over the foliage.
- Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is also available. It
contains 63% Mn.
4.Manganese chloride [MnCl2]
- It is crystalline and highly hygroscopic.
- It contains about 17% Mn.
15
16. 5.Manganese frits
- Glass and Mn compounds are togetherly fused. After
freezing it is shattered. The small pieces thus obtaincd
are called Mn frits.
- Its solubility is less than the solubility of Mn
compounds. Thus, lcaching loss of Mn reduces if the
frits arc applicd to coarse-textured soils (e.g. sandy
loam soils) in arcas of high rainfall.
- Their Mn content varies widely from 10 to 35%.
16
17. For soils having pH above 6.5, band placement of Mn
fertilizers is more effective than broadcast application.
For broadcasting the higher rates are needed while for
banding relatively lower rates arc sufficient. Usually, band
rates are one-half the broadcast rates .
Banding Mn fertilizers mixed with acidic fertilizers, such as
ammonium sulphate is more effective in correcting Mn
deficiency.
Soil application of Mn chelates (viz. Mn EDTA, Mn DTPA)
is not effective. Their foliar application is effective.
For correcting Mn deficiency foliar application and band
placement of Mn fertilizers are more effective than
broadcast application
17
18. COPPER FERTILIZERS
The following kinds of copper fertilizers are
available,
1.Copper Sulphate
2.Copper chelate or Chelated copper
3. Copper ammonium phosphate
4.Copper nitrate
5.Copper oxide
6. Mixture of Copper Sulphate and Copper
hydroxide / Basic Copper Sulphate
18
19. 1.Copper Sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O)
- It is also known as blue-vitriol.
- It is blue, crystalline, hygroscopic and soluble in water.
- It contains 24% Cu (minimum content in India) and
12.8% sulphur .
- It can be used as Foliar spray.
- It is widely used.
2.Copper sulphate CuSO4.H20 (Copper sulphate
monohydrate).
- It contains 35% Cu.
- As it is hygroscopic it cann't be blended
well with NPK fertilizers. Morcover, it may react with
phosphates in phosphatic fertilizers to yield
insoluble Cu compounds and thus render Cu
unavailable.
19
20. 3.Copper chelate or Chelated copper
- Copper is chelated with EDTA or HEDTA.
- CuEDTA contains 13% Cu.
- Cu HEDTA contains 9 % Cu.
- Both are soluble in water
- They can be used as foliar spray and
soil application.
- Their use is costly.
4. Copper ammonium phosphate [Cu(NH4) PO4.H2O]
- It contains 32% Cu.
- It is slightly soluble in water.
- If added to soil the plants can take Cu very slightly for
long period.
- Its water suspension can be sprayed over the foliage.
20
21. 5.Copper nitrate [Cu(NO3)2.3H20]
- It is blue, crystalline, hygroscopic and readily soluble in
water and contains 26% Cu.
6.Copper oxide [CuO]
- It is black and insoluble in water.
- It contains 75% Cu.
- Its efficiency depends on its particle size. As it is
insoluble it may not cure the Cu deficiency in the year of
application. But its residual effect in the subsequent years
may cure
.
7. Mixture of Copper Sulphate and Copper hydroxide / Basic
Copper Sulphate [CuSO4. x Cu(OH)2]
- It is alkaline.
- It contains 12-50% Cu. 21
22. BORON IN FERTILIZERS
The following kinds of boron fertilizers are available
1. Borax
2.Sodium tetraborate
3. Solubor
4.Colemanite
5.Boric acid
6.Borosilicate glass/Boron frits/Fritted glass
7.Boronated (or borated) single superphosphate
8.Sodium pentaborate
9.Sodium tetraborate
22
23. 1. Borax [Na2B407.10H20]
- It is sodium tetraborate decahydrate.
- It is white and soluble in water.
- It contains minimum 10.5% B.
- Its use is widespread.
- It is generally used for soil application though its
solution can be sprayed over the foliage.
- It rcadily leaches in sandy soils in high rainfall areas.
2.Sodium tetraborate. Na2B4O7.5H20
- It contains about 14-15% B 23
24. 3. Solubor [Na2B407.5H20 +Na2B10O16.10H20]
- It is the mixture of sodium tetraborate and sodium
pentaborate.
- It is partially dehydrated borax.
- It is highly soluble in water. It dissolves faster than
borax. Thus, its use gets preference over borax.
- It is used for both soil and foliar applications as
foliar spray ,liquid fertilizer , slurry or suspension fertilizer
- It contains minimum 19% B.
24
25. 4.Colemanite [Ca2BO11.5H20]
- It is a natural deposit of calcium borate.
- It is less soluble than borax. Thus, it is suitable for
application to coarse-textured soils that are subjected to
leaching loss .
- It contains 10-16% B.
5.Boric acid [H3BO3]
- It is white and crystalline.
- It is soluble in warm water
- It contains about 17% B.
- It can be used as foliar spray , liquid fertilizer or
slurry fertilizer
- lts use is limited.
25
26. 6.Borosilicate glass/Boron frits/Fritted glass
- Borax is fused with silicate glass and shattered .Thus,
frits are obtained.
- In frits the solubility of borax decreases. The frits steadily
release B (boron) to soils. Thus, this fertilizer is effective for
long duration crops viz. apple.
- The leaching loss of B from boron frits decreases in soils
particularly in light soils (e.g. sandy soils) that receive high
precipitation (rain water).
- It is suitable for application to sandy soils in humid
regions where rainfall is high.
- It contains 3-6% B.
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27. 7.Boronated (or borated) single superphosphate
- Boron salt is mixed with single superphosphate
- It contains maximum 0.18% B.
- It s a powder
Boronated gypsum, boronated calcium carbonate,
boronated calcum nitrate are also available.
8.Sodium pentaborate [Na2B10O16.10H20]
- It contains 18% B
9.Sodium tetraborate [Na2B407.5H20]
- It contains 15% B.
- Another tetraborate is also available, Na2B407 (21%B)
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28. MOLYBDENUM FERTILIZERS
The following kinds of Molybdenum fertilizers are
available
1.Ammonium molybdate
2.Sodium molybdate
3.Molybdenum trioxide
4.Molybdenum-glass frits
5.Molybdic acid
6.Calcium molybdate
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29. 1.Ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7024.4H20]
- It is white and soluble in water.
- Mo content is minimum 52% .
- Mixed with NPK fertilizers it can be applied to soils.
- Its aqueous solution can be sprayed over the foliage or
applied to soil.
- Before seeding the seeds may be mixed (or coated) with
this fertilizer and a sticking agent or soaked with its
aqueous solution (seed treatment).
NOTE : Very small amount of Mo is needed by plants.
Among all "essential elements“ Mo is the only element
which is needed in smallest amount. Thus, Mo is called
nano nutrient or ultra micronutrient.
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30. 2.Sodium molybdate [Na2MoO4.2H20]
- It is water-soluble.
- It contains about 39% Mo
- It is also used as seed treatment
- Foliar spraying can be done.
3.Molybdenum trioxide [MoO3]
- It contains about 66% Mo.
- It is slightly soluble in water.
- Its aqueous solution can be sprayed over the foliage
(Foliar spray)
- Mixed with NPK fertilizers it can be applied to soils.
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31. 4.Molybdenum-glass frits
- Its solubility is less than the solubility of Mo compounds.
Thus, leaching loss of Mo reduccs if the frits are applied to
coarse textured soils in high rainfall areas
- Mo content varics widcly from 1 to 30%.
5.Molybdic acid [H2MoO4.H20]
- It contains 53% Mo.
6.Calcium molybdate [CaMoO4]
- It contains 48% Mo.
- It is insoluble in water
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